FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

ASSESSMENT Of THE IMPACT OF FORMAL CREDIT ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SMALL-SCALE AGROFORESTRY FARMERS IN KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Mon, 04 Aug 2025 15:17:59 +0000

In Nigeria most of the small-scale agroforestry farmers does not have access to formal credit which greatly have negative impact on their productivity which brings about low yield resulting in low income to the farmers. Agricultural credit enhances productivity and promotes standard of living by breaking vicious cycle of poverty of small-scale farmers participating in agroforestry practices. The study therefore assessed the impact of formal credit on the productivity of small-scale farmers in Kaduna state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 250 agroforestry farmers (beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of formal credit). Primary data were generated using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, probit model regression and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data collected and test the hypothesis. The study revealed majority (52.40%) of the sampled respondents are within the productive age bracket with a mean age of 44 years. The analysis of the level of education show that majority of the respondents (95.5%) attended one level of education or another. The study also revealed that all the prospective borrowers must have an account with the bank and must have maintained the account for a minimum period of six months before applying and being considered for a loan facility. The result of the probit analysis revealed that farming experience and age were the only two factors that had direct and significant (P<0.1) relationship with the probability of farmers’ participation in agroforestry practices in the study area. Chow Test revealed that F- calculated is higher than...

ANGIOSPERMIC FLORA OF THE DEMARCATED AMBROSE ALLI UNIVERSITY BOTANICAL GARDEN EKPOMA, EDO STATE, NIGERIA

Tue, 05 Aug 2025 12:43:19 +0000

The Ambrose Alli University (AAU) Botanical Garden, Ekpoma, Nigeria, is a defined area established for the conservation of indigenous plant species and the collection, cultivation, maintenance and display of a wide range of plants taxa. Functioning also as a teaching and research facility under the Faculty of Life Sciences, the garden serve critical and conservatory purposes. However, despite its institutional importance and potential utility to conservation biology, the angiospermic diversity of the AAU Botanical Garden has never been systematically documented This study was therefore conducted to provide a comprehensive inventory of the angiospermic flora within the demarcated section of the garden located in Esan West Local Government Area, Edo State. Plant samples were collected using a collapsable quadrant method and identified through standard taxonomic procedure. A total of 91 plant species belonging to 43 families were recorded. These included 36 trees species, 38 shrubs, 10 herb, 6 climbers and 1 grass species. Notably, species such as icacina trihantha (oliv.) and sphenocentrum jollyanum were observed to occur frequently across most quadrats. This study bridged a critical knowledge gap by documenting the angiospermic composition of the AAU Botanical Garden and provide a useful reference for future research, conservation planning and education purposes.

AN INVENTORY OF PLANTS USED IN MANAGING DIARRHOEA AND DYSENTRY IN ANYIGBA, DEKINA L.G.A, KOGI STATE

Tue, 05 Aug 2025 15:04:50 +0000

Diarrhoea and dysentery remain prevalent health issues in many rural communities across Nigeria, often managed using traditional medicinal plants. This study documents an ethnobotanical survey conducted in the Anyigba Dekina Local Government Area (LGA) of Kogi State, Nigeria, aimed at identifying and cataloging plant species traditionally used for the management of diarrhoea and dysentery. Through interviews with 14 respondents, predominantly women and farmers, the study revealed a diverse array of medicinal plants utilized by the local community. A total of 52 plant species belonging to 29 families were recorded, with the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families being the most represented. Leaves were the most commonly used plant part, followed by whole plants, stem barks, and seeds. The documented species exhibited various growth habits, including trees, herbs, shrubs, climbers, and grasses. The study highlighted the prevalent methods of preparation, such as decoctions, infusions, juices, pastes, and topical applications, reflecting the rich traditional knowledge and practices associated with plant-based remedies in the region but also offers a foundation for further pharmacological investigations into the therapeutic potential of these plants.

COMBINED FLOW OF AN EXOTHERMIC FLUID WITH ELECTROKINETIC EFFECT OVER A MICROCHANNEL

Tue, 05 Aug 2025 20:41:36 +0000

The steady state analysis of chemically reacting heat transfer problem of mixed convection flow in a vertical microchannel that is fully developed and embedded with electro-kinetic effect is performed in this article. The energy, electric potential, and momentum equations are solved in non-dimensional form under unequal wall zeta potentials, employing the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The basic flow behavior of electric potentials, temperature, and velocity is investigated as a function of regulating parameters such as the Debye-Huckel parameter, mixed convection parameter, chemical reaction parameter, and rarefaction parameter. The findings are carefully examined and graphically represented in a number of illustrative plots. It was found that raising the levels of mixed convection, chemical reaction, and rarefaction parameters causes the fluid flow to escalate while the function of viscous heating term is to speed up the fluid temperature. Additionally, mounting values of Debye–Hückel parameter retards the electric potential in the micro-channel. Also, when the mixed convection, chemical reaction, electric potential, and streaming potential factors are ignored, the numerical computations of this findings are consistent with the previously published results.

SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF LONG-TERM SURVIVORSHIP OF HIV PATIENTS UNDER ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY AT GENERAL HOSPITAL, UGBA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

Enobong F. Udoumoh, David A. Kuhe, Isaac A. Tyoor — Wed, 06 Aug 2025 11:23:12 +0000

Survival model plays a vital role in the understanding of prognosis and hence management of diseases. In this study, the long-term survival of HIV/AIDS patients under antiretroviral therapy (ART) is evaluated using Survival models. In particular, the Kaplan-Meier Estimator was used to estimate the Long-term survival of HIV/AIDS patients under ART. A retrospective data was obtained on HIV/AIDS patients who enrolled on ART at General Hospital, Ugba Logo Local Government Area, Benue state, Nigeria from year 2018 to 2022 for the study. Results revealed that 96% of HIV/AIDS patients under antiretroviral therapy had suppressed viral load for at least 8.8 years. Further test on the equality of survival distributions of female and male gender based on the Log-Rank, Breslow (generalized Wilcoxon) and Tarone-Ware statistic revealed that the survival distributions of the female and male patients are similar at 0.05 level of significance. It is recommended that people living with HIV/AIDS should accept antiretroviral therapy so that they could live healthy lives.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN SHARADA AND BOMPAI INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF KANO STATE, NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Abdullateef Abdullahi Ibrahim, Kabiru Suleiman — Wed, 06 Aug 2025 12:02:22 +0000

This study investigated the seasonal variation in groundwater quality across two major industrial areas, Sharada and Bompai, in Kano State, Northwestern Nigeria, over a twelve-month period from December 2023 to November 2024. The aim was to evaluate the extent, pattern, and temporal dynamics of groundwater contamination associated with industrial and anthropogenic activities during wet and dry seasons. Groundwater samples were collected from eight wells in Sharada and eight boreholes in Bompai. Selected water quality parameters were analysed using standard methods, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate, sulphate, bicarbonate, chloride, and phosphate. Results revealed that pH ranged from 5.25 to 7.44, dropping below the WHO minimum guideline of 6.5 during April–May (pre-monsoon dry season). EC peaked at 2,090 µS/cm and TDS at 1,207 mg/L in May, exceeding the recommended limits of 0.7 dS/m and 500 mg/L, respectively. Nitrate reached 194 mg/L in December, while chloride peaked at 14,239 mg/L in June, indicating the influence of both industrial and agricultural sources. These findings identify April–May and December–January as critical periods for targeted groundwater quality management. It is concluded that groundwater quality in the study areas exhibits seasonal deterioration, with several parameters surpassing WHO standards during dry months. It is recommended that regulatory agencies intensify monitoring efforts and enforce pollution control measures during these high-risk periods to ensure safe and sustainable groundwater use.

PREVALENCE, AWARENESS, AND FREQUENCY OF BIOLOGICAL RISK EXPOSURE AMONG HOSPITAL HOUSEKEEPERS IN OSHIMILI SOUTH, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

Wed, 06 Aug 2025 12:27:22 +0000

The health risks associated with to biological wastes in the job description of hospital housekeepers are often overlooked. Hospital housekeepers are constantly being exposed to biological hazards, but their job risks are frequently disregarded. This study evaluated the prevalence, awareness, and frequency of biological risk exposure among hospital housekeepers in Oshimili South, Delta State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to conduct a cross-sectional survey of 120 randomly selected hospital housekeepers. Demographics, exposure to biological materials, use of personal protective equipments (PPE), health problems, and infection control training were all determined using descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Majority of the respondents (54.2%) were females and between the ages of 31 to 40 (33.3%). Although, 85% were aware of biological dangers, only 50% had formal infection control training. Urine (76.7%), blood (73.3%), and faeces (69.2%) were the most common sources of exposure, with 56.7% of cases being accidental. Hand gloves usage was highest (86.7%) PPE known, but only 45% reported consistent PPE availability. Significant association were found between education level and awareness (x² = 9.63, p = 0.008), exposure frequency and infection history (x² = 10.25, p = 0.017), PPE availability and accidental exposure ( x²= 11.82, p = 0.009), as well as IPC training and infection history (x² = 8.47, p = 0.037). There were no significant associations detected between gender and glove use, or marital status and symptom reporting. Targeted training and increased PPE access are critical for risk reduction among hospital housekeepers in the study area.

