FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SORTING ALGORITHMS: EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIAN DATA SYSTEMS

K. A. Bakare, A. A Okewu, Z. A. Abiola, A. Jaji, A. Muhammed — Mon, 09 Sep 2024 10:51:39 +0000

In this research paper, we discuss about comparison of sorting algorithms based on their performance in various scenarios and adaptability to Nigerian context. This article examines five popular sorting algorithms: bubble sort, selection sort, insertion sort, merge sort and quicksort through analysis of time complexity and space complexity. The major goal is to determine the most efficient algorithm with respect to given data sizes and conditions that are typical with computational resources available in Nigeria. It has been found out that when datasets are small, insertion sort and selection sort perform well while for larger datasets one should consider using Merge Sort or Quick Sort because they have lower time complexity O(n log n). In addition, it looks at how these algorithms manage data integrity especially in areas like financial transactions (payments) and educational data management in Nigeria. Tests were performed using integer and string datasets to investigate the practical consequences of applying these sorting algorithms in real-world Nigerian applications. The outcomes show that having an appropriate sorting technique can greatly improve the performance as well as resource utilization across many sectors thus making it one of the ways through which a country can become greater.

SPATIAL MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER SOURCES IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS

Nasiru Lawal, Aliyu Dadan-Garba, Bolanle Joel Ajibuah, Olumide Akinwumi Oluwole — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 12:31:58 +0000

This study aimed to assess the water quality in public secondary schools within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria, with a focus on evaluating microbial contamination levels and identifying spatial disparities in water facilities. Comprehensive assessment checklist based on WHO and UNICEF standards was used to evaluate the availability and adequacy of water facilities. Water samples were collected from 13 public secondary schools using a stratified and proportionate sampling techniques, ensuring representation across different water sources, including boreholes, pipe-borne water, and dug wells. The samples were then transported to the Sokoto State Water Board laboratory for microbial testing. The analysis specifically targeted the presence of indicator bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), total coliforms, and fecal streptococcus, to assess the microbial quality of the water sources. The findings revealed significant spatial disparities in the distribution of schools and highlighted areas with inadequate water facilities. Microbial analysis indicated varying levels of contamination across the different water sources, with dug wells having the highest E. coli count, averaging 11.33 CFU/100ml. The total average E. coli count across all water sources was 6.08 CFU/100ml, which exceeds the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) Maximum Permissible Limit (MPL) of 0 CFU/100ml, indicating a concerning level of contamination. These results suggest a substantial risk to public health, particularly for students and staff relying on these water sources. The study emphasises the urgent need for interventions such as reconstruction and rehabilitation of water infrastructure and regular water quality testing to ensure safe drinking water is provided in public secondary schools in...

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF INFLATION, UNEMPLOYMENT ON POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN NIGERIA

Yakubu Musa, A. B. Zoramawa, Christopher Aondona Shember — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 21:08:20 +0000

This study carefully assessed the impact of inflation and unemployment on poverty and the human development index in Nigeria using an annual dataset from 1991 to 2023. A vector autoregression (VAR) model was used for data analysis. The findings of the analysis indicate that the unit root test for the variables at first difference was stationary at the 5% critical value, the Johansen cointegration test for both trace and maximum eigenvalue had one cointegrating equation, meaning that there is a short- and long-term equilibrium relationship among the variables, while the optimal lag selection criteria showed a lag length of order one. Hence, these results met the requirements for using vector error correction (VEC) model estimation, given that the CUSUM test also indicates the model residual parameters' stability. Meanwhile, the impulse response functions revealed that a unit shock to inflation increases unemployment and poverty, as well as reduces government spending on human development through education and health. Also, the forecast variance decomposition showed the influence of the variability of inflation among variables, demonstrating its negative impact on various facets of the economy, leading to high rates of unemployment and poverty as it hampers human development. In view of this, the empirical study submits that researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners should design effective policies and programs that will help in reducing the effect of inflation and unemployment rates on poverty and the human development index through poverty reduction intervention programs aimed at fostering sustainable economic growth and human development in Nigeria.

DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A LOW-COST AND SUSTAINABLE HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

Tue, 17 Sep 2024 11:16:14 +0000

This study designed, fabricated and evaluated a household water treatment system (HWTS) with a primary aim of improving access to potable water. Typical turbid water samples were collected from Opa River in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The collected turbid water samples were subjected to treatment by the fabricated household water treatment system. Effects of selected operational factors on the performance of the system was evaluated and optimized using Taguchi technique. The optimum values of the factors were utilized for the full treatment of typical water samples using the system and similar system available commercially. The performance of the system was based on the ability to remove the pollutant from the turbidity water samples. Cost analysis was conducted for the fabricated household water treatment system and similar types that are commercially available. The study revealed that the performance of the system was between 98.8% and 100 % with an overall performance of 99.5 %. Time of settlement, pore Size of the filter, Concentration Coagulant and Turbidity of the Raw water had impact on the performance of HWTS. Significance of the factors were in-order of pore Size of the filter > time > Concentration Coagulant and > Turbidity of the raw water. It was concluded that the performance of the HWTS was perfect compared with the commercially available filter. The HWTS is economically effective and sustainable (0.0575 US$ per day) compared to commercially available HWTS (0.0639 – 0.1187 US$ per day). There was no significant difference between the performance (individual and overall) of fabricated...

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN WATER AROUND INDUSTRIAL LAYOUT, SAGAMU, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

Bamidele Ruth Faleye, O. M. Ajibade, O. E. Babatunde, S. E. Erharhaghen — Wed, 18 Sep 2024 06:40:26 +0000

Waste from industrial activities has a great impact on water quality thereby limiting water usability for domestic purposes. This study assessed the heavy metal contamination in water around the industrial layout in Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. Seven (7) water samples were collected and analyzed for their physicochemical and geochemical properties using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Water facie was determined using a Piper plot. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (C_f), Contamination degree (C_d), Quantification of Contamination (QoC) and Hazard Index (HI) of the heavy metals in water samples were obtained. Results show the ranges of physicochemical properties as, pH (4.1 - 5.9), total dissolved solid (78 - 292 ppm), electrical conductivity (0.1 - 0.4 µS/cm) and temperature (30.1 - 32.2°C). The concentration of metals in groundwater samples were obtained as Cd (0.001 - 0.004ppm,), As (00007 - 0.0011ppm), Cr (0.005-.01ppm), Pb (0.0003- 0.046ppm), Zn (0.0204-0.26ppm), Fe (0.000005- 0.013ppm), Mn (0.0009-2.5ppm) and Ni (0.001-0.03ppm). Igeo for heavy metals < 5, Fe has C_fof F>6 (strongly polluted) and C_d>32. Fe and Mn have positive QoC values indicating anthropogenic sources. Results show the HI to be greater than 1 indicating children and adults are at low risk of non-carcinogenic health problems. Water in the study area was contaminated with Pb and Mn thereby reducing its quality and exposure through derma and ingestion can cause adverse health effects. Proper sanitation with contamination control and monitoring strategies should be adopted to safeguard the health of water consumers from the study area.

COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OF SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN GOATS IN TORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

Wed, 18 Sep 2024 08:46:25 +0000

This study was aimed to determine the comparative efficacy of various diagnostic tests for subclinical mastitis (SCM) in goats. The study was conducted on 210 (6 blind) quarter milk samples from 108 goats. Cultural examination was used as the gold standard to compare the accuracy of the following diagnostic tests: CMT, Masttest, Mastidin, Kerba test, Milk test, WST, BBST and SCC. The incidence rates were highest with CMT (28,7%) and lowest with Mastidin (22.2%). Cultivation revealed the presence of Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus species, Bacillus species, Lactobacillus species, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Enterobacter species and Klebsiella species. No growth was observed on Brucella Agar. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of various tests were recorded and it was found that CMT had the highest sensitivity (32.89%), specificity (96.55%) and predictive value (96.15%) than compare with the other diagnostic methods for diagnosis of sub clinical mastitis in goat. The accuracy of all the conducted diagnostic tests when compared cultural examination were considered to be statistically significant (p<0.01). It can be concluded thatCMT can be used as a first screening tool for detecting suspected samples for further investigation for SCM also as the decision criteria to treat or to cull the animals in herds with high prevalence of SCM.

FIELD OCCURRENCE AND COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLAY HORIZON IN THE PATTI FORMATION, SOUTHERN BIDA BASIN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA

Wed, 18 Sep 2024 10:09:01 +0000

A NOVEL APPROACH TO SCHRÖDINGER'S WAVE EQUATION: UTILIZING METRIC TENSOR IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES

Wed, 18 Sep 2024 11:04:39 +0000

In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation is fundamental for describing particle wave functions, traditionally within flat spacetime, ignoring gravitational effects. This paper introduces the Howusu Metric Tensor to extend the Schrödinger equation into spherical coordinates, accommodating gravitational fields that are regular and continuous with a reciprocal decrease at infinity. This leads to the derivation of the Riemannian Schrödinger equation, offering insights into quantum behavior in curved spacetime. Building on previous work integrating quantum mechanics with general relativity and Finsler geometry, our approach addresses the limitations in capturing gravitational subtleties. By incorporating the Howusu Metric Tensor, our model accounts for gravitational potential in spherical coordinates, providing a more precise description of quantum phenomena under gravity. The resulting Riemannian Schrödinger equation reveals new quantum behavior influenced by gravitational forces, opening new research possibilities in cosmology and astrophysics, where quantum-gravitational interactions are key. This study demonstrates the advantages of using the Howusu Metric Tensor over previous models, highlighting its potential to unify quantum mechanics with gravitational effects more coherently and comprehensively.

THE IMPACT OF FUEL SUBSIDY REMOVAL ON CONSUMER GOODS IN SELECTED STATES IN NIGERIA

F. O. Okwa, F. Z. Okwonu, Mildred C. Owoyi — Wed, 18 Sep 2024 11:45:53 +0000

Fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria has impacted consumer goods, transportation, and house rent in different facets. Political economists and data analysts opined that fuel subsidy removal frees up resources, while others say it enhances poverty. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of fuel subsidy removal on consumer goods. The rentier state theory was employed as the theoretical framework for analysis, and the study used the descriptive survey method with a cross-sectional procedure as the research design. The study employed the frequency distribution, and simple percentages to analyze the impacts of fuel subsidy removal. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the formulated hypotheses at a significance level of 5%. The study affirmed that the removal of fuel subsidy increased the cost of consumer goods, since factors such as house rent and transportation which generally have effect on the cost of goods are affected, leading to poor standard of living of Nigerians.

MULTIVARIATE MODELS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF EARTH’S ALBEDO ACROSS THE COASTAL REGION OF NIGERIA

Timothy Afolabi Kola, D. O. Akpootu — Wed, 18 Sep 2024 15:16:23 +0000

Studies on atmospheric thermal balancing, atmospheric radiative transmission, and the assessment and design of solar energy systems all depend on an accurate estimate of the Earth's albedo. This study compared the variability in albedo for two locations, Owerri and Ikeja distributed over Nigeria's coastline climatic regions, using monthly average daily observed meteorological data on global solar radiation alongside wind speed, mean temperature, surface pressure and relative humidity over thirty-nine-year period (1984-2022) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 11 models in all, divided into three groups, were derived from regression models with two, three, and four variables were developed and tested using five validation indices of Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), t-test and coefficient of determination (R²). All the developed models that stood out the most were ranked according to their suitability for estimating surface albedo. For Owerri, the three-variable regression model which relates wind speed, relative humidity and mean temperature, ALB7 (Eqn. 26g) performed best, while the two variable regression model which relates the relative humidity and mean temperature, ALB15 (Eqn. 27d) performed best for estimating surface albedo for Ikeja. The Earth’s emitted surface temperature for Owerri ranged from 219.1845 K in August to 239.6133 K in January, while for Ikeja it varies from 221.4955 K in August to 238.7534 K in November. The longwave radiation at both locations is in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, as indicated by the maximum emission wavelength values.

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ACACIA NILOTICA (L.) DELILE AND ANOGEISSUS LEIOCARPUS (DC.) GUILL. & PERR IN DIABETIC WOUND HEALING: EVIDENCE FROM MALE WISTER RAT

Sakina Sani Buhari, Bala Sidi Aliyu — Wed, 18 Sep 2024 15:40:09 +0000

The use of plants in traditional medicinal systems has been practiced for thousands of years and continues to supply people with new remedies. The current study evaluated the wound healing effect of ethanol extracts of Acacia nilotica pod and Anogeissus leiocarpus stem bark on rat models. Fourty two (42) Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) induced diabetic male Wistar rats were divided into seven (7) groups of six (6) rats each. A one-centimeter-diameter excision wound was created on the mid-dorsal area of the experimental diabetic rats. The treatment groups were treated daily with the plant extracts by oral administration at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for 14 days. Blood glucose level, percentage of wound contraction of the experimental rat groups were observed for 21 days. Histopathological examination was also carried out at the end of the experiment. The findings indicated that both A. leiocarpus at doses of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and A. nilotica at 200 mg/kg enhanced wound contraction in the diabetic rats at day 14 compared to the standard drug (Metformin) which occurred at day 21. This showed a significant reduction in blood glucose level of the treated diabetic rats as well as wound healing effect by the tested plants extract.

