The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed publication of original research papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications in all aspects in the fields of science and technology such as Chemistry, Earth and atmospheric sciences, Biology in general, Agriculture, Biochemistry, Botany, Microbiology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, Materials Science, Mechanics, Mathematics, Statistics, Nutrition and Food Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Polymer and Textile Sciences, Process Modeling and Computational Analysis, Renewable Energy and waste to resource processes.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
MULTILEVEL LOGISTIC ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY IN NIGERIA ACROSS THE GEOPOLITICAL ZONES
Nigeria faces high child mortality rates, with an under-five mortality rate of 110 per 1,000 live births and an infant mortality rate of 63 per 1,000 in 2023, down from 64.7 in 2020, yet among the highest globally. Regional disparities persist, with 140 deaths per 1,000 in the North West versus 42 in the South West, driven by socioeconomic inequalities (142 per 1,000 in poorest households vs. 49 in wealthiest, 2022). Key causes include neonatal disorders, respiratory infections, malaria, and diarrhea, linked to limited healthcare access, low maternal education, and rural-urban divides. This study examines individual and group-level factors influencing infant mortality from 2020-2025, focusing on regional variations across Nigeria’s geopolitical zones. Using multilevel logistic regression on 2023-24 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data (39,050 women aged 15-49 and children, nested in states), three models were analyzed: an intercept-only model, one with individual factors (child’s sex, birth size, mother’s education and age, postnatal checks, antenatal visits, delivery place, residence), and a full model adding state-level zones. Results show rural residence (OR=1.45), male sex, younger maternal age, low education, low birth weight, and no postnatal checks increase risks. North West and North East zones show significant effects, with state-level variance explaining 9-12% of differences. These findings highlight the interplay of individual and contextual factors, urging policymakers to invest in zone-specific health infrastructure, education, and training under the Nigeria Child Survival Action Plan 2025-2029 to address inequalities and reduce preventable deaths.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2025 Joshua Anche, Lawrence Ani Chukwuemeka, Kabiru Hassan Abduljalal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COST AND RETURNS STRUCTURE OF GARRI PROCESSING AMONG COOPERATIVE WOMEN IN IJEBU-DIVISION OF OGUN-STATE, NIGERIA
The study examined cost and returns structure of Garri processing among cooperative women Ijebu-Division of Ogun State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select sample size of 120 respondents using structured questionnaire to generate required information from respondents. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics.The result revealed that majority (98.3%) of the respondents had formal education. Garri processors had much years experience in their business with a mean of households' size of 5 persons. Majority (82.5%) of Garri processors were married with an average age of 38 years old. The budgetary analysis result revealed that garri processing was found to be highly profitable at net income of N14,167.74 and gross margin N27,298.35 per annum. Likewise, benefit-cost B/C of 1.46 also revealed that for every one naira spent on Garri processing there was a return of N0:46k, this showed that Garri processing is a highly viable and profitable business. Bad road, lack of capital, poor and instable price of garri, high cost of transportation were major constraints militating against garri processing. Therefore, the study recommended that, problems confronting Garri processors should be addressed properly. Government should help garri processors by providing agricultural loans with no or low interest rates with comfortable loan repayment period. People who are jobless can also engage themselves in Garri processing to create job for themselves. Garri producers should form themselves into cooperative groups and pool their resources together for easy access of Garri processing inputs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shittu K. Adesina, Omowunmi Mercy Adebayo, Bashiru Oladayo Jimoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) bio-pesticides in the control of field insect pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Ilorin, Nigeria
A field experiment evaluated the effectiveness of aqueous leaf extracts of neem and moringa against insect pests affecting okra. The study included five treatments: aqueous leaf extracts of neem, moringa, a 1:1 mixture of both, cypermethrin, and a control group. A Randomized Complete Block Design was employed, consisting of three blocks and three replicates. In total, fifteen plots were established, each containing twelve plants, using the okra variety NH47-4. The plots were treated with various extracts to assess their efficacy against field insect pests. The initial spraying took place two weeks after germination, followed by additional applications at ten-day intervals. Insects on the tag plant were sampled, counted, and recorded starting from the seedling stage (four weeks after planting) until harvest. The findings revealed that All aqueous extracts demonstrated a significant reduction in insect pest infestation on okra compared to the control group; however, the aqueous leaf extract of neem exhibited the highest efficacy among the treatments. Farmers are advised to use neem aqueous extract as an eco-friendly and affordable alternative to chemical pesticides for sustainable okra production
Copyright (c) 2025 Memunat Abike Zubairu, I.O Yusuf, Alagbe A.V Alagbe, S.F Babatunde, R.O Uddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONS OF SOILS AROUND HOSTELS IN BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY, MAKURDI, NIGERIA
The physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of soil samples collected behind various hostels in Benue State University, Makurdi were analyzed and results compared to FAO standards. The hostels used for the study were boys’ hostel (First Camp), girls’ hostel (First Camp), girls’ hostel (Second Camp) and boys’ hostel (Second Camp). The physicochemical parameters analyzed were pH, temperature, nitrate concentration, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, phosphate levels, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) while the heavy metals were Pb, Cu, As and Cd. Results of these analyses showed that pH was in the range of 6.90 - 8.25, temperature (30.20–30.30 oC), conductivity (174.00–795.50 µScm-1), organic matter (72.66–89.12 %), CEC (23.82–37.14 cmol/kg), <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>PO</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:16pt; height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> (0.069–0.281 mg/L), <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>NO</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17pt;height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> (0.89–0.92 mg/L). The concentrations of the heavy metals (in mg/kg) were: Pb (23.7250 - 23.7250), Cd (27.6600 - 29.0200), As (0.7750-0.8450), Cu (62.1200 -78.3300). These results proved that the soils around these hostels are not contaminated as all the parameters measured were found to be within the permissible limit set by FAO. The results of this study showed that the soil around the hostels were not contaminated since most the studied parameters were within the accepted limit set by the FAO/WHO hence does not pose health risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isaac Terungwa Iorkpiligh, Kumawuese K. Maakura, Dyondun A. Aondoakaa, Comfort Agbo, Gillian O. Igbum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF USING BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM IN KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (KSTIM) LIBRARY
This research investigates the feasibility and benefits of implementing biometric authentication in the Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KSITM) Library, emphasizing its potential to enhance security and safeguard sensitive information. Traditional methods, like passwords and tokens, are vulnerable as they can be easily shared or compromised, often leading to security lapses. Biometrics, however, provide a more secure solution by using unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints, hand geometry, palm veins, retina and iris patterns, facial recognition, signature, and voice analysis, to accurately verify individual identities. The study reviews these biometric methods, assessing their usability, advantages, and potential drawbacks. A questionnaire-based approach was used to gauge the satisfaction and receptiveness of KSITM’s staff and students toward biometric systems. Findings show that 85% of respondents consider biometric authentication an essential improvement for the library, demonstrating a strong preference for it over traditional methods. Respondents showed the highest preference for fingerprint recognition, favoring its balance of convenience, security, and reliability. This feedback suggests that implementing a biometric system could enhance the library’s security infrastructure and reduce the risks associated with traditional access methods. Overall, the positive response indicates that biometric authentication is both a viable and beneficial security measure for KSITM, fostering a more secure and controlled environment for students and staff.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Sani, Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BASELINE ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAMMING PERCEPTION AND READINESS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EDO STATE
The study examined secondary school students’ readiness for programming in education in Edo State, Nigeria, with emphasis on curriculum gaps and students’ preparedness before full implementation of programming in the national curriculum. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 185 validly completed questionnaires distributed across public and private secondary schools. The instrument measured students’ perceptions, factors influencing readiness, and expectations toward programming education. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential tests (t-tests) were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that students’ perception of programming was neutral (Mean = 3.27), influenced by limited practical exposure and teacher engagement. Factors influencing readiness included personal confidence, teacher competence, and availability of ICT resources, with a moderate overall readiness level (Mean = 3.46). Students’ expectations were high (Mean = 3.71), showing enthusiasm toward learning programming and engaging in coding-related activities. Significant differences were found in perceptions across gender (p < 0.05), but not across school type. However, expectations differed significantly between public and private school students (p < 0.05). The study concluded that Edo State students demonstrated readiness for programming education but require improved teacher capacity, gender inclusion, and infrastructure to support effective curriculum delivery. Recommendations include enhanced teacher training, provision of ICT resources, and establishment of coding clubs to foster engagement and digital competence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Osemwegie, Amadin, Uduehi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A PYTHON-BASED ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND AGE ON ADMISSION OF STUDENTS IN SOME SELECTED UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN PART OF NIGERIA