IMPACT OF PULVERIZATION ON NUTRIENTS STATUS OF SOME SELECTED FOLIAR MATERIALS BEFORE AND AFTER COMPOSTING IN SEMI ARID ENVIRONMENT

Garba Musa, Edward Ephraim Dishan, Yekini Nasiru, David Finchiwa Jatau — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 04:48:09 +0000

IN VIVO ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL ROOT EXTRACT OF CISSUS CORNIFOLIA (BAKER) PLANCH

Yusuf Adamu Maitama, Abdullahi Ibrahim Doma, Musa Aliyu — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 05:26:36 +0000

The plant Cissus cornifolia belongs to the family vitacea. It is traditionally employed in the treatment of many ailments including malaria. The root was cold macerated using 70% methanol while phytochemical analysis was carried out to determine the secondary metabolites using standard protocol. The median lethal dose was then determined by exploiting the OECD protocol. The antiplasmodial activity was evaluated in mice intraperetonially infected with chloroquine sensitive plasmodium berghei-berghei using suppressive, prophylactic, and curative experimental models. Cissus cornifolia root extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, anthraquinones, and tannins. The oral LD50 of crude extract in mice was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg per body weight. Curative effect of crude extract at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg showed statistical dose dependent significant reduction in mean parasitemia with a p value of 0.001. The standard drugs artesunate and chloroquine offered 85% and 90% respectively, when compared with non-treated mice. The extract, significantly prolonged mean survival time of mice infected with the parasites when compared with the distilled water administered group (Negative). Chemosuppresive effect showed reduction in mean parasitemia with suppression in the extract, chloroquine and artesunates administered groups as compared with the distilled water group. Prophylactic activity showed percentage parasite clearance of 62%, 73% and 65% with the different doses of the extract and 84% clearance for pyrimethamine when compared with negative group. The findings revealed that the extract possess antiplasmodial activity thereby validating its uses in folkloric medicine.

EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOKOTO NEEM TREE (Azadirachta Indica) SEED OIL

Aminu Ishaka, Badi'a Mustapha, Zainab Bashir — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 06:42:09 +0000

Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a medicinal plant known for its rich phytochemical and therapeutic potential, particularly its seed oil. This study focuses on the extraction and characterization of neem seed oil obtained through Soxhlet and traditional methods, with a focus on physicochemical properties, phytochemical content, antioxidant vitamins, and fatty acid composition. The Soxhlet method yielded significantly more oil (47.08%) than the traditional method (17.16%) (p < 0.05). Soxhlet-extracted oil exhibited significantly higher saponification (103.78mg KOH/g) and iodine values (9.05g I/100g), suggesting better suitability for industrial applications such as soap and biodiesel production. However, it showed significantly higher acid (145.11mg KOH/g) and peroxide values (408.33meq/kg), indicating increased oxidation. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and saponins in both extracts, with alkaloids and phenols being more prominent. Antioxidant vitamins A and E were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in traditional method extracted oil, while both extracts had low vitamin C content. Thin-layer chromatography identified predominantly present fatty acids as stearic, oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, consistent across both extraction methods. The results suggest that neem seed oil especially the Soxhlet extracted has high yield and may be of use in industrial application such as soap making, however, both oils require extensive processing to make them better for use in industry and.as edible oils. Further optimization of extraction techniques could enhance the yield and functional quality of neem seed oil from local neem trees.

EFFECT OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION AND YIELD OF COWPEA VARIETIES IN SOILS OF WUDIL AND WARAWA SUDAN SAVANNAH, NIGERIA

Thu, 14 Aug 2025 07:12:27 +0000

A pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2023 at Aliko Dangote University Wudil on sandy loam soils of Wudil and Warawa to evaluate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on yield of two cowpea varieties as well as on soil properties and Phosphorus uptake. The treatments consisted of two levels of AMF inoculation (Mo = control, without inoculation, M1 = inoculation with AMF), Two cowpea varieties (Sampea14 and Sampea15) and soils of two location (wudil and warawa). These were laid out in completely randomized design and replicated three times. Data were collected on seeds/pod, 100-seed weight, yield/ha and P uptake. Soil analysis was also carried out before and after the application of treatments. The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS and means were separated at 5% level of significance. Result showed significant effect of AMF on all the yield characters of cowpea (p<0.05). The inoculation of AMF produced higher yield/ha of sampea15 cowpea (874.56kg) than the control (550.42kg). However, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between yield of the two varieties of cowpea (644.13kg and 780.85kg) used in this study. The application of AMF enhanced the pH (0.22%), organic carbon (0.15%), organic matter content (0.62%) N (0.05%), P (0.16mg/kg) and K (0.18mg/kg) contents of the soil at Wudil and Warawa. Phosphorous uptake of the two cowpea varieties at both locations were also increased more than the control treatments. The study therefore recommends further experiments to study in detail the function of AMF on the...

ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE NUTRITION PRACTICES AMONG STUDENTS IN SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN ABEOKUTA, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

Rukayat Abdussalaam, Oluwaferanmi E. Ranti-Oni, Basit Olawale Abdulsalam — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 07:49:26 +0000

Growing concerns about the health, environmental, and social consequences of food choices have led to a greater focus on sustainable nutrition. This study assessed the consumer behaviour and perceptions of sustainable nutrition practices among students in selected tertiary institutions in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 435 respondents participated in the survey, using a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data on socio-demographics, awareness, attitudes, consumption patterns, and perceived barriers towards sustainable nutrition. Findings show that 76.8% of respondents were aged 18–25 years. Only 44.8% had previously encountered the term “sustainable diet,” mainly through school (18.3%) or online sources (17.3%). While 39% reported considering sustainability in their food choices, 54.8% expressed a willingness to pay more for environmentally friendly products. Common practices included cooking to reduce left overs (64.5%) and buying locally sourced foods (65%), while avoiding imported foods was least observed (26.8%). Difficulty in changing habits (37%) was the most cited barrier. The study highlights a positive attitude towards sustainable nutrition among students, but also reveals limited awareness and behavioural gaps. Targeted nutrition education and institutional sensitisation are recommended to promote sustainable dietary behaviours among young adults in tertiary institutions

THERMAL COMFORT AND ENERGY LOAD ESTIMATION FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN BAUCHI: A CASE STUDY

Gokir Chikak Ishaya, Nuhu Muhammed, Benjamin Ternenge Abur — Fri, 15 Aug 2025 09:55:57 +0000

Studies have shown that indoor thermal comfort is crucial for human well-being, particularly in the built environment, and those factors such as solar gain, building design, and occupancy status can significantly impact thermal comfort. This study aims to model and estimate thermal comfort and annual energy loads for a typical residential building in Bauchi, Nigeria. A three-bedroom residential building was modelled using SketchUp and TRNSYS, supported by MATLAB, to simulate HVAC, hot water, and electrical energy demands based on local climatic and usage data. Results show that indoor temperatures exceeding the thermal comfort threshold of 27°C by approximately 92% of the year, with peak cooling demand in March and April. Hot water consumption accounted for the highest energy load, contributing significantly to an annual total of approximately 11,746.6 kWh. These results have significant implications for energy-efficient building design, HVAC system sizing, and renewable energy integration. Additionally, solar energy can help meet peak cooling demands during dry season months. Understanding these factors and incorporating energy-efficient design principles, buildings can be designed to provide optimal thermal conditions while minimizing energy consumption. These insights underscore the need for energy-efficient building strategies and support the adoption of Photovoltaic-Thermal systems to enhance energy sustainability in hot climate regions.

BACTERICIDAL POTENTIAL OF CRUDE BACTERIOCINS FROM LACTIC ACID BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM MOUSE GUT AGAINST SOME FOOD SPOILAGE BACTERIA

Fri, 15 Aug 2025 10:32:54 +0000

The cells and secondary metabolites from Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) provide a biological food preservative suitable as an alternative to the use of chemical in extending food shelf life. The present research was aimed at examining the potential of crude bacteriocin from LAB isolated from the gut of mouse as a bio-control measure against the commonly encountered food spoilage bacteria. Compared to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from other sources, including fermented foods, LAB from the mouse gut show better persistence and gut microbiota regulation. Their special adaptations to the gastrointestinal environment of mice increase their efficacy as probiotics by strengthening the intestinal barrier and boosting immune responses. Using standard microbiological methods, LABs were isolated from the gut of a mouse on De Mann Rogosa Agar (MRSA), characterized and identified. Crude bacteriocin was obtained from broth culture of the isolates and tested for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus using agar well diffusion method. Four species of LAB were obtained and identified, three of which were Lactobacillus species 1, 3, and4 while one was a Lactococcus species. Crude bacteriocin from the Lactococcus species was the most effective against all the tested bacteria except B. megaterium, crude bacteriocin from Lactobacillus species 1and 3 were not effective against E. coli and B. megaterium while the crude bacteriocin from Lactobacillus species 4 was active against only S. aureus. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive to the crude bacteriocins with an average zone of growth inhibition of...

