FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

PHYTOCHEMICAL REMEDIAL REACTION OF BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) EXTRACT AGAINST FUNGAL TUBER ROT PATHOGEN OF SWEET POTATO (Ipomoea batata)

Christian Chukwunenye Iwuagwu, MargretMary C. Ozonebechi, Sylvia O. Nwolisah — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Tubers of sweet potato serve as a staple food in Nigeria and also used for industrial production of starch, sugar and alcohol. However, production of this valuable tuber crop suffers from several constraints especially poor tropical storage conditions and postharvest microbial deterioration. An experiment was carried out at the research Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Crop Science and Horticulture, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka to investigate the phytochemical effect of black pepper (Piper nigrum) extract on fungal tuber rot pathogen of sweet potato (Ipomoea batata). The experiment was a 2 x 4 factorial laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated three times. The factors were 2 extracting solvents: ethanol and N-hexane, while the other factors were four concentration levels of the two plant extracts (0%, 50%,75% and 100%). A poison method was applied where a 5cm discs of mycelia of the test fungus collected from the interface of the point of active growth of the fungus of a 7-day pure culture and placed in the center of petri dishes containing 5mls of the Piper nigurum extracts of various concentrations fortified with few drops of lactic acid. Plates were incubated at room temperature (28ºC ± 2) on laboratory benches and observed for eight days during which radial inhibition was measured and recorded. Results showed that fungal organism such as Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Mucor circinelloides were implicated as the causal agents of sweet potato tuber rot. The phytochemical used was found to be very effective in controlling...

A REVIEW OF SEISMIC ACTIVITIES IN NORTHERN NIGERIA AND THE GULF OF GUINEA

David Oyibo, Omali Aurelius Ojaina, Abdullahi Ayegba — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Against the backdrop of Nigeria's seismic activity, which has been clearly scientifically proven to have increased over the past 35 years, seismic activity in northern Nigeria is becoming alarming. (Abuja 2018, Ifewara 2019, Mpape Abuja 2024, and Yola 1984-2005 all) demonstrate that Nigeria has entered a seismic zone. Northern Nigeria has had more than 17 events between 1990 and 2018, indicating an increase in seismicity. Over time, this has grown, reaching roughly 20 in 2024.The oceanic and continental fracture system and the NNE-SSW trending Ifewara - Zungeru fault zone are clearly linked by geophysical investigations of historical and instrumental seismicity in northern Nigeria. The study focusses on northern Nigeria's seismology and the active fault line that causes tremors in the region.

N-POWER (N-BUILT) CRAFTSMEN’S TRAINING PROGRAM AND PERFORMANCE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN SOUTHWEST NIGERIA

Edoka Augustine Ijigah, Kehinde Olugbenga Olubiyi — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In Nigeria, a large number of building construction projects did not meet clients' satisfaction or are abandoned because of incompetence of craftsmen working on construction sites. This made the Nigerian government to establish (N-Build) programs in 2015 to bridge craftsmen’s training gap. The research study assessed (N-Built) craftsmen’s training program on the performance of building construction projects in South-west Nigeria. Three hundred and ninety-five (395) questionnaires were administered to government agencies, professional bodies, center heads, trainers, and trainees who are stakeholders and are engaged in the (N-Built) craftsmen’s training program. Two hundred and eighty (280) questionnaires was retrieved from the respondent (70.9%). From the result of the study, the major hindrances to the progress of (N-Built) craftsmen’s training are collection of tools during and after the training, engagement on six-month’ internships, collection of feedback from the trainees, and relating the impact of the training on the economy. The major skills needed for (N-Built) craftsmen training is tool handling technique, communication of drawing, practical competence, lateral and horizontal verbal communication, and active listening skills. While the factors affecting craftsmen’s (N-Built) training programs in Southwest Nigeria are the availability of government funding, inconsistency in government policies, inadequate provisions of deliverables, late arrival of materials for the training, and improper planning. The paired sample t-test result of the proposed effect of (N-Built) craftsmen’s training on construction project performance indicated a significant relationship (p-value < 0.05). In conclusion, (N-built) craftsmen’s training should be encouraged to improve the performance of building construction projects in Nigeria.

HAEMATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN HIV, MALARIA, AND CO-INFECTED PATIENTS ATTENDING THE HIV/AIDS CLINIC OF FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTER OWERRI IMO STATE, NIGERIA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Blood parameters are typically altered in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and malaria infections, and the extent of these alterations may vary due to several factors. These parameters can be used to determine the degree of damage resulting from the infections. The aim of this study was to assess changes in hematological parameters in individuals suffering from malaria, HIV, or co-infection of both diseases. With the aid of purposive sampling, a total of 165 adults attending the HIV/AIDS clinic at the Abia State University Teaching Hospital were recruited for the study after providing consent. They were categorized into Group I (30 HIV-positive individuals), Group II (53 malaria-positive individuals), Group III (52 individuals co-infected with malaria and HIV), and Group IV (30 individuals with neither HIV nor malaria). HIV and malaria parasite infections were screened using standard procedures. Hematological indices were examined using standard procedures. The PCV, Hb, WBC, platelets, and neutrophils were reportedly highest in HIV patients but lowest in co-infected patients. However, a contrary observation was made on the lymphocytes. The hematological indices reported for the control group were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those reported for each of the groups I-III. Thus, it can be deduced from this study that malaria and HIV co-infection have deleterious health consequences on sufferers. Therefore, government policies aimed at ameliorating the severity and hardships experienced by HIV patients should ensure that the chances of co-infection are significantly reduced.