Understanding the influence of admission age on students’ academic performance remains a persistent concern in higher education, particularly in developing contexts where entry standards are inconsistently enforced. This study investigates the relationship between students’ age at admission and their academic outcomes using a Python-based data analytics approach. A dataset comprising 1,401 undergraduate records from Fountain University, Osogbo, and the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta located in the South-West region of Nigeria, spanning 2014–2024, was analyzed. Python libraries such as pandas, matplotlib, and scipy.stats were employed for data cleaning, visualization, and statistical testing. Descriptive analysis revealed that most students were admitted between ages 16 and 20, with a near-equal gender distribution. Inferential results indicated no statistically significant difference in academic performance across age groups (ANOVA, p = 0.1077), suggesting that admission age exerts minimal effect on cumulative grade point average (CGPA). However, gender-based comparison showed a significant difference (t-test, p < 0.001), with female students outperforming their male counterparts. These findings imply that cognitive maturity associated with age is less decisive for academic success than factors such as motivation and discipline, which may explain the observed gender disparity. The study underscores the potential of Python-driven analytics for evidence-based educational evaluation and advocates for gender-responsive academic support policies rather than rigid age-based admission criteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Lawal, Adeyemo, Komolafe, Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRENDS AND GROWTH RATES IN NIGERIA’S SESAME SEED PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL POLICY
This study explored how sesame seed production and exports have evolved in Nigeria over the past five decades (1972–2022). Data were sourced from FAOSTAT, the National Bureau of Statistics, and other trade reports, and growth rates were assessed using tools such as the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and coefficient of variation (CV). The results show that sesame production grew strongly, particularly between 2012 and 2022, when output increased by nearly 400%. Yet, this growth was unstable, affected by climate shocks, weak policies, and poor infrastructure. Exports, on the other hand, recorded a steadier rise, with an overall CAGR of 9.63%. The fastest growth came in the 1990s, when rising demand from Asia and the Middle East pushed exports up by more than 1,500%. Still, the export boom did not always match production growth. This mismatch points to deeper structural issues such as post-harvest losses, weak storage and processing capacity, and the lack of value addition. Most exports leave the country as raw seeds, which reduce potential earnings and job creation. In addition, informal cross-border trade continues to blur the true picture of Nigeria’s sesame performance. Overall, the findings confirm sesame seeds in Nigeria’s non-oil export drive but also underline the urgent need for investment in the value chain, stronger quality control, and better compliance with international standards. These steps are crucial for Nigeria to remain competitive and achieve sustainable growth in the global sesame market
Copyright (c) 2025 Adedapo Abayomi Afolabi, Oloniyo Roseline Boluwaji, Oladele Charles Ajewole, Akintola Akindele James https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESPONSES OF MAIZE VARIETIES TO VARYING UREA FERTILIZER REGIMES IN THE SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE OF NIGERIA
Maize is a vital crop in Nigeria, requiring optimal plant density and good agronomic practices to achieve enhanced yields. A two-year field trial (2023-2024) was conducted at the University of Abuja's farm in the Southern Guinea Savannah agroecological zone to evaluate maize response to varying urea application rates. A 4 × 5 factorial experiment was conducted using a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, combining four maize varieties (Sammaz-43, 44, 57, and 58) and five urea (46% N) application ranges (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) with a uniform application of 45 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium using NPK 15:15:15. Plant height, leaf count, leaf area, shelling percentage, thousand-seed weight, and grain yield were among the data collected. The results indicated that crop performance was significantly influenced by both maize cultivars and urea applications (p≤0.05). Higher urea rates improved yield parameters, with Sammaz-57 achieving top yields (3.8 t/ha in 2023 and 5.5 t/ha in 2024) with 200 kg/ha, showing unique varietal responses to urea rates. The study found a significant interaction (P≤0.05) between fertilizer application and maize variety, indicating that maize varieties responded differently to urea application. However, there was no significant difference in grain yield among the varieties, suggesting that none consistently outperformed the others across fertilizer treatments. The study recommends that farmers in the region use Sammaz-57 with 100 kg/ha urea or Sammaz-58 with 200 kg/ha urea to optimize maize growth and yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ilozobhie E. Nicholas, Agha U. Agha, Usman B. Ejura, Chorio P. Timothy, Azzuwut P. Andrew, Baba N. Mohammed, Sani Adamu, Mustapha Abdul, Aliyu Suleiman, Ojekunle Fatimoh, Aihebhoria O. Daniel, Okorie M. Joseph https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLAINABLE AI IN HEALTHCARE: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN MODEL ACCURACY AND INTERPRETABILITY