SYNERGISTIC IMPACT OF RICE HUSK ASH AND PULVERIZED CLAY BRICK BLENDS ON CEMENT MORTAR DURABILITY IN MAGNESIUM SULPHATE ENVIRONMENTS

Mukhtar Isma'il, A. Lawan, I. Aliyu — Thu, 19 Sep 2024 06:27:34 +0000

A MODIFIED DHILLON DISTRIBUTION: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION

Wed, 25 Sep 2024 22:15:26 +0000

There are still a lot of real-world issues where the observed facts cannot effectively fit into frequently used classical probability models. To solve this, it is imperative to provide probability models that accurately represent the behavior of certain real-world phenomena. having considered these problems, the study proposed a new lifetime distribution, the Modified Dhillon Distribution (MDD), developed using the Beta integrated model approach. The study examines the statistical properties of the new distribution such as the Quantile function, Moment, Moment generating function, Entropy, and reliability functions. Moreover, the maximum likelihood approach was used to estimate the distribution parameters. Using real data, the study demonstrates the applications of the MDD using two sets of real data sets, and it has the minimum value of AIC, BIC and CAIC. Therefore, based on the results the study concluded that the MDD offers the best fit out of all the competing distributions.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT CUTTING FLUIDS ON TOOL-WORK INTERFACE TEMPERATURE DURING TURNING OPERATION ON 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY

Y. Bello, S. O. Yakubu, T. E. Agov, L. K. Soretire — Mon, 07 Oct 2024 12:42:25 +0000

This study investigated the impact of tool-work interface temperature during the turning process of a cylindrical workpiece made of 6061 aluminum alloy. The experiment utilized four different cutting fluids: palm oil-based cutting fluid (POBCF), neem seed oil-based cutting fluid (NOBCF), orange seed oil-based cutting fluid (OSOBCF), and mineral oil-based cutting fluid (MOBCF) using uncoated carbide cutting tool of grade H13A. Various machining parameters were considered, including spindle speed (180, 250, 355, 500 rpm), feed rate (0.105, 0.116, 1.4, 1.6 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm). The experimental design followed the Taguchi specified L16 (4³) orthogonal array and was conducted on a Lathe Machine XL 400. To measure the tool-work interface temperature, an infrared thermometer (KM 690) was employed during the aluminum alloy machining process. Subsequently, a mathematical model for the tool-work interface temperature values was developed through regression analysis using Minitab 16. The significance of the chosen machining parameters and their respective levels on the tool-work interface temperature was determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and F-test. The findings indicated that machining under orange seed oil-based cutting fluid (OSOBCF) conditions resulted in a 9.02%, 16.4%, and 21.7% lower temperature at the tool-work interface compared to palm oil-based cutting fluid (POBCF), neem seed oil-based cutting fluid (NOBCF), and conventional oil-based cutting fluid (MOBCF), respectively. This suggests a potential for producing higher-quality products under orange seed oil cutting fluid conditions compared to other wet conditions.

ASSESSMENT AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONCENTRATIONS OF DISSOLVED METALS IONS IN SELECTED SURFACE WATER BODIES IN ZARIA

Uba Sani, Abdulkadir Ibrahim, Esthe Oluwatoyosi Akande, Murtala Mohammed Rumah — Wed, 16 Oct 2024 11:28:17 +0000

The surface water bodies in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria, are vital for supporting the local ecosystem and providing water resources for various human activities. However, increasing industrialisation and urbanisation in the region have raised concerns about the potential impact of metal pollution on these water bodies. This study investigates the composition of dissolved metals, including Pb, Cu, Co, Ni, and Cd, in three surface water bodies: Shika Dam, Gamma Dam, and ABU Dam. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was utilised to detect the presence of these metals, followed by systematic calculations of correlation coefficients to simplify the interpretation of the data. The ANOVA conducted at a 95% confidence level indicated no significant differences in the analysed metal concentrations across all sampling points (p > 0.05), suggesting a common source of pollution. The concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Co were found to be below the detection limit. Correlational analysis revealed strong positive correlations between Pb and Cu (r = 0.999, 0.998) at sampling points 2 and 6, indicating a shared source of contamination, while negative correlations (r = -0.998, -1) at points 9 and 6 suggested indicate differing environmental conditions. Additionally, a perfect positive correlation (r = 1) between Cu and Co points to a single source, likely related to industrial activities. Similarly, there were strong correlations between Cd and Co, as well as between Cd and Cu. These findings show the complex interrelationships within aquatic ecosystems and highlight the need for holistic water quality management.

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS: A CASE STUDY OF ELIZADE UNIVERSITY

Thu, 17 Oct 2024 10:51:35 +0000

Soil variability can alter the mechanical behaviour of foundations. It is therefore, necessary to conduct site investigations specific geotechnical analysis before any construction. This study evaluated selected engineering index and properties of soils at three different locations (sites) and depths withing Elizade University (EU), Ilara-Mokin. Five soil samples were collected from each of these locations and their engineering index and properties were determined. Statistical analysis namely Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilised to determine the effects of location within the campus on the selected engineering properties. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the engineering properties of soils collected within each site were also determined. The study revealed that plastic index (P_i), liquid limit (L_L), moisture content (M_c), and plastic limit (P_l) were in the range of 4 to 32, 38 to 58.5, 11.6 to 29.04 %, 20 to 42 and respectively. The engineering index of the soil and engineering properties of the soil were significantly affected by the location with F_14,42 equal to 2.592212, p was 0.008673 and F_{14, 42}equal to 3.210318 and p was 0.001719, respectively (which are less than 0.05). The high SD also showed that the soil properties have a wide range of values within same site, this was particularly so, in the case of the Atterberg’s limits, shear strength parameters and bearing capacities. The concluded that there is variability in the soil properties within the location.

EVALUATION OF LIPID PROFILE OF HYPERTENSIVE PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING MGBAKWU PRIMARY HEALTH CARE CENTRE, ANAMBRA STATE

Fri, 18 Oct 2024 08:50:22 +0000

Hypertension is a serious global public health problem. Serum lipid alteration is a pivotal factor that births hypertension during pregnancy and has been implicated in diverse deleterious health outcomes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid profiles of hypertensive pregnant women attending Mgbaukwu Primary Health Care (PHC) Centre. A total of 70 pregnant women who had consented were recruited to participate. While thirty five (35) pregnant women were hypertensive, the other remaining 35 pregnant women were not hypertensive (normotensive) and thus, were considered the control group. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were generated using structured questionnaire, while lipid profiles of the participants were determined using standard procedures. Results obtained from this study shows that 80% and 34.28% of the hypertensive and normotensive pregnant women respectively were within the age range of 32-37 years old, while 68.6% and 48.57% of the hypertensive and normotensive pregnant women respectively were traders and had completed only secondary school education. The value recorded on Total Cholesterol (TC) , Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and Triglycerol (TG) in Hypertensive Pregnant Women (HYPW) were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those reported for their normotensive counterparts. In conclusion, it can be deduced from this study that pregnant women who are within 32-37 years of age are prone to hypertension during pregnancy, while social determinants of health (SDOH) can support incidence of hypertension.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LASSA FEVER TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN PREVALENT COMMUNITIES IN NIGERIA: THE CASE STUDY OF ONDO STATE

Fri, 18 Oct 2024 19:42:59 +0000

With the current waive of global health problems and resurgence of many disease around the world. Cholera, Yellow fever,SARS-CoV-2, Monkey pox and Lassa fever resurgence in some West African countries, with Ondo State recording highest number of Lassa fever case in Nigeria. Prompting Nigeria Centre for
Disease Control (NCDC), Ondo State Primary Health (OSPH) expert and researchers begin ways to reduce transmission dynamics of Lassa Fever Disease (LFD). In this research, we developed and investigated using System of Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) mathematical model of Lassa fever disease transmission dynamics, verifying positivity of system of equation as well as feasible region of the model. However, the Disease Free Equilibrium (DFE) of the model is computed and analysed with basic reproduction number $R_0$ of the model, showing the global stability of the DFE. Furthermore, we determined using model-fitting parameters the condition to attain stability. Finally, numerical simulations shows reduction in transmission with effective pest control measure.