MALARIA PARASITE DENSITY, HAEMATOLOGY AND NUTRITIONAL INDICATORS IN BREASTFEEDING CHILDREN 0-2 YEARS AT CHUKWUEMEKA ODUMEGWU OJUKWU UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL AWKA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Malaria remains a major health issue caused by infected Anopheles mosquito especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Knowledge of haematological profile of infected persons is key in accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. This survey investigated the malaria parasite density, haematology and nutritional indicators in breastfeeding children 0-2 years at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka. This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2024. Venous Blood samples were collected from the patients and analysed using microscopy and Automated Haematology Analyzer. Height and weight were measured using meter rule and weighing balance. Information on their breastfeeding practices was obtained with the aid of a questionnaire. Of the 114 breastfeeding children sampled, only 32.5% (n=37) were exclusively given breast milk. Those who received breast milk and water were 15.8% (n=18) while those who received breast milk and other food were 51.8% (n=59). Results from the survey showed that 26.3% of the breastfeeding children were positive for malaria. Male children had a higher mean parasite density than their female counterparts but the difference was insignificant (p>0.05). Parasite density across age groups increased as age increased, however, the variation in parasite density was not significantly different (p>0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between the height of breastfeeding children and MCV (r=-0.39, p<0.01) as well as MCH (r=-0.22, p<0.05). Additionally, the weight of the children displayed a significant negative association with PCV (r=0.19, p<0.05), MCV (r=-0.34, p<0.01), and EOS_PLA (r=-0.19, p<0.05). Regular screening and monitoring are recommended. Implementing preventive measures such...

MODELING THE EFFECT OF BLOOD MASS FLOW AND METABOLIC RATE DURING PHYSICAL EXERCISE WITH A CONSTANT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

EXTRACTION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF OIL FROM CITRUS SINENSIS (ORANGE) AND MAESOBOTRYA BARTERI (BUSH CHERRY) SEEDS

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Oil from seeds of Citrus sinensis and M. barteri were extracted by solvent extraction using n-hexane. The percentage yield of the oil from seeds of Citrus sinensis and M. barteri was ascertained as 36.21 % and 12.56 % respectively. Physicochemical properties of the seed oils of Citrus sinensis and M. barteri were determined using standard methods. The extracted oils were further examined for antimicrobial studies. Nonetheless, oil extracted from Citrus sinensis and M. barteri seeds exhibits notable antimicrobial activity against every tested organism, including fungi and bacteria. However, at a concentration of 200 mg/ml, the oil from Citrus sinensis seeds showed more remarkable and excellent antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. typhi, and C. albicans than the oil from M. barteri seeds. Therefore, Utilization of these seeds for residential and industrial usage in cosmetics and pharmaceutical will reduce environmental wastes and enrich their commercial value. Additionally, they offer legitimate channels for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries to channel these underutilized bio-resources (seeds) into medicines, soaps, and creams.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENTLY PROCESSED COMPOSITE ORANGE PEEL DIETS ON PERFORMANCE OF EWE-LAMB AND MILK COMPOSITION OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF EWES

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Supplementation of agro-industrial by-products to improve ruminant production both in quantity and quality during period of feed scarcity is important for maintenance and increased productivity. This study investigated the performance of ewe-lamb and milk composition of West African Dwarf (WAD) ewe fed differently processed orange peel diets. The oestrus cycle of ewes was synchronized with prostaglandin injection. Milk collection was done after lambing for 12 weeks. The treatment were; control diet (0% OP), 15% unfermented orange peels (15% UFOP) and 15% fermented orange (15% FOP). Twenty-four (24) ewes with average weight of 14.27±0.47 kg was allotted to three treatment groups in a Completely Randomized Design. The experiment investigated the phytochemical, ewe-lamb performance, milk composition and milk yield of WAD dams fed UFOP and FOP diets. Data collected were analyzed using One-way Analysis of Variance. Results revealed that tannin, oxalate and saponin in FOP were 23.80 g/kg, 201.20 g/kg and 73.10 g/kg while 14.50 g/kg, 164.50 g/kg and 45.60 g/kg for UFOP. Weaning weight, weight gain and daily weight gain decreased (p<0.05) in lambs fed 15% UFOP and 15% FOP supplementation compared to the control. Partial milk yield increased (p<0.05) in 0% OP compared to the other treatment groups. Lactose, protein, milk density and solid particle were elevated (p<0.05) in 15% UFOP supplementation. The study concluded that supplementation of 15% UFOP and 15% FOP improved ewe-lamb weight, chemical properties of milk.

FRACTIONAL-ORDER DENGUE VIRUS MODEL WITH VECTOR AND NON-VECTOR TRANSMISSION: BIFURCATION ANALYSIS AND MEMORY EFFECTS

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dengue fever, a major mosquito-borne disease, poses significant global health challenges, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Traditional epidemiological models often fail to capture the memory-dependent dynamics and complexities of disease transmission, limiting their effectiveness in informing public health strategies. This study introduces a novel fractional-order dengue transmission model using the Caputo fractional derivative to incorporate memory effects. The model considers both vector and non-vector transmission pathways, along with mosquito-to-mosquito transmission. The basic reproduction number was derived using the next-generation matrix method. Stability analyses were performed to explore the conditions under which backward bifurcation occurs, with a particular focus on the influence of mosquito-to-mosquito transmission dynamics. Stability analysis revealed that backward bifurcation arises when the reproduction number associated with mosquito-to-mosquito transmission exceeds one, highlighting its critical role in dengue dynamics. Numerical simulations demonstrated that fractional-order models effectively delay epidemic peaks and extend the transition period of exposed populations, providing extended windows for timely interventions. Sensitivity analysis identified mosquito-to-human and mosquito-to-mosquito transmission rates as key drivers of emphasizing the need for targeted control measures, including vector control and vaccination campaigns. This study demonstrates that fractional-order models are superior to traditional integer-order models in capturing the complex dynamics of dengue transmission. By integrating memory effects and analyzing critical transmission pathways, the model offers a more realistic framework for understanding dengue spread. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing public health interventions, emphasizing the transformative potential of fractional-order models in sustainable dengue control and future research.

