Physicochemical Analysis of Water Samples Sources from Wells and Boreholes in Residential Areas Close to Cemeteries: A Review

Abstract

The proximity of groundwater sources to cemeteries poses a significant public health risk due to the potential leaching of contaminants from decomposing human remains. This review synthesizes literature on the physicochemical quality of water from wells and boreholes near Nigerian cemeteries, aiming to evaluate contamination levels against WHO and NSDWQ standards. Findings consistently reveal deteriorated water quality, with parameters such as pH (5.8–8.9), electrical conductivity (450–2800 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (210–1950 mg/L), chloride (85–650 mg/L), nitrate (5–120 mg/L), sulphate (40–400 mg/L), and heavy metals like lead (0.02–0.45 mg/L) and iron (0.35–2.10 mg/L) frequently exceeding permissible limits. Microbial contamination, particularly coliform bacteria, is also prevalent, indicating faecal pollution. The evidence confirms that cemeteries act as point sources of groundwater pollution, with contamination influenced by hydrogeological factors and burial practices. This review underscores the urgent need for stricter regulatory guidelines on cemetery siting, improved leachate management, and continuous water quality monitoring to safeguard public health. It calls for integrated environmental management and further research into remediation strategies for affected communities