SCREENING OF BIOSURFACTANT-PRODUCING PSEUDOMONAS AND BACILLUS SPECIES ISOLATED FROM ENGINE OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL FOR BIODECOLORIZATION OF TEXTILE EFFLUENTS

Salma Muhammad Dalhat, Shuaibu Sanusi, Idris Shehu, Idris Shehu — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 10:07:41 +0000

Textile industrial activities have been characterized in its usage of large volumes of water and variety of chemicals. Surface-active chemical compounds produced by vast varieties of microbial species are known as biosurfactant. This study aimed at screening of biosurfactant-producing Pseudomonas and Bacillus species isolated from engine oil contaminated soil for biodecolorization of textile effluents. Engine-oil polluted soil sample was collected from a mechanic work shop in Abakpa Kaduna state. Bacteria from oil polluted soil was isolated by standard spread plate technique. Physical properties of the effluent sample were determined. Screening of isolates for biosurfactant production potential was achieved using standard method. The PCR amplification of the isolates was carried out using 16S rDNA primers. The results obtained revealed that Bacillus had the highest frequency of occurrence (26.6%), followed by Micrococcus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus (20% each) while Acinetobacter had (13.3%). isolate S9 had the highest emulsification index (52.5%). On the other hand, isolate S11 had the lowest emulsification index (44.8%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa S5 had 99% homologue with Pseudomonas aeruginosa MSSRFV220 while Bacillus subtilis S5 had 75.59% homologue with Bacillus subtilis BC5. Textile effluent with 1.0 mg of biosurfactant from Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest pH value (8.0) while textile effluent with 1.0 mg of biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis recorded the least pH value (7.6). Textile effluent amended with biosurfactant from Bacillus subtilis showed a higher temperature value (37oC) while the least temperature value was (33oC). It is concluded therefore, that Bacillus and Pseudomonas species are good biosurfactant producers.

BROAD-SPECTRUM ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIALS OF AQUEOUS SYZYGIUM CUMINI (L.) SKEELS LEAF EXTRACT

Sat, 16 Aug 2025 10:22:27 +0000

The worldwide increase in antimicrobial resistance and illnesses associated with oxidative stress has heightened the quest for plant-derived alternatives possessing dual therapeutic benefits. In traditional medicine, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is highly valued for its natural bioactive compounds. This research examined the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of its aqueous leaf extract employing standard in vitro techniques. The antibacterial efficacy was assessed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis using a turbidimetric assay, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) established through broth dilution and subculturing methods. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition in all bacterial strains, with MIC values between 60 and 80 mg/mL and MBC values from 80 to 100 mg/mL. MBC/MIC ratios of 1.67 indicate a bactericidal mechanism of action. Antioxidant activity, evaluated using DPPH and hydrogen peroxide (HO) scavenging assays, showed significant radical-neutralizing effects, achieving 80.8% (DPPH) and 85.6% (HO) inhibition at a concentration of 60mg/mL. The extract demonstrated a strong, dose-dependent antioxidant profile, albeit with significantly reduced potency compared to ascorbic acid. These findings underscore the extensive bactericidal and oxidative stress-reducing capabilities of S. cumini aqueous leaf extract, affirming its ethnomedicinal significance. Its dual bioactivity facilitates its use in the creation of natural therapeutics and as a functional component in health-enhancing formulations. This research corresponds with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and bolsters circular bioeconomy initiatives by advocating for the utilization of safe, plant-derived resources for sustainable therapeutic advancement.

EVALUATION OF THE PORTABILITY OF SACHET WATER USING WEIGHTED ARITHMETIC WATER QUALITY INDEX AND WATER POLLUTION INDEX IN ASABA METROPOLIS, SOUTHERN NIGERIA

Sat, 16 Aug 2025 11:17:12 +0000

This study explored the potability of sachet water in Asaba, Southern Nigeria, using the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WQIA) and Water Pollution Index (WPI). Using established parameters, the pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate, phosphate, chloride, zinc, lead, and iron of 100 sachet water samples obtained from different retail locations in Asaba were analyzed. The results of the investigation were compared to the WHO and SON drinking water guidelines. The WQIA was used to categorize overall quality of sachet water, while the WPI provided details on the pollution status of each sample. The results showed that turbidity was between (0.00 - 0.62 NTU), pH (6.50 -7.60), electrical conductivity (24.60 -77.20 µS/cm), total dissolved solids (12.10 - 65.30 mg/L), sulphate (0.18 - 2.65 mg/L), phosphate (0.01 - 0.04 mg/L), chloride (3.10 - 39.30 mg/L), zinc (0.00 - 0.05 mg/L), lead (0.000 - 0.007 mg/L) and iron (0.02 - 0.09 mg/L. These results were all within the acceptable range for drinking water. The WQI value of 5.61 classified the sachet water as excellent, whilst the WPI value of 0.26 showed a very low pollution load. According to these results, the Asaba Metropolis' sachet water is of excellent quality and safe for ingestion by humans. In order to uphold these high standards and guarantee ongoing public health protection, the article highlights the efficacy of present production techniques and regulatory processes while advising ongoing monitoring and quality verification.