ANALYTICAL STUDY ON FULLY DEVELOPED MIXED CONVECTION COUETTE FLOW IN A VERTICAL CHANNEL WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION EFFECT

Mohammed Kabir Tafida, Ayuba M. Umar, Usman M. Iyabo — Mon, 21 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study of mixed convection flow in a vertical channel with viscous dissipation has been examined. To solve the governing energy and momentum equations, the Homotopy perturbation method was employed. Graphs were generated to analyze the impact of the governing flow parameters. Numerical values for skin friction, rate of heat transfer, and mass flux were estimated. The study revealed that an increase in mixed convection expands the reverse flow region and raises the critical value of mixed convection that leads to flow reversal. Additionally, both fluid temperature and velocity rise with increased viscous dissipation, as higher viscous dissipative heat elevates temperature, subsequently increasing the buoyancy force.

DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM CHLOROQUINE RESISTANCE TRANSPORTER (PFCRT) AND PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE 1(PFMDR-1) GENES IN ILORIN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA

Jimoh O. Abdulraheem, Oluwasogo Olalubi, Sunday Awe — Mon, 21 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Globally, malaria is a peculiar health challenge particularly in continent of Africa. The ease of developing resistance to anti-malaria drugs by Plasmodium falciparum is a serious impediment towards programs aim at control and elimination of malaria. Consequently, drug efficacy surveillance is desirable to institute adequate and effective treatment policies. In this study, distribution of these genes in Plasmodium falciparum isolates in Ilorin metropolis were investigated. One hundred and three samples collected randomly from 5 hospitals in Ilorin metropolis. The samples were amplified at codon 76 and 86 for Pfcrt and Pfmdr-1 respectively using PCR / Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). The most prevalent alleles were drug susceptible alleles in the study area (K76 and N86) with 31% and 40% respectively, while drug resistance alleles (86Y) have 13% and the least prevalence 2% was the mixed alleles K76T. UITH has the highest number of susceptible alleles followed by CSC 38% and 46% for K76 and N86 respectively. There are significant differences in the distribution of these alleles and the study sites (P< 0.05). The prevalence of resistance alleles in the area is a welcome development that can be employed for possibility of re-introduction of CQ for the treatment of malaria in the study area which will serve as an advantage over expensive ACT due to fact that it is safe cheap and readily affordable.

EFFECT OF RADIATION PRESSURE ON DYNAMICAL STRUCTURES IN THE CIRCULAR ROBE’S R3BP WITH VARIABLE MASSES

Oni Leke, Masankari Clement — Wed, 23 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The paper investigates effect of radiation pressure on dynamical structures in the Robe’s restricted three-body problem (R3BP) with variable masses. The non-autonomous equations of the dynamical system are obtained and transformed to the autonomized equations with constant coefficients under the condition that there is no fluid inside the first primary. Next, the equilibrium points (EPs) of the autonomized system are explored and the stability is investigated analytically and numerically. It is observed that the axial and non-collinear EPs can be stable and unstable depending on the values of the mass parameter, radiation pressure of the second primary and the mass variation parameter. In the case of the axial equilibrium point (EP), the radiation pressure reduces the region of stable motion while the mass variation parameter can have both stabilizing and destabilizing effects. The stability of the EPs of the non-autonomous equations is analyzed and it is seen that the solutions do not converge, and are unstable EPs. Finally, the ZVCs around the EPs are explored and it is seen that, the radiation pressure of the second primary decreases the region where motion of the satellite around the axial EP, is allowed, while the mass parameter and the parameterdecreases or increases the region where motion of the satellite around the axial EP is allowed, as they are increased or decreased, respectively. In the case of the non-collinear points, the radiation of the second primary increases the region where motion of the satellite is allowed, while an increase in the mass parameter...

WATER INHABITING BIRDS OF MAIGANGA POST COAL MINING PONDS AND ARTIFICIAL WETLAND

Charles Ayuk Nsor, John Nya — Sat, 26 Oct 2024 16:11:44 +0000

Wetlands play a significant role in bird conservation and generally support biological diversity. Historically, bird community assessment has been employed in monitoring and identifying areas for conservation actions. In this study, we examined two post mining ponds and one artificial wetland in Maiganga Coal Mine, Gombe State for wetland avifauna. We focused on water birds (i.e. bird species that depend wholly or partially on water and wetland ecosystems for their survival). Survey was conducted during the onset of dry season in October 2021 to September 2022. Point count technique was used for the survey. A total of 626 individuals of 23 species from 19 genera, 10 families and 6 bird Order were recorded. The White-faced whistling duck was the most abundant bird species and was restricted to the active-mine pond (AMP). AMP was the most diverse of the three water bodies surveyed. However, some species were exclusive to either of the three sites. Similarly, AMP was the most abundant site with 426 individuals from 16 bird species, followed closely by the sedimentation pond with 147 individuals drawn from 15 bird species. The results suggest that water depth, age of establishment and surrounding vegetation structure could be a major determinant of bird species composition and abundance in the study area. The study highlights the importance of restorative actions aimed at recovering modified landscapes, through tree planting and creation of wetlands. This is evident in the presence of waterbirds in Maiganga, a location that was previously devoid of perennial water bodies and...

ESTIMATION OF OIL SPILLAGE AND SALVAGE REVENUE IN KOKORI OIL FIELD USING NUMERICAL METHODS AND PYTHON ALGORITHM

Sat, 26 Oct 2024 19:15:05 +0000

The study aimed to estimate oil spillage in the Kokori Oil Field, discovered in 1958, using a linear model. The field has 23 oil wells and produced 383 million barrels of oil. A linear model was developed using Python programming, comparing it with the trapezoidal method and salvage revenue. Results showed a linear relationship between oil spill quantity, duration, and mitigation measures. This study provides a valuable model for estimating oil spillage in the Kokori oil field, emphasizing the importance of accurate estimation for environmental and economic purposes. The study presents a comprehensive model for estimating oil spillage in the Kokori oil field, emphasizing the significance of accurate estimation for environmental and economic purposes. The correlation coefficient value supports the model's sufficiency, and the calculated salvage revenue indicates a commendable projected value for the Kokori oil field at its end of use. Salvage revenue is the estimated value of an asset at the end of its useful life, which is crucial in determining the cost of goods sold and depreciation charge. It lowers the asset's cost, influences its usable life, resale value, and replacement cost. Salvage revenue is calculated by subtracting revenue generated without mitigation measures from revenue realized with mitigation measures.