CANDIDA SPECIES FROM HUMAN MUCOSAL SURFACES: PREVALENCE, VIRULENCE FACTORS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ITRACONAZOLE

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

SINGH’S PERSPECTIVE ON MULTISET THEORY - A CONSERVATIVE EXTENSION OF STANDARD SET THEORY

Chinedu Peter, Balarabe Abdullahi — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this paper, we demonstrate that Singh’s approach to defining membership—through its novel yet underutilized notation—allows for a seamless and unambiguous analysis of multisets alongside their set counterparts. This stands in contrast to the widely used cardinality-based approach prevalent in existing literature. The Singh’s dressed epsilon approach () provides a membership-based way of handling multisets, in contrast to the cardinality-based approach that relies on counting functions (Cm(x)) or M(x)).

POTENTIAL HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS VIA CASSAVA TUBERS FROM OGWASHI-UKU, NIGERIA

B. Okeoghene Ijabor, Augustine Onyema Nwabuoku, J. Chinonso Okpilike — Thu, 08 May 2025 07:53:51 +0000

Heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd are ubiquitous in our environment and this study seeks to investigate the concentration of heavy metals in cassava tubers cultivated under high voltage electric power lines and thus assess the associated human health risk arising from its consumption in three communities in Aniocha South LGA, Delta State. Cassava tuber samples were collected from farm under the power lines using a spade. Standard laboratory procedures were adopted for determination of the concentration of heavy metals in the samples using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results revealed that the concentration of heavy metals in the samples range from 7.350.05, 9.573.24, 0.840.43 and 0.220.08 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd respectively. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals from soil to root revealed Zn 1 in samples across all sampled locations. The life carcinogenic risk value showed that consumption of cassava tubers cultivated under high voltage power lines in the sampled communities by the local populace are not under any immediate carcinogenic threat. However, THI revealed that continuous consumption of these cassava tubers may pose the emergence of carcinogenic threat.

RETHINKING MULTIGROUP: AN INTRODUCTORY ALTERNATIVE APPROACH IN SINGH’S PERSPECTIVE

Chinedu Peter, Balarabe Abdullahi — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The analysis of multigroups—multisets defined over group structures—necessitates robust mathematical frameworks. Singh's dressed epsilon notation offers an elegant approach to this analysis by extending traditional set membership concepts to accommodate multiplicity within sets. This notation introduces a refined membership symbol that conveys additional information about the multiplicity of elements within a multiset. By employing Singh's dressed epsilon method, one can more effectively verify properties of multigroups. This approach not only streamlines the representation of multigroup characteristics but also facilitates deeper insights into their structural properties, thereby advancing the theory.

EFFECT OF SCATTERER DISTRIBUTION ON RANDOM LASER MODEL USING OPTI-FDTD

Momoh Hameed Adavize, Mohammed Ahmed — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Random lasers, unlike conventional lasers, rely on multiple scattering in a disordered gain medium to achieve optical feedback, making scatterer distribution a crucial factor in their performance. This study investigates the effect of scatterer distribution on random laser performance using the Optical Finite-Difference Time-Domain (Opti-FDTD) simulation tool. The primary objective is to examine how varying scatterer densities—low, medium, and high—affect key lasing parameters, including lasing threshold, emission spectrum, and spatial coherence. Methodologically, the study involves designing photonic bandgap (PBG) structures, systematically varying scatterer arrangements, and analysing the resulting optical behaviours through simulation. Key findings indicate that medium-density scatterer configurations achieve the lowest lasing threshold and the most well-defined emission spectra, offering an optimal balance between light feedback and scattering losses. High-density distributions enhance spatial coherence due to stronger light localization but introduce higher thresholds and spectral overlap, while low-density configurations suffer from weak feedback and reduced performance metrics. The results align with theoretical predictions and experimental data, emphasizing the critical role of scatterer distribution in optimizing random laser designs. These insights hold significant implications for developing more efficient random lasers for applications in imaging, spectroscopy, sensing, and energy-efficient lighting.

PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF RUN-LENGTH, HUFFMAN AND LEMPLE-ZIV ALGORITHMS ON GRAY-SCALE PNG AND JPG IMAGES COMPRESSION

Okude Joshua Okude, Emmanuel Ogala, Terseer Andrew Gaav — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Image compression plays a crucial role in optimising storage and transmission efficiency. This paper evaluates the performance of Run-Length Encoding (RLE), Huffman Coding, and Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) algorithms for compressing grayscale PNG and JPG images. The study analyses their effectiveness using compression ratio, bits per pixel, and compression time as key performance metrics. Results indicate that LZW achieved the highest compression ratio, ranging from 1.0113 to 2.4020, making it the most efficient for file size reduction. RLE performed moderately, with compression ratios between 0.5456 and 2.3895, while Huffman Coding exhibited the lowest ratios, ranging from 0.2646 to 1.0680. In terms of bits per pixel, LZW recorded the lowest values, highlighting its ability to reduce data while preserving image quality. Compression time analysis revealed that RLE was the fastest, with processing times between 0.0019 and 0.0468 seconds, making it suitable for real-time applications. LZW and Huffman Coding demonstrated a trade-off between compression efficiency and speed. These findings establish LZW as the most effective algorithm for high compression with minimal quality loss, while RLE remains the best option for speed-critical applications.

INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF COPPER AND DICLOFENAC ON Planktothrix sp.

Ramatu Idris Sha'aba, Abdullahi Bala Alhassan, Michael Mutah Noah — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF) has a harmful effect on plants and algae by several studies. It is one of the most often used and found pharmaceuticals in water bodies, as the total biomass of phytoplankton and many phytoplankton are used as indicators in the aquatic habitat, their communities are sensitive to changes in their environment. The aim of this study is to assess the effect the interactive effect of copper and diclofenac on Planktothrix sp. Data provided by this research shows information on the interactive effect of copper and diclofenac on Planktothrix sp. At 500µg/L of diclofenac and 2.5µg/L of copper using the experimental design; Dry weight/cell density, pigment content, enzyme activity (POD, MDA, ROS, GST) and total protein content. Dry weight/cell density was recorded highest in the control treatment (CoR) with total weight of 2.14g, showing that diclofenac and copper inhibits the growth of Planktothrix sp. Reactive oxygen species ROS was highest in the control treatment (CoR) on day 7 (0.075µg/ml), glutathione S transferase (GST) was recorded highest on day 14 of Diclofenac and copper treatment (DiRCuR) having 37.04 µg/ml, peroxidase activity POD was highest on day 14 of copper (CuR) and diclofenac + copper (DiRCuR) treatment with 0.122µg/ml showing that diclofenac and copper singly and in combined form affects the antioxidant enzymes of Planktothrix sp. from the results of these study, it shows that there is a synergistic effect of copper and diclofenac on the growth of Planktothrix sp.

TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY IN DANSOSHIYA FOREST RESERVE, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Mohammed Sunusi Yusuf — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is essential to document the composition and diversity of tree species, particularly in light of an urgent need for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management, and the requirements by key tree species conservation players. This study was carried out to assess the composition and diversity of tree species in the Dansoshiya Forest Reserve (DFR). The study conducted a detailed fieldwork, 30 stratified random sample plots with a quadrat size of 12.5m x 8m were collected and measured across the five strata of the study area. Botanical exploration and analytical results successfully identified a total of 67 tree species, distributed among 24 families and 55 genera, with a total count of 1,554 individual tree stands. The Fabaceae family, comprising 32.8% of the total, while families such as Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Bignoniaceae, Burseraceae, Dioscoreaceae, Ebenaceae, Lamiaceae, Loganiaceae, Olacaceae, Polygalaceae, Sapotaceae, and Zygophyllaceae were the least represented, each accounting for only 1.5% of species. Species diversity analysis showed that Combretum molle was the most abundant, ranked first, while Cassia singueana, Ceiba pentandra, Ficus platyphylla, Piliostigma thonningii, and Securinega virosa had the fewest individuals, all ranked 30. The results indicated that, although the area is rich in species diversity, certain families are poorly represented, hence the need for regular assessment to prevent the potential loss of tree species in DFR.

BIOCHEMICAL INFLUENCE OF FICUS EXASPERATA ON THE COLON OF HEALTHY WISTAR RATS AND ITS APOPTOTIC EFFECTS ON COLORECTAL CANCER

Olayemi Mujidat Olude, Frank Osarumwense Omoregie — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dysregulation of the apoptotic pathway is one of the hallmarks of colorectal cancer progression. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that occurs during normal development and aging. It is genetically regulated and involves intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. This study investigates how the methanol leaf extract of Ficus exasperata could promote apoptosis in colorectal cancer, and also the effect on colon antioxidant status of apparently healthy Wistar rats. This study was done in three phases. In the first phase, the acute toxicity check of the extract was done using a total of 12 rats. In phase 2, sub-chronic test was carried out with a total of 20 rats divided into four groups. 48 rats with 6 rats in each group were used in the third phase of this study. The third phase investigates the effect of the extract on some apoptotic genes. The oral toxicity test showed that the plant is not toxic to the animals as reflected in the antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation marker. This claim was further supported by the histology result. BAX, BCL2 and TP-53 were the apoptotic genes that were assayed for in this study. BCL-2 an antiapoptotic gene was found to be high in the group that took the carcinogen without treatment. The proapoptotic genes TP53 and BAX were significantly low in this group as well but the extract was able to mitigate the effect of the carcinogen hence, an increase in the relative gene expression of this proapoptotic gene in treated groups.