INFLUENCE OF ZINC FERTILIZER RATES ON GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY OF SAMAZ-14 MAIZE (Zee mays) VARIETY IN JALINGO, NIGERIA

Sat, 16 Aug 2025 11:52:23 +0000

The field experiment was conducted in Jalingo, Nigeria, during the 2019 cropping season to evaluate the effects of varying zinc fertilizer rates on the growth, yield, and quality of Zea mays L. samaz-14 variety. The study utilized a randomized complete block design with five zinc application levels (including a control) and three replications. Application of 7.5 kg Zn ha^-1 ha resulted in significant improvements in stem girth, grain yield, and grain weight per cob compared to other treatments. Zinc supplementation enhanced vegetative development, harvest index, and 100-grain weight, leading to increased yield. The yield improvements were attributed to enhanced zinc nutrient availability. The 7.5 kg Zn ha^-1 ha rate is recommended as optimal under the study conditions.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS, DETERMINANTS, AND CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND FOLATE-RICH FOODS AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS OF ZARIA LGA, KADUNA STATE

Sat, 16 Aug 2025 12:23:12 +0000

Adolescent girls face challenges in meeting their nutritional needs due to biological, cultural, and economic factors, including inadequate intake, and also face a wide range of nutritional disparities across different socio-economic statuses. The current study assesses the nutritional status, determinants, and consumption patterns of micronutrient-rich food among female adolescents in selected schools. Exactly 318 healthy adolescent girls were recruited as the study participants. A validated semi-structured questionnaire (SSQ) was used to collect data on socio-economic and demographic characteristics, and determinants, while a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for food consumption patterns. Body Mass Index for-age z-score (BAZ) was used to evaluate the nutritional status of the adolescent girls. The result of the study found most private school adolescent girls to belong to small (36%), nuclear (62%), and monogamous (64%) families with higher weekly food expenditure (69%) compared to their public school’s counterparts. The findings also suggest private school girls have more consistent access to heme sources of iron such as meat (36%), poultry (28%), and seafood (28%), than public school girls. Similar trends were also observed in the adolescent girls' consumption of legumes, fruits, and vegetables, which are good sources of iron and folate. Adolescent girls from public schools reported lower awareness, consumption, and access to iron- and folate-rich foods, with higher percentage (65.41%) being underweight compared to girls from private schools. Finally, private school girls consume higher iron and folate-rich diets, indicating socioeconomic factors impacting access and quality, resulting in higher undernourishment rates among public school girls.

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN SOILS AND VEGETABLE CROPS FROM SHARADA INDUSTRIAL ZONE, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Kabiru Suleiman, Abdullateef Abdullahi Ibrahim — Sat, 16 Aug 2025 12:45:40 +0000

Heavy metal accumulation in agricultural soils and vegetables near industrial zones poses a significant threat to food safety and public health. This study assessed the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, and Cr in soils and edible parts of onion (Allium cepa), carrot (Daucus carota), and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) collected from three irrigation farms in the Sharada industrial area, Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 36 composite samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Results revealed that cadmium levels in spinach reached 0.44 mg/kg, exceeding the WHO/FAO limit (0.1 mg/kg) by 340%. Lead concentrations in carrots (0.33 mg/kg) and spinach (0.49 mg/kg) also surpassed the permissible threshold of 0.3 mg/kg, while Pb in soil peaked at 1.05 mg/kg, more than three times the allowable limit. Chromium levels in soil were similarly elevated (1.05 mg/kg), though plant uptake remained low. Strong positive correlations between Pb and Zn (r > 0.90) and between Cr and Zn (r > 0.90) indicate likely shared sources, such as industrial effluents and vehicular emissions. The findings recommend strict regulatory enforcement, continuous environmental monitoring, and remediation strategies, such as soil amendments and safer irrigation practices, to reduce human health risks and ensure sustainable crop production.