PREPARATION AND NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF ENRICHED JAM MADE FROM BLENDS OF APPLE, STRAWBERRY AND GRAPES

B. B. Petrol, H. Hashim, A. M. Aisha, S. Modu — Sat, 26 Oct 2024 20:32:42 +0000

The aim of this study is to prepare an acceptable jam from blends of Apple, Strawberry and Grapes. Jams were produced from blends of Apple, Strawberry and Grapes in the following ratios 30:20:10:40 (A= 30g apple, 20g strawberry, 10g grapes and 40g of sugar) and 35:10:15:40 (B= 35g apple, 10g strawberry, 15g grapes and 40g of sugar) respectively. The pulp mixtures were combined with 40g of sugar. Mixed fruit jam and strawberry jam were used as commercial control labelled as sample C and D respectively. Standard methods were used for the determination of proximate composition, sugar content, phytochemical constituents and sensory evaluation of the Jam. The proximate composition indicated that sample A (15.31±0.12) and B (16.86±0.03) had a moisture content lower than the commercial control C (27.05±0.03) and D (27.60±0.45). The ash, fiber and lipid contents showed no significant difference in the jams produced and the commercial controls. Sample A and B had higher protein 29.58±0.02 and 27.41±0.01 as compared to the commercial controls C and D (24.62±0.02 and 25.15±0.01). No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in the glucose composition of the sample A and B and the commercial controls C and D. Fructose content in sample A (2.74±0.21) was higher than sample B (1.94±0.01) and the commercial controls C (1.85±0.00) and D (1.42±0.00). Qualitative testing for flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycoside and tannin revealed potential good health benefits. The sensory evaluation revealed that sample A which comprises of 30% apple, 20% strawberry, 10% grapes and 40% sugar was rated best...

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE YOLDE FORMATION, NORTHERN BENUE TROUGH, NIGERIA

Mon, 28 Oct 2024 18:21:38 +0000

This research is an attempt to investigate the micropaleontology of the Yolde Formation with the view to determine the age and paleoenvironments of the formation. The Yolde Formation, a key stratigraphic unit within the Benue Trough, provides insights into the Cretaceous paleoenvironments of the region. A total of ten samples were examined using a light microscope. Samples two and six exhibited the greatest taxonomic diversity, each containing 13 different taxa, while the other samples showed a range of 1 to 11 taxa. The benthic taxa Marssonella, Ammobaculites agulutinans, and Plectina were found to be prevalent throughout the composite section. Certain taxa, such as Marssonella Verneuilinoides Sp., Gyroidinoides sp., and Textularia subhauriiw, each constituted approximately 30% of the benthic assemblage. Common benthic indicators identified in the Yolde Formation include Marssonella, Verneuilinoides Sp., Ammobaculites agulutinans, Plectina cenomana Sp., Tritaxia tricarinata, Gyroidinoides Sp., Heterohelix Sp. etc. The presence of Bulbobaculite Sp. and Gavelinella Sp. in the Yolde Formation indicates that this formation dates to the Cenomanian age. This dating is supported by the identification of other foraminifera such as Marssonella, Verneuilinoides sp., Ammobaculites agulutinans, Plectina cenomana sp., Tritaxia tricarinata, Gyroidinoides sp., Heterohelix sp., etc. These benthic foraminifera are linked to low-oxygen paleoenvironments that reached the seabed. The presence of Ammobaculites Spp., Tritaxia tricarinata, and Gyroidinoides Sp. suggests anoxic conditions. Consequently, the paleoenvironments represented by the benthic foraminifera and the lithofacies reflects a paleoenvironments ranging from inner neritic to middle neritic zones within lower shoreface to upper shoreface.

CORROSION INHIBITORY ATTRIBUTES OF MIXTURE OF Codiaeum variegatum AND Ficus benjamina FOR MILD STEEL IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID MEDIUM

Mathew Chukwudi Emesiani, Valentine Chibuike Umegbolu, Msenhemba Moses Mchihi — Mon, 28 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF BIOENERGY: A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR ENERGY SECURITY, WASTE MANAGEMENT, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION

Tue, 29 Oct 2024 09:25:05 +0000

The study was carried out to generate biogas from fresh cowdung. Proximate analysis on the cow-dung sample revealed moisture content to be 60.53%, Ash content 11.01%, total solids 39.47%, volatile matter 10.78%, protein content 12%, nitrogen content 1.6%, carbohydrate 5.68% and fixed carbon 17.68%. The pH and Temperature were measured daily at 2:00pm, the temperature ranged from 30^OC-38^OC and the pH range was 6.7 - 7.2. The gas produced was measured daily by calculating the volume with the height increased daily up to 36 days. The results showed a typical biogas production curve, consisting of lag, acceleration, maturation, and decline phases. The optimal retention time for biogas production is identified as 20-30 days, during which biogas yields are highest. The findings indicate that microorganisms require an initial adaptation period (Days 1-3) before biogas production commences, followed by a significant increase in production (Days 11-20) and a stable production rate (Days 21-30). A decline in production is observed after 30 days. This study highlights the importance of retention time in biogas production and demonstrates the need for monitoring production kinetics to optimize retention time for specific substrates and microbial communities. The results have implications for the design and operation of biogas production systems.

AN EXPLORATION OF ANTIMULTIGROUP EXTENSIONS

Chinedu Peter, Funmilola Balogun, Omotosho Adewumi Adeyemi — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 12:06:42 +0000

This research paper pioneers an innovative extensions of antimultigroup theory by seemingly integrating the concept of cuts and comultiset, thereby revolutionizing the field. Notably, we demonstrate that the root sets of antimultigroup sums and differences are subgroups, uncovering a profound connection. Furthermore, we establish that if is a complete sub-antimultigroup of such that all the counts in are factors of their corresponding counts in . Finally, we prove that the cuts of antimultigroup unions and intersections also form subgroups, further enriching our understanding of these complex structures.

GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ENGINEERING IMPLICATIONS OF THE SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE IN PARTS OF DAHOMEY BASIN IN IJEDE-IKORODU AREA OF LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA

Chukwunenyoke Amos-Uhegbu, C. D. Akoma, P. I. Aigba, E. U. Nwokoma — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 13:07:54 +0000

THE ODD LOMAX TOPP LEONE DISTRIBUTION: PROPERTIES AND APPLICATION

Chukwuma Percy Edeme, F. Z. Okwonu — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 14:27:56 +0000

Lifetime distributions are parametric models used in statistical analyses of time-to-event data. Several probability distributions have been very used in literature to model lifetime data sets which have been useful in the analysis of lifetime data, but in most cases, they are not flexible enough to analyze some complex lifetime data in practice. Due to the importance of these lifetime distributions in modeling real lifetime data, there has several modifications and generalization of lifetime distributions, particularly the Lomax distribution to develop more flexible distributions to address the drawback presented by some classical lifetime distributions including the Lomax distribution. Several attempts have been made by researchers to generalize classical lifetime distributions which offer more flexibility in modeling lifetime data. Our interest in this study is to introduce a new extension of Lomax distribution called the “The odd lomax Topp-Leone distribution” which is bounded on a unit interval data such that its flexibility can accommodate increasing, decreasing, right skewed, left skewed, symmetric and u-shaped data sets. An application to a real lifetime data set clearly shows that the proposed extension of the Lomax distribution is a better alternative to some existing distributions bounded on a unit interval.