LEVERAGING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES FOR THE PREDICTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS IN NIGERIA: A DATA-DRIVEN APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING AND MITIGATING CONTAMINATION RISKS

Abayomi Opeoluwa Kehinde, Mariam Adeyinka Onafowokan, Olawale Olalekan Onalaja — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Food safety in Nigeria is a critical public health concern, with an estimated 200,000 annual foodborne illness cases straining a system reliant on traditional methods like inspections and laboratory testing. These approaches, hindered by high costs, limited scalability, and delays, struggle to address the growing complexity of contamination risks in the country’s decentralized food supply chain. This study investigates the use of machine learning (ML) to predict food safety risks, leveraging data from 2015 to 2023, including over 50,000 data points from government reports, inspection records, and public datasets. Focusing on microbial contamination, chemical residues, and illness reports, the research tested three ML models: Random Forest (RF) with 89% accuracy, Support Vector Machines (SVM) with 85% accuracy, and Neural Networks (NN) with the highest performance at 91% accuracy, 89% precision, 88% recall, and an F1-score of 88%. The NN model excelled in predicting risks tied to fresh produce and processed foods, which account for about 60% of foodborne illnesses in Nigeria. Findings suggest ML, particularly NN, could reduce illness rates by up to 20% if scaled. The study highlights ML’s potential to revolutionize food safety protocols, offering more accurate and reliable predictions than traditional methods. However, challenges such as poor data quality and availability could limit effectiveness. Addressing these barriers could enhance food safety management in Nigeria, improving public health and providing a scalable solution to a pressing national issue.

DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES USING VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING (VES) IN ROCK FORMATION SETTINGS IN GOMBE

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

DEVELOPMENT OF BIODEGRADABLE LUBRICATING OIL FOR TURBINE BEARING FROM PALM KERNEL AND CASTOR OILS

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The search for sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional mineral-based oil lubricants has led to increasing research into bio-based lubricants for industrial applications. This study develops biodegradable lubricating oil for turbine bearing from palm kernel and castor oils through chemical modification and additive blending. Using transesterification method, the oils were converted to their various methyl esters and blended with additives such as ethylene glycol, ascorbic acid, trimethylopropane, and graphene. Physiochemical evaluations of both palm kernel and castor developed lubricating oils showed improved viscosity, pour point, thermal stability, neutralization number, and flash point against their natural oils. While their tribological evaluation revealed that among the developed samples, Palm kernel oil-based turbine lubricant 1 (PKOTL1) exhibited the best tribological properties having the lowest friction coefficient (0.047), with less frictional force (2.617N), as against the mineral oil ISO VG6 conventionally used for lubricating turbine bearings with coefficient of friction (0.051) and frictional force (2.862N), this improved tribological properties were as a result of the additives blend in the development of the bio lubricating oil. Among the developed castor oil turbine lubricant, sample (COTL3) have the lowest coefficient of friction (0.058), less frictional force (3.242N) and low wear scar diameter (0.49mm). The study confirms that the modified vegetable oils are suitable, eco-friendly alternatives to mineral-based turbine lubricants with competitive performance with that of mineral oil ISO VG46.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF BITTER LEAF (Vernonia amygdalina) EXTRACTS ON Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In recent years, there has been a growing global health concern, necessitating the search for potent, resistance-free medicinal plants with antibacterial properties. This study evaluates the phytochemical and antibacterial properties of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) extracts as an alternative treatment for bacterial infections. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina leaves were prepared and subjected to phytochemical screening, revealing the presence of quinones, tannins, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, and flavonoids. The antibacterial activity was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) using the agar well diffusion method. Results showed that the highest inhibition zone (20 mm) was observed for the ethanolic extract at 200 mg/mL against S. aureus, while the aqueous extract exhibited a 10 mm inhibition zone against E. coli at the same concentration. The aqueous extract demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 20 mm and 12 mm against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. In contrast, gentamicin, a standard antibiotic, produced inhibition zones of 36 mm and 33 mm. The study suggests that V. amygdalina exhibits stronger antibacterial activity against gram-positive S. aureus than gram-negative E. coli, likely due to tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. These findings support the medicinal potential of V. amygdalina and provide a scientific basis for its traditional use in bacterial infection treatment. Further research is recommended to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for its antimicrobial effects.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF METHANOL AND AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF Vernonia amygdalina AGAINST GASTROENTERITIS CAUSING BACTERIA

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, is a shrub recognized for its bioactive compounds with documented antibacterial properties against gastroenteritis. However, the efficacy of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina leaves has not been extensively evaluated. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of these extracts and determine their chemical composition, as well as their potential to inhibit the activity of selected bacteria associated with gastroenteritis. Vernonia amygdalina leaves were procured from Gombe central market, and the extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. Three distinct bacterial isolates (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) associated with gastroenteritis were obtained from the microbiology laboratory at Gombe State University and used in an antibacterial assay of the leaf extracts at varying concentrations (12.5 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, and 100 mg/mL), conducted using the agar well diffusion method. The results confirmed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins, and their antimicrobial action on the isolates. The methanol extract demonstrated a significantly higher inhibition zone of 15.1 mm at 100 mg/mL against E. coli, compared to 14.0 mm for the aqueous extract against S. typhi, suggesting methanol as a more effective solvent for extracting antibacterial compounds from Vernonia amygdalina.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS ON EXTRACTS OF Moringa oleifera Seeds COLLECTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN BOTANICAL CENTER, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA

Anna O. Ofesi, Bright E. Igere, Felix O. Onoriasakpobare, Ewere G. Chukwuka — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There had been a rise in the research interest on alternative potential therapeutic agents with specific focus on natural occurring bioactive agents. One of such widely source are seeds of Moringa oleifera, which has buffered phytomedical relevance of the plant. The study evaluates an antimicrobial and phytochemical assessment on extracts of M. oleifera seeds at the University of Ilorin Botanical center, Kwara State, Nigeria. It employed phytochemical analysis of the extracts using both cold ethanolic and N-hexane extracts. A brief standard microbiological/antimicrobial susceptibility testing (using agar well diffusion) was applied as infected wound microbial potential pathogens used were both bacterial and fungus. The presumptively identified bacterial strains used include: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa while the fungi strain is Aspergillus niger. Our report showed presence of saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids in both extraction-solvents used. The four strains used were highly senceptible to M. oleifera seed crude extracts at 150 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml concentration, among which P. aeruginosa showed least sensitivity even at highest concentration of extract in comparison with the antibiotics used as control (ciprofloxacin). It is indicative that extracts of M. oleifera seeds possess relevant therapeutic components and shown the antioxidant property due to the presence of specific antioxidising properties. The results of this study have shown the potentials of M. oleifera seed extracts as a good antimicrobial lead agent since it inhibit orthopaedic wound associated potential pathogens which suggest their therapeutic relevance in disease control cases.

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLULOSE-DEGRADING FUNGI FROM Arachis hypogaea Shells FOR POTENTIAL BIOMASS VALORIZATION

Shakirat Afodun Abdulmumini, B. O. Yusuf-Salihu, S. Awe — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The exploitation of agro-industrial waste provides a sustainable method for enzyme production and biomass use. This work examined the isolation and characterization of cellulolytic fungi from decomposed Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) shells, a lignocellulosic substrate abundant in cellulose. Four fungal isolates were procured, of which two (OPGS and OPBS) had notable cellulolytic activity, as indicated by distinct hydrolysis zones on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar stained with Congo red. The isolates were identified as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger through morphological and microscopic investigation. Quantitative screening in submerged fermentation demonstrated maximal cellulase activities of 86.7 ± 1.7 U/mL for A. flavus and 92.3 ± 1.1 U/mL for A. niger. Enzyme activity associated with a gradual decrease in pH, signifying active substrate metabolism. These findings emphasize the viability of groundnut shell as an economical substrate for cellulase production and demonstrate the appropriateness of Aspergillus strains in biomass bioconversion processes.

CONSEQUENCE OF INSURGENCY ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF MICHIKA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Umar Haliru Vulegbo, Kuso Umaru, Musa Mohammed Yakatun, Ahmed Isah Makun — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Insurgency has become a pervasive threat to global peace and security, with devastating consequences on the livelihoods of affected communities. This study examines the consequences of insurgency on the livelihoods of households in Michika, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study reveals that the insurgency has had a devastating impact on agricultural productivity, income generation, and food security among households in Michika. A total of 300 households were sampled using stratified random sampling technique. The study also explores the coping mechanisms adopted by households to mitigate the effects of insurgency on their livelihoods. The findings of the study highlight the need for urgent intervention to address the humanitarian crisis in Michika, including the provision of food aid, farm inputs, and support for affected businesses. The study recommends the implementation of policies and programs to reintegrate internally displaced persons into their lost socioeconomic activities, as well as the establishment of community policing and intelligent sharing initiatives to prevent future security breaches.

REVOLUTION OR DISTRACTION? ANALYZING GENERATIVE AI’S IMPACT ON UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Abdulrashid Abdulrauf, Omolara Busayo Abodunrin, Oluwatoyin Omoloba — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Using ChatGPT regularly produces academic success, plus it develops moral critical thinking abilities and problem-solving capabilities. The use of ChatGPT creates ongoing concerns for stakeholders regarding system dependency and ethical implications that surface when users implement it. However, stakeholders continue to raise multiple concerns about both dependence on ChatGPT and the moral ramifications that come from using it. This study aims to analyze the impact of generative AI, particularly ChatGPT, on the academic performance of undergraduate students in five federal leading universities in Nigeria. A statistical analysis using Chi-square tests together with independent t-tests discovered meaningful relationships connecting academic achievements to ChatGPT usage. The study reveals that educational institutions can achieve effective results when combining AI tools like ChatGPT with conventional methods under strategic circumstances and need continuous ethical monitoring. Academic liability and the sustained advancement of critical thinking competence remain unharmed when ChatGPT use is implemented correctly.

EVALUATION OF PLASMA TRACE ELEMENTS LEVELS IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) PATIENTS ON HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART) ATTENDING FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTER OWERRI, IMO STATE

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Trace elements play significant biological roles that drive life and can be affected by the deleterious effects of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a combination of several antiretroviral therapies that have the potential to improve the quality of life of individuals with HIV infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma trace elements of HIV-positive individuals on HAART. A total of 196 participants were recruited for the study, including 126 HIV patients on HAART, 35 HIV non-HAART patients, and 35 HIV-negative subjects. HIV status and plasma trace element levels of the participants were determined using standard procedures. The results of the study showed that zinc, selenium, and iron levels in HAART patients were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in non-HAART patients (control group 1) but lower than those in the control group 2. Additionally, these elements were significantly higher (p<0.05) in male patients on HAART compared to their female counterparts. In conclusion, this study suggests that HAART has a positive influence on blood serum trace element metabolism in HIV-positive patients.

ANTIMALARIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF Persea Americana (avocado) LEAF EXTRACT IN Plasmodium berghei-INFECTED MICE

George O. Eidangbe — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains necessitates the search for alternative treatment strategies, including plant-derived bioactive compounds with antimalarial and antioxidant properties. Persea americana (avocado) leaves have been reported to possess medicinal benefits, but their antimalarial potential remains underexplored. This study evaluates the antimalarial and antioxidant effects of P. americana leaf extract in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. Mice infected with P. berghei were treated with varying doses of the extract, and body weight, rectal temperature, packed cell volume (PCV), parasitemia levels, and oxidative stress markers were assessed. Results demonstrated a significant improvement in body weight and PCV, as well as reductions in rectal temperature, parasitemia, improved parasite clearance, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in treated groups compared to the untreated control. These findings suggest that P. americana leaf extract possesses potent antimalarial and antioxidant properties, supporting its potential as a complementary therapeutic agent. Further studies are needed to elucidate its mechanisms of action and optimize dosage for clinical applications. This study contributes to the ongoing search for plant-based alternatives in malaria treatment and oxidative stress management.

TEXTURAL ANALYSIS AND HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AJALI SANDSTONES OF OBOLLO-AFOR AND ENVIRONS IN ANAMBRA BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN, NIGERIA

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The movement and storage of groundwater are determined by the porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the medium, which defines its permeability. Hydraulic conductivity depends on both the properties of the porous material and the fluid, and it has long been linked to the grain-size distribution of granular media. This study highlights the textural characteristics and hydraulic conductivity of Ajali Sandstone in Obollo-Afor area (southeastern Nigeria). The investigation approach involved field sampling and collection of 12 sandstone samples from different outcrop locations followed by laboratory studies such as grain size analysis. Grain size analysis and textural studies show that the sandstones mean range from 0.96-1.87 (av. 1.52). Other parameters such as coefficient of uniformity (C_u) range from 2.133 to 4.263 (av. 0.399), while sorting values of 0.83-1.10 (av. 0.96) imply moderately sorted sediments. The sandstones are mostly platykurtic and coarse skewed indicating sand of fluvial origin ranging from channel floor, point bar to braided rivers. Analysis shows that the sediments were deposited in beach/shallow agitated and fluvial agitated environments. The Ajali Sandstone porosity values range from 36.53%-42.6% (av. 39.9) and the hydraulic conductivity values of 2.579-68.101m/day (av. 43.741m/day). These values of porosity and hydraulic conductivity are indications of high specific yield for the sandstone of the study area.

CHARACTERISTICS STRENGTH OF COCONUT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sustainability is widely embraced in modern construction, despite rising costs and environmental harm from industry advancements. This has spurred a balanced, eco-centric approach, incorporating natural fibers like coconut for concrete reinforcement. Abundant at test sites, coconut fiber is a viable, eco-friendly option that boosts strength, cuts carbon emissions, and offers income for producers by repurposing coir waste, easing landfill pressure. High water absorption is mitigated by oil-coating the fibers. This study assessed coconut fiber-reinforced concrete's strength, sourced from Ivbiaro, Owan West, Edo State. Using M20 grade concrete (1:2:4) with a 0.5 water-cement ratio, fibers were added at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. Seventy-two cubes (150 x 150 x 150 mm) were cast, with 18 per mix ratio. Fresh concrete was tested for slump and compaction, while hardened concrete underwent rebound hammer (RH), ultrasonic velocity (UVT), and compressive strength tests at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days under lab conditions. Results showed workability decreases as fiber content rises, while density increases. Compressive strength peaks at 1% fiber (22.44 N/mm²) from 0% (19.87 N/mm²), but declines beyond 1%. Thus, coconut fiber enhances concrete sustainability and strength optimally at 1%, supporting eco-friendly construction with economic and waste management benefits.

HYBRID PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Student academic performance is a critical factor in assessing the quality of education and institutional effectiveness. Various factors, including socioeconomic background, institutional policies, prior academic achievement, and learning environments, contribute to student success. Understanding these factors is essential for developing targeted interventions to improve academic outcomes. This research investigates the factors influencing student academic performance at Umaru Ali Shinkafi Polytechnic through the development and implementation of a hybrid prediction model. By drawing on diverse data sources and advanced analytical techniques, the study aims to uncover the complex interplay of school factors, prior academic achievement, and other relevant variables shaping student outcomes. Utilizing a stratified random sampling technique, data was collected from a population of students at the institution. A hybrid prediction model incorporating linear regression, decision trees, and random forests was developed and evaluated on a test dataset consisting of 254 records. The model achieved an accuracy of 0.85, a precision of 0.82, a recall of 0.88, an F1-score of 0.85, and an ROC-AUC score of 0.91. These results indicate that the hybrid model outperforms benchmark techniques, providing robust predictive performance and significant insights into the factors affecting student success. These findings offer actionable recommendations for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders to enhance educational strategies and support student achievements.

SCREENING AND GROWTH OPTIMIZATION OF BIOSURFACTANT-PRODUCING FUNGI IN AGRO-WASTE (SORGHUM BRAN) MEDIA FOR BIOREMEDIATION STRATEGIES

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

HAEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF RED SOKOTO GOAT BREED (CAPRA AEGAGRUS HIRCUS) FED BROWSE’S PLANTS FEED FORMULATION