THE QUALITY AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF POLYETHYLENE-PACKAGED TABLE WATER SUNLIGHT EXPOSED AND UNEXPOSED DURING STORAGE

Ndukwe Maduka, Henrietta O. Obueh, Honest I. Unuagbon — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 20:50:46 +0000

Exposure of sachet water to sunlight by vendors is a common practice in Nigeria which could affect its quality. In this study, 80 sachets of branded table water divided equally into group 1 (exposed to sunlight) and group 2 (unexposed to sunlight); were stored for 16 days. At four days interval, microbiological, physicochemical properties, minerals, and heavy metals concentration of the stored sachet water samples were determined using standard methods. There was reduction in total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC), total coliform count (TCC), and total fungal count (TFC) of sachet water exposed to sunlight. The THBC, TCC, and TFC of all the samples ranged from 3.70-5.04, 0.00-3.95, 0.00-4.36 log10CFU/ml, respectively. Bacterial species isolated from the stored sachet water were resistant to most antibiotics. Non-microbiological properties of the stored sachet water were within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, with the exception of pH. The concentration of metals in the sachet water fluctuated during storage, whereas Cd and Pb was below detection limit. The non-microbiological properties of the stored sachet water monitored at intervals were significantly different (p<0.05), with few exceptions. Although the parameters met the WHO limits, pathogens and potentially toxic metals present in the stored sachet water could have health implications.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ENERGY-EFFICIENT SMART WEATHER STATION USING IOT AND SENSOR TECHNOLOGY

Bwanthlala Yusuf Balami, Danladi Ali, Dale W. Medugu — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 21:19:25 +0000

The increasing demand for accurate and real-time weather data necessitates the development of innovative monitoring systems that emphasize energy efficiency and sustainability. This paper presents the modeling and development of a smart weather station using sensor technology, integrating a comprehensive array of meteorological sensors, a low-power microcontroller, and renewable energy sources. The process involved the design and simulation of the station using Proteus software, hardware implementation, prototype validation, and determination of power consumption. By employing low-power components, the system reduces energy usage while maintaining uninterrupted operation. The performance of the developed station was evaluated against the Davis Vantage Pro2 weather station, serving as the reference. Statistical analysis showed a strong correlation between both stations, with R² values exceeding 0.9, and relatively low root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and mean absolute error (MAE), indicating reliable data accuracy. Power consumption tests revealed a consistent current draw of approximately 0.1663 A (0.84 W), significantly lower than typical full-featured commercial systems. This highlights its suitability for off-grid or remote environments where energy conservation is critical. This energy-efficient smart weather station contributes to more localized, responsive weather monitoring, particularly beneficial for agricultural planning, environmental studies, and climate research. Its integration of sustainable design and reliable performance demonstrates a practical approach to addressing meteorological monitoring challenges while advancing green technologies in environmental data acquisition.

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIUM WITH VARIABLE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND SUCTION EFFECTS

Sun, 17 Aug 2025 21:59:00 +0000

This study investigates heat and mass transfer flow through a porous medium with variable thermal conductivity and suction effects. Unsteady natural convection with magnetic field, radiation and pressure gradient were considered. Perturbation method was employed to derive analytical expressions for the dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The influence of key dimensionless parameters—including variable thermal conductivity, temperature and mass buoyancy parameters (), magnetic field strength, suction parameter_,Darcy number (), mass Grashof numbers (), radiation parameter (), Prandtl number (), chemical reaction rate (), Schmidt number (), and pressure gradient —were analyzed in detail. Results showed: increased in , (), (), (), and () enhanced velocity while , () and suppressed it. Temperature rises with increased , () and () but decreased with and (). Species concentration decreased with stronger (), () and (). Additionally, Skin friction (), Nusselt number () and Sherwood number () exhibited significant sensitivity to variations in the governing parameters. The findings provided valuable insight into flow behavior in porous media with applications in geophysics, chemical engineering, and energy systems.

AQUATIC TOXICITY BIOASSAY OF CASSAVA MILL EFFLUENT USING TADPOLES (SCLEROPHRYS REGULARIS)

Erhomarhua Victor Agbeyi, Mamuyovwi Odia, Festus Ovwighose Onadje — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 22:19:23 +0000

During the production of garri, starch and tapioca from cassava, cassava effluents are usually produced as by-product and this by-product contains cyanide and other substances. This study was intended to investigate a 96-hour toxicity test of cassava effluent on tadpoles to check the aquatic environmental health status. Two hundred and ten (210) tadpoles with length and weight ranging from 2.8 -3.5 cm and 0.24 -0.47 mg respectively were collected from a puddle, 150 - 200m from the cassava mill shed and were randomly divided in tens and in duplicate into group A,B,C,D,E and F. Group A is the control. Group B, C, D, E and F were treated with 5ml/L, 10ml/L, 15ml/L, 20ml/L and 25ml/L of the cassava mill effluent with an LC50 of 7.6ml/L. Result showed that there was no death in 5ml/L group B in the 96 hours toxicity test compared with the control. However, in the 10ml/L group C there was a total death of 8 tadpoles in 24, 48, 72 and 96hours of exposure compared with the control. In 15ml/L, 20ml/L and 25ml/L doses there was no survival throughout the period of the experiment p<0.05. This study indicated that untreated cassava mill effluent should not be discharge into water body without treatment to save the aquatic lives in the water body.