ANTIOXIDANT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS

Ogochukwu Tracy Njideaka, Onyeka Benjamin Onyeukwu, Dumebi Chibuzor Dibie — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 17:56:24 +0000

Phyllanthus amarus is a widely recognized plant that has been traditionally utilized to cure a variety of ailments. The current study explored the phytochemical and antioxidant characteristics of P. amarus methanol extract. Standard procedures were used to analyze: 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) percentage (%) inhibition, lipid peroxidation % inhibition, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). A higher quantity of the plant extract resulted in a greater inhibition of DPPH and lipid peroxidation percentage. The highest DPPH % inhibition (74.4%) and lipid peroxidation % inhibition (83.44%) were at 0.05 mg/ml while the lowest DPPH % inhibition (25.23%) and lipid peroxidation % inhibition (39.11%) was at 0.03 mg/ml (p < 0.05). The most prevalent compound was flavonoid, with a TFC of 460.22 µg/ml while the TPC was 7.428 µg/ml. Owing to its antioxidant and phytochemical qualities, P. amarus methanol extract may potentially find application in medicine.

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF INDIGENOUS BACTERIOCIN-PRODUCING WEISSELLA CIBARIA

Samson Baranzan Wayah, Shehu Abubakar, Jamila Saleh, Amos Alvan, Simnom Yado — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 18:30:21 +0000

Globally, over 6.22 million deaths are associated with antibiotic resistance. Bacteriocins, a set of antimicrobial peptides synthesized on the ribosomes, are widely viewed as a potential answer to this issue. This is due to their pore-forming ability and antimicrobial activity against antibiotic-resistant pathogens. The aim of this study is to isolate bacteriocin-producing Weissella cibaria and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Streptococcus sp., Candida sp. and Rhizopus stolonifer. Weissella cibaria man1 was isolated by inoculating deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth with small pieces of ripe Mangifera indica (mango), 24-hour incubation at 37⁰C, 10-fold serial dilution and plating on MRS agar. Molecular identification was achieved by DNA extraction, amplification of the 16S rRNA gene through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), agarose gel electrophoresis, gene sequencing, and BLASTN homology searches in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Antimicrobial activity of the bacteriocin was determined by agar well diffusion assay. Mangifera indica (mango) was found to harbor bacteriocin-producing Weissella cibaria man1. The bacteriocin (weissellicin man1) exhibited a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Weissellicin man1 suppressed the growth of several target pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Candida sp. and Rhizopus stolonifer) but had no inhibitory action against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, weissellicin man1 from Weissella cibaria man1 has a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial action. These findings will facilitate further evaluation of the antimicrobial potency of weissellicin man1.

EFFECTS OF PUBLIC AWARENESS AND VACCINATION IN MODELING THE DYNAMICS OF MONKEY-POX TRANSMISSION DISEASE IN NIGERIA

Nurudeen Oluwasola Lasisi, Mohammed Rashad Abdullahi , Fahad Suleiman — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 21:05:12 +0000

Monkey-pox disease is recognized as pathogens, disturbing animals and humans, it is among the family of orthopox virus and the disease causes lymph nodes to swell. In this paper, we developed a deterministic model system for Monkey pox infection by incorporating public awareness parameter and vaccination individual. The study verified the feasible region of the system equations and non-negativity of the solutions is achieved. The disease free and endemic equilibrium states have been obtained. The study computed and analyzed the reproduction number, of the system equations. The study presented and analysed, the global stability of disease free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium state, it has been found that when there is no transmission between human and non-human (), then meaning it is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) at DFE and using nonlinear lyapunov function, the study shows that the endemic equilibrium state is GAS if and unstable if by comparison method of lyapunov functions. Numerical Simulations were done, it was found that the effective reproduction number decreases as vaccination of individual increases, varying the public awareness, the effective reproduction number reduces to zero and becomes stable as public awareness increases. It was discovered that effective reproduction number decreases as public awareness increases.

ASSESSMENT OF THE CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS IN ELECTRONIC WASTE DUMP SITE IN ALABA INTERNATIONAL MARKET, LAGOS STATE

Wed, 30 Oct 2024 06:27:57 +0000

This research investigates the concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni) at e-waste dump sites in Lagos, Nigeria. Measuring the concentration and distribution of heavy metals across different soil depths and comparing these concentrations in soil and water samples. For this purpose, 78 soil samples were taken from different sampling points, and analyses were carried out following standard procedures. The soil samples retrieved from the e-waste site consistently exhibit a sandy soil texture, as per the USDA classification system. It was found that Cu generally has the highest concentrations in the soil layers (2022.20-2312.67mgkg^-1) while Cd generally has the least (16.32-22.62 mgkg^-1). The elements observed for this study are Cu > Pd >Ni > Cd. Overall, this comprehensive study provides valuable insights into the environmental contamination and health risks posed by e-waste dump sites, emphasizing the need for effective management strategies to mitigate these risks and protect human health and the environment.

ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ADVERTISING AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER’S BUYING INTENTION

Festus Oliha, G. O. Obaika — Wed, 30 Oct 2024 11:25:25 +0000

In a social media setting, it is critical to explore the constructs that drive consumers’ reactions toward advertisements as the lack of understanding of these factors may lead to misplaced advertising for marketers online. This study creates a multifaceted advertising model that assesses the effect of informativeness, entertainment, irritability, and credibility on the valuableness of social media advertising and how these factors influence consumers’ buying intentions. It adopted a covariance-based structural equation modelling approach where primary data was collected by administering questionnaires to a sample study of 364 selected participants, who were university students, employees, and entrepreneurs. The data gathered were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling method were used to examine the correlation between the identified predictors and purchase intention while validating the model constructed. The results established that a strong correlation exists between the perceived value of informativeness and credibility of social media advertising and customer buying intention. The findings, while frowning that advertisements with overly entertaining content may irritate potential buyers, posited that perceived value is critical in the conversion of advertising engagement into purchase habit. The study significantly highlighted that perceived value is the key mediator in the proposed model with a very strong correlation that impacts consumers’ buying intention; that is, consumers who perceive value in the ads are far more likely to express their buying intention. The study recommended that advertisers should focus on making their social media ads more valuable to positively affect customer perceptions.

CRITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS FOR PROJECT DELIVERY IN JIGAWA STATE

Wed, 30 Oct 2024 14:51:47 +0000

Communication plays an important role in project delivery in terms of relationship, trust and collaboration among internal stakeholders. This research aims to examine the relationship between factors influencing effective communication among stakeholders and construction project delivery with a view of improving communication among stakeholders in construction project delivery in Jigawa State. Questionnaire was used for data collection in Dutse capital of Jigawa state, various factors influencing effective communication among stakeholders are identified from literature review, experts and professionals working in public and private building project in Dutse capital of Jigawa state were selected using a probability sampling technique, a total of one hundred and eight (108) respondents were selected and interviewed using structured questionnaire which represent 90% of response rate. The data are analyzed by descriptive (frequencies and percentage,) and inferential statistics (spear’s man correlation, ANOVA and regression coefficient) are conducted using SPSS 25 version software. The Findings shows that Leadership, trust, communication tools, communication skills, stakeholders involvement, cultural differences and communication technology have strong correlation with successful project delivery and understanding the factors influencing effective communication among stakeholders can foster better collaboration among stakeholders, minimize conflicts and disputes, and can lead to improved project outcomes, reduced delays, and increased customer satisfaction. Leadership, communication skill and communication tools have significant effect on construction project delivery. The factors influencing effective communication among stakeholders would consequently affect the performance of project delivery. These factors can be considered as the critical factors that enhance effective communication among stakeholders for successful project delivery in...

ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY (EOQ) MODEL: WEIBULL AMELIORATING ITEMS WITH CONSTANT DEMAND RATE

Tijjani brahim Zubairu Zubairu, Yusuf Ibrahim Gwanda — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 09:22:30 +0000

In this study, we investigate the behavior of inventory items having the potential of incurring significant increase in their utilities or values while in stock in accordance to the Weibull distribution law. The amelioration of an inventory occurs when it remains in stock but depletes as a result of constant demand rate. The Weibull amelioration function plays the role of depicting the amelioration state of an inventory whereas the constant demand function describes the different possible stages of market demand. We describe the application of simple, yet analytical, approach for successful derivation and analyses of the underlying inventory system. We furthermore, analyze the model while providing, for the model, the necessary but sufficient and optimal replenishment policy. We use numerical results and examples to better illustrate the solution and successfully carryout the sensitivity analysis and the evaluation of the model.

SUBSOIL CHARACTERIZATION FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION USING INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL METHODS IN NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA

Lukman Musa Adamu, Rufai Ayuba, Daniel Opemipo Obasaju — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

ACUTE TOXICITY ASSESSMENT OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT IN MICE AND ITS IMPACT ON LIPID PROFILES AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN MALE WISTAR RATS: A STUDY of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L. ELLIS & SAROJA

Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATED COCONUT DEHUSKING MACHINE WITH RADIO FREQUENCY CONTROL AND LEAD SCREW MECHANISM

Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Coconut is a good source of minerals like manganese, copper, iron and selenium, all of which are important for various bodily functions including bone health and red blood cell formation. Manual dehusking of coconut is labour-intensive, hence, this work focuses on development of an efficient coconut dehusking machine adaptable to Nigerian coconuts for small-scale coconut processors using the lead screw technology that facilitates automatic operation. The machine uses electric motors to drive lead screws, which translate rotational action into linear movement. Effective husk removal is made possible by a tearing force mechanism attached to the lead screws and the machine's operations are coordinated by an Arduino with a "C" programming. Radio Frequency (RF) module was used to automate the dehusking process. Control action of the RF module activates the rotation of the upper motor while the motion of the lower motor lifts the coconut placed in the coconut holder to the dehusking knife where a tearing force would be exerted on the husk of the coconut. The average time taken to dehusk a coconut was 114 seconds. Compared to the manual method with dehusking time of 513 seconds per coconut, the designed machine has a notable reduction in dehusking time. The success recorded during testing clearly demonstrates its efficacy and would translate to improved productivity and enhanced safety for small-scale farmers and the coconut industry.

ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF URBAN-SUBURBAN 5G COVERAGE PREDICTIONS

Osuolale Abdramon Tiamiyu, Hakeem Babalola Akande, Fatima Olamide Abass — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In today's world, the demand for robust and faster network connectivity and data speeds has become paramount. Though the transition to 5G technology is a significant advancement that promises unparalleled speeds, reduced latency, and enhanced connectivity crucial for modern applications, the current situation reveals persistent challenges in achieving these ideals across diverse environments. There are disparities between predicted and actual network performance metrics such as throughput, latency, coverage gaps, and inconsistencies in QoS (quality of service). The study aims to analyze the existing 5G coverage predictions and model a similar network scenario on MATLAB for optimization of the 5G network.

WASTEWATER IRRIGATION SAFETY AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION AWARENESS OF FARMERS ALONG JAKARA RIVER KANO, NIGERIA

Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The water in the Jakara River consists of effluent from Bompai industries, domestic sewage from most parts of Kano city and runoffs from various local scraps and chemical processing. The wastewater in the river is the main and most preferred source of irrigation water for the farmers along the Jakara River. The wastewater in the river is rich in both organic and chemical contaminants that can contaminate soil and thriving crops. The research was designed to understand the perception of farmers about the safety of the irrigation water they use and its resulting consequences on soil quality and food safety. The information on the farmer’s awareness were gathered through oral interviews, 60 farmers were selected for data collection. Information collected includes the demography of the farmers, their farming experience, their concern about the safety of wastewater irrigation and awareness of the dangers associated with soil and food heavy metals (HMs) contamination. The majority (95 %) of the farmers ignorantly believe that the wastewater in the Jakara River is safe for irrigation and 90.00 % believe that crops cannot be contaminated when irrigated with contaminated wastewater. Only 5 % of the farmers know HMs and more than 86 % believe that even if the water is contaminated it cannot pass contamination to soil and growing crops. The overall farmers' awareness of the safety of wastewater irrigation and soil and crop HM contamination is generally poor.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPACTS OF VARIOUS JAMMING ATTACKS ON 5G NETWORK

Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

With the promise of faster data speeds and more dependable service, fifth-generation (5G) wireless cellular networks are encouraging the adoption of cutting-edge technologies like smart cities and the Internet-of-things (IoTs). However, 5G networks are susceptible to possible interference because of their open-sharing principles, especially from malicious jamming attacks. Notwithstanding, for further notable progress in 5G technology, thorough simulations and studies are imperative to properly comprehend the fundamentals of jamming attacks on 5G networks. To close this gap, this study simulated and analyzed jamming attacks on 5G communication systems to determine how these attacks affect important 5G performance indicators and assessed and suggested remedies that will maximize 5G network resilience against jamming.