Folashade G. Ntagbu, Wakili T. Aborisade, S. Awe — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study investigated the effect of different browse plant feed formulations on the haematology and serum biochemical indices of Red Sokoto Goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) breed. Fifteen (15) growing goats of average 8.60 ± 0.50 kg body weight were randomly allocated into five dietary groups in a completely randomized designed model with three (3) animals in each group. The control (T5) group was placed on a basal diet only while the remaining four groups were supplemented with Afzelia africana (TAa) Detarium microcarpum (TDm), Daniellia oliveri (TDo) and Khaya senegalensis (TKs). The studied lasted for fourteen (14) weeks.The chemical composition of crude protein CP (12.70 - 15.70 %) was similar (P>0.05) for all the treatments.The dry matter (DM) contents of the experimental diets varied between 92.70 and 94.40%.The haematology result showed that PCV (22.53 – 28.93 %), Hb (7.51 – 9.64g/dl), RBC (9.19 – 18.77 x 10¹²), MCV (10.64 -17.53 fl), MCH (1.24 – 2.04 pg), and MCHC (33.32 – 33.33g/dl) were not significantly affected (P>0.05) in all the dietary treatments, except for WBC (8.38 – 13.51 x 10⁹) which were significantly affected (P<0.05) in all the treatments. The lowest mean values (22.53%, 7.51 (g/dl), 9.19 x 10¹², and 1.24 pg) were recorded in the control (T5) diet for PCV, Hb, RBC, and MCH, respectively, as against the supplementary diet (T1-T4) treatments. The results of the glucose, total protein, and cholesterol recorded were significantly affected (P<0.05) in all the dietary treatments except for albumin, globulin, creatinine, and urea, which were...

APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS TO STIFF PROBLEMS OF THREE-STEP LINEAR MULTISTEP METHOD USING HERMIT POLYNOMIALS

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Linear multistep method is a problem-solving technique mostly used to find the solution to mathematical problems involving one independent variable mostly called ordinary differential equations. However, this research seeks to carry out a formulation of an efficient numerical scheme for the approximation of first order ordinary differential equation (ODE) has been investigated. The method is a block scheme for 3-step linear multistep method using Hermit polynomials as the basis function. The continuous and discrete multi-step methods (LMM) have been formulated through the technique of collocation and interpolation. Also, numerical examples of ODE’S have been solved and results obtained show that the proposed scheme can be efficient in solving initial value problems of first order ordinary differential equations.

ENHANCING AGE ESTIMATION FROM SCLERA IMAGES USING RESNET-50, VGG16, AND RANDOM FOREST

Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study presents a novel hybrid model for age prediction from sclera images, combining deep learning architectures ResNet-50 and VGG-16 with a Random Forest classifier. The hybrid approach aims to optimize both accuracy and computational efficiency, addressing limitations in previous methodologies. Results demonstrate exceptional performance, with the hybrid model achieving an overall accuracy of 98.85% and outperforming benchmark models. Detailed evaluation metrics reveal high precision, recall, and F1-scores across age groups, supported by insights from the confusion matrix. The model's practical applicability is demonstrated through efficient training and testing processes. This research bridges gaps in existing literature by integrating transfer learning, deep learning, and ensemble methods, while also addressing issues of computational complexity. The study underscores the potential of hybrid models to advance age prediction from biometric images, setting a new benchmark for future research in the field.

A FOUR-STEP BLOCK HYBRID BACKWARD DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE FOR THE SOLUTION OF GENERAL SECOND ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Ibrahim Ahmed, A. I. Ma’Ali, A. A. Agboluaje, Y. D. Jikantoro — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) play a crucial role in modeling various real-world phenomena across physics, engineering, and the applied sciences. Many of these equations, especially second-order ODEs, arise in fields such as mechanics, fluid dynamics, and electrical circuit analysis. Traditional numerical methods like single-step and multi-step techniques have been extensively explored for solving these equations. However, stiff and non-stiff problems often require more efficient and stable numerical schemes. Backward Differentiation Formulae (BDF) are implicit multi-step methods well known for their stability properties, making them suitable for solving stiff ODEs. Hybrid and block approaches have been introduced to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and convergence of numerical methods. The block method enables the simultaneous solution of multiple points within a single step, improving computational efficiency, while the hybrid approach incorporates additional off-step points to increase accuracy. In this paper, the block hybrid Backward Differentiation formulae (BHBDF) for the step number k=4 was developed. For this purpose, power series was employed as the basis function for the development of schemes in a collocation and interpolation techniques at some selected grid and off- grid points which gave rise to continuous schemes and were further evaluated at those points to produce discrete schemes combined together to form block methods. Analysis of the basic properties of the discrete schemes investigated showed consistency, zero stability and convergence of the proposed block methods. Tested problems were solved to examine the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed methods with relatively small errors...

ASSESSMENT OF GONAD MATURATION OF Megalops atlanticus AND WATER QUALITY OF ITS HABITAT

Johnson K. Iseyemi, E. O. Lawson — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The aquacultural potential (such as food and feeding habits) of a fish cannot be thoroughly determined without the knowledge of some aspects of its bioecology. This study investigated aspects of the bioecology of Tarpon, Megalops atlanticus (Valenciennes,1847) in Lagos Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 1,115 fish specimens from three (3) sampling stations A (Igbo Elejo -334), B (Tomaro - 448)) and C (Itan Agan- 333) were collected between January 2016 and April 2018. The study's objectives included assessment of physico-chemical parameters, morphometric characters, food and feeding habits, and reproductive behaviours. Total length and body weight were measured with a standard measuring board and Sartorius weighing balance respectively. Growth patterns, condition factor, length frequency distribution, and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were determined using Standard scientific methods. Sexes were differentiated by both macro and microscopical examinations of the genitals. Feeding habits of the M. atlanticus were determined using frequency of occurrence and numerical methods. The gonadal stages were determined using histological examinations of the gonads. Water parameters (pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity, CO₂, temperature, total alkalinity, and total hardness) were measured following the American Public Health Association Standard.