DISRUPTION OF SUPPLY CHAIN IN NIGERIA CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND ITS ATTENDANT CONSEQUENCES

Emmanuel Abah, Olalere Simeon Oni, Emmanuel Jeremiah Etim — Sun, 17 Aug 2025 22:53:45 +0000

The effective management of supply chain in Nigerian Construction Industry is a critical aspect of the country's economy. The study aims on evaluating the disruption of supply chain in Nigeria construction industry and its attendant consequences with a focus on Abuja, Nigeria. Descriptive research design was used, the population of the study consisted of construction industry in Abuja which was randomly sampled. The instrument used for data collection was a researcher designed questionnaire. Data generated was analyzed using percentage, descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation while the hypothesis was tested using linear regression with the aid of SPSS. The results of the study established that there is a low level of awareness of supply chain practices in Nigeria construction industry; Factors responsible for disruption of supply chain in Nigeria construction industry includes policy inconsistencies and Materials shortages is the attendant consequences for disruption of supply chain in Nigeria construction industry; Strategies for most effective supply chain in Nigeria construction industry includes technology integration; Awareness of supply chain practices in Nigeria construction industry have positive and significantly correlate on supply chain practices by Nigeria construction industry. It was recommended that more awareness on supply chain should be carried out in construction industry in Nigeria amongst others. The practical significance of the findings of this study is that it will help construction firms establish long-term partnerships with suppliers to mitigate risks associated with supply chain disruptions.

AN ASSESSMENT OF GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED WITH DRY WATERMELON PEELS MEAL (DWPM) ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF FARMER, IN ZARIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KADUNA STATE

Abdullahi Bashir Aminu, Shamsuddeen Ladan — Tue, 05 Aug 2025 20:57:40 +0000

The demands for broiler meat are increasing due to population whereas production cost of such meat has remained high due to high cost of convectional feed. Carcass and organ weight characteristics of ninety-six (96) 2-weeks old broiler birds fed dried watermelon peel meal was investigated. Watermelon peel meal was included at 0, 1.25, 2.5 and 3.75% dietary inclusion levels as replacement for wheat offal to form (Diet 1, Diet 2, Diet 3 and Diet 4 respectively). The birds were randomly allocated to four treatment groups replicated thrice to have 8 birds per replicate, and were fed the experimental diets ad libitum for 4 weeks under a deep litter management system. At day 28, one bird replicate was slaughtered for the evaluation of carcass and organs weight characteristics. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences in live weight, carcass weight, dressing %, thigh, shank, wing and neck. Significantly (P<0.05) higher breast muscle of 109.67g/bird was recorded on birds fed 3.75% DWMP compared to other groups. For the organs weight, no significant effect on liver, heart, lung, intestine, pancreas and gizzard (P>0.05). Based on the carcass and organs weight characteristics of birds, dried watermelon meal can be included up to 3.75% in the diet of birds at the starter phase without any harmful effect on their carcass and organs.

HYBRID SEGMENTATION FRAMEWORK ON BRAIN TUMOR DETECTION IN MEDICAL IMAGES

Sanctus Okpala Emekumeh, Opuh Jude Iwedike, Amanda Enaodona Oweimieotu — Thu, 07 Aug 2025 14:14:49 +0000

Brain tumor is an intracranial mass made up by abnormal growth of tissue in the brain or around the brain that limits its functionalities. Brain tumor diagnosis can be quite difficult because of its diversity in shape, size, and appearance and as a result, finding accurate measurement to its diagnosis can as well be critically difficult. This study developed hybrid segmentation framework for brain tumor images in medical imaging through the fusion of threshold and watershed approaches as the hybrid segmentation framework. The image was preprocessed using the Gaussian filtering technique for filtration. Enhancement was achieved using the image enhancement technique of MATLAB. The performance of the hybrid algorithm was evaluated based on Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-measure, G-measure and False Alarm Rate. A comparative analysis was done to compare the hybrid, watershed, and threshold approaches based on the performance measure. The hybrid framework was found to perform better for all the performance measures with the accuracy value of 0.8250, precision value of 0.8889, recall value of 0.8571, F-measure value of 0.8729, G-measure value of 0.8729 and the false Alarm rate value 0.2500. Hybrid image segmentation framework was effective compared to watershed and threshold approaches and it is recommended for brain tumor analysis in medical image based on high value of accuracy.

EMERGING STRATEGIES IN PHASE-TUNED PEROVSKITE MATERIALS FOR EFFICIENT HYDROGEN EVOLUTION: A MACHINE LEARNING PERSPECTIVE

Reuben Abraham Solomon, Oluwatosin Mary Kayode — Thu, 14 Aug 2025 06:13:54 +0000