APPLICATION OF GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODELS (GCMS) TO PREDICT RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE VARIABILITIES IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Nuraddeen Mukhtar Nasidi, Aliyu Idris Muhammad, Nura Jafar Shanono — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study explored present and future climate scenarios of Kano using Global Circulation Models (GCMs). The metrological data from 12 locations were used for calibration of Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS). The historical record of 10 years was used for both temperatures and rainfall data which represent a period of 2010 to 2019. The future climate projections were made for 2041 to 2060 centered in the 2050s under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. The spatial analysis was conducted using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool in an ArcGIS environment. The result shows that the temperature of Kano has increased relative to baseline condition by 1.025^oC (2.45%) and 4.6^oC (10.98%) under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively. However, the annual rainfall was found to decrease from the historical amount by -37.9 mm (5%), and -68.2 mm (9%) under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. Moreover, the spatial analysis indicated that there was climate variability across the width and breadth of the state. The study concludes that the climate change effect will cause the temperature of Kano to rise considerably in the future with the consequences of decreased rainfall amount. The findings recommend that policymakers should deploy adaptation strategies to reduce the adverse effects that might be experienced.

AN ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE IN MANGA GRASSLAND OF YOBE STATE, NIGERIA

Iliya Audu, Umar Faruk Usman — Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Human activities and natural events continually reshape land use patterns, underscoring the critical need for accurate land use information in various applications such as natural resource management and environmental monitoring. Land use change has become pivotal in current strategies for these purposes globally. The rapid advancements in land use mapping have spurred increased studies worldwide, aiming to assess and monitor the extent and health of forests, grasslands, and agricultural lands. Remotely sensed data, including aerial photographs and satellite imagery, are indispensable for extracting precise land use change information. This study focusing on Manga grassland (Machina, Yusufari, and Yunusari LGAs), satellite images from Landsat TM (1988), Landsat ETM (1998), Landsat ETM+ (2008), and Landsat 8 (2018) for image classification. The study employed supervised classification methods to analyse land use changes, revealing significant alterations in vegetation cover over the study period. In conclusion, it was observed that observed that vegetation cover increases from north toward the south follow the trend of rain fall, over-cutting, over grazing, and other climatic factors, which determines species distribution. Vegetation degradation is detected more in north boundary Niger republic. This may be due to southern flow of the Sahara Desert into the northern part of Nigeria around the study area. Data analysis shows that land use land cover had been changing through the study zones and this change had negative impact on natural resource development. Finally, it was recommended that the development of suitable and adequate mean of awareness for local community on the importance of species...

ASSESSING THE ECOLOGICAL AND MICROBIAL IMPACTS OF SHIP BALLAST WATER DISCHARGE IN GLOBAL SHIPPING

Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The global shipping industry, responsible for 90% of world trade, plays a pivotal role in facilitating economic growth. However, its impact on marine environments, notably through pollution from ballast water discharges, poses environmental challenges. The discharge of ballast water emerges as a significant threat, introducing non-native species and pathogens into new ecosystems, leading to ecological and economic consequences. The study aims to understand the impact of these invasive species on native ecosystems, biodiversity, ecosystem function, and potential economic implications. Ten vessels from diverse regions were sampled, revealing zero total coliform counts and Escheria coli presence, indicating relatively clean ballast water. Microbiological analysis highlighted variations in heterotrophic counts across samples with zero total coliform counts and Escheria coli. The study identified the presence of pathogenic bacteria, including Bacillus sp., Vibro cholera, and Staphylococcus aureus. The study highlights the potential for the spread of invasive species through ballast water discharge, necessitating strategies to mitigate negative impacts.

FRACTIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HEPATITIS C

Wed, 06 Nov 2024 15:15:01 +0000

This study investigates various epidemiological aspects of Hepatitis C infection by employing a fractional-order mathematical model to evaluate the impact of treatment on the transmission dynamics of the disease. The research identifies conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the solution in the fractional-order case and conducts a stability analysis of the endemic equilibrium using the Lyapunov function method. Numerical simulations, performed using the fractional Adams–Bashforth–Moulton technique, demonstrate the effects of model parameters and fractional-order values on the control and spread of Hepatitis C. Further simulations with surface and contour plots reveal that higher contact rates and reduced treatment effectiveness lead to an increased prevalence of Hepatitis C. The study also concludes that optimizing treatment strategies can significantly decrease the disease's prevalence in the population.

GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL CLAY IN ZARIAGI, LOKOJA, NORTH-CENTRAL NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Tope E. William, Tope S. Alege, A. Onimisi Jimoh, O. Kizito Musa — Wed, 11 Sep 2024 20:26:04 +0000

Clay is one of the world's most important and oldest building materials but also poses some challenges for civil and geotechnical engineers. Hence, understanding its geotechnical properties is key to the determination of their industrial applications. The geotechnical characteristics of six residual clay samples from the crystalline basement rocks in Zariagi, Lokoja, north-central Nigeria, were evaluated to determine its suitability for construction and civil engineering. Parameters assessed included particle size distribution, consolidation, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage, loss on ignition, compaction, and permeability. Grain size analysis and Atterberg limit tests classified the samples as clayey. Liquid limit ranged from 36% to 37%, indicating low plasticity. The plastic limit ranged from 33.38% to 34.66%, and the plasticity index from 2.14% to 2.71%, suggesting the clay exhibits low to medium swelling potential when wet and can withstand volumetric shrinkage when dry, meeting the requirements for barrier soils. Compaction tests revealed an optimum moisture content (OMC) of 14.90% to 18.50% and maximum dry density (MDD) of 1270 kg/m³ to 1320 kg/m³, indicating suitability for building construction. Linear shrinkage percentages ranged from 2.86% to 4.29%, indicating moderate linear and low volumetric shrinkage. Loss on ignition values from 3.74% to 4.49% suggested low organic matter content and the absence of swelling clays. Permeability values ranged from 0.000133 cm/sec to 0.000140 cm/sec, suggest moderate permeability. The results suggest the Zariagi clay is suitable for barrier soil and building construction applications.

USE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: A CASE STUDY OF OLD OYO AND KAINJI LAKE NATIONAL PARKS, NIGERIA

Thu, 12 Sep 2024 11:36:37 +0000

ROLE OF TROPICAL PLANTS IN ASTHMA MANAGEMENT

Thu, 31 Oct 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Africa is endowed with a rich variety of plants. Most of the plants are used to treatment and manage diseases; thus, promoting good health. New plants are usually tried when observed that domestic animals feed on them without experiencing any visible discomfort. However, the use of traditional medicine has been neglected as soon as modern medicine began to flourish. As associated side-effects of synthetic drugs are increasingly being discovered, there is a need to explore the use of plant-based therapeutics in the management of diseases like hypertension, asthma and cancer that have resulted in huge loss of human resources and economic downturn. Therefore, two hundred reports of empirical studies on the application of tropical plants in the management of asthma were collected from credible online sources, organised, studied, and analysed. The results demonstrated the plants some of the plants studied exhibited anti-asthma properties using anti-inflammatory, anti-histamine responses, and antioxidant mechanisms, respectively. Hence, tropical plants possess certain bioactive compounds with anti-asthma effects. Objectively applied, tropical plants can be used to effectively prevent and manage asthma with minimal or no side-effects.