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by enabling highly accurate diagnostics, personalised treatment planning, and efficient clinical operations. Yet the opacity of advanced machine-learning models remains a barrier to trust and widespread adoption. This paper provides a structured review of explainable AI (XAI) techniques that reconcile predictive strength with interpretability. We examine model-agnostic methods, including Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and model-specific approaches such as attention mechanisms and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM). Empirical evidence drawn from recent clinical studies demonstrates that XAI significantly enhances decision-making. In radiology, Grad-CAM visualisations increased clinician confidence by 30%, while SHAP explanations in electronic health record diagnostics improved trust by 25%. Large-scale chest X-ray experiments (10,000 images) showed that SHAP and LIME maintained high predictive accuracy of 90 % and 89 %, respectively, compared with 92 % for a baseline deep neural network, while providing markedly higher interpretability scores. Patient-centred trials further revealed a 25% improvement in diabetes treatment adherence when AI recommendations were accompanied by high-quality explanations, with compliance rising 5% for every one-point increase in explanation quality (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>β</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>=0.05</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:49.5pt; height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\hp\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> ). These results confirm that XAI can strengthen clinician trust and patient engagement with only minimal loss in accuracy. Remaining challenges include computational cost, absence of standardised interpretability metrics, and evolving regulatory requirements. We recommend the development of hybrid models with intrinsic interpretability, co-designed evaluation frameworks, and educational initiatives to prepare clinicians and patients to act on XAI outputs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayanlowo Emmanuel A., Olawale Olalekan Onalaja, Obadina O. Gabiel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TOWARDS EVALUATING PAYMENT DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN NIGERIAN BRANCHLESS BANKS
Branchless banking has expanded financial access in Nigeria by enabling millions of users to complete transfers, airtime purchases, bill payments, and merchant transactions without visiting traditional bank branches. While this innovation advances financial inclusion, it also creates recurring challenges such as failed transfers, duplicate debits, delayed reversals, and weak dispute management that undermine user trust. This study evaluates dispute resolution in three leading branchless banks Opay, Palmpay, and Moniepoint focusing on effectiveness, responsiveness, and user satisfaction. A purposive sample of fifty users with experience of payment disputes was surveyed to capture dispute types, reporting channels, resolution timelines, and perceptions of service quality. Expectation Confirmation Theory and SERVQUAL dimensions of responsiveness and reliability provided the analytical framing. Findings indicate that disputes were usually resolved within three days, though experiences varied across platforms. Palmpay recorded the highest satisfaction levels, Opay was rated most responsive, while Moniepoint performed weakest overall. The study highlights gaps in communication and transparency, recommending harmonised resolution timelines and stronger regulatory oversight to sustain trust in Nigeria’s digital financial services
Copyright (c) 2025 Ejaita A. Okpako, Boyce E. Iyamah, Deborah V. Ojie, Samuel U. Okperigho, Stella C. Chiemeke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF INDIGENOUS COMPLEMENTARY FOODS IN KANO STATE
Locally (Indigenous) prepared complementary foods are widely consumed by infants in Nigeria because of their affordability and accessibility; however, their microbiological safety remains a major public health concern. This study evaluated the microbiological quality of three locally prepared complementary food samples (Samples A, B, and C) sold in Tarauni Local Government Area, Kano State, in comparison with a laboratory-prepared counterpart (Sample D). The market samples were unbranded, powdered formula, and sold under open conditions, potentially exposing them to contamination. Standard microbiological methods were employed: Nutrient Agar for aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, Potato Dextrose Agar for fungal isolation, and the Most Probable Number (MPN) method for coliform estimation, while pathogens were identified through biochemical tests. The aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of the locally prepared foods ranged from 2.45 × 10⁶ to 1.08 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, exceeding the WHO permissible limit of 1.0 × 10³ CFU/mL. Fungal contaminants detected included Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, and A. flavus. Coliform counts reached up to 150 MPN/100 mL, and pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella spp were present in the market samples but absent in the laboratory-prepared food, which remained within safety limits. These findings reveal significant microbiological risks associated with locally prepared complementary foods. Strengthening vendor hygiene practices, enforcing regulatory surveillance, and promoting laboratory-standard local formulations are recommended to safeguard infant health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruqayyah A. Usman, Saddika M. Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF NAPHTALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA) ON VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF ARAUCARIA (ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA) AT AFAKA KADUNA, NIGERIA
This research is on effects of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), on vegetative propagation of araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) at Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, Afaka Kaduna. The experimental design used was completely Randomized Block Design (BRBD) with sixteen (16) treatments, replicated three times. In this research, specific objectives were highlighted with the aim of assessing the effects plant hormone used at two different concentrations (500ppm and 1000ppm), on the sprouting and rooting of Araucaria angustifolia in Forestry, Kaduna. Survival count, Number of leaves per cutting, and Num ber of roots per plant were recorded. The results showed that plant hormone at lower concentration significantly affect percentage survival count, Number of leaves per cutting, Number of root per plant. In survival count, Number of leaves per cutting, and Number of root per plant, (A1B4): NAA a\t 500ppm concentration + pure River Sand gave the highest value of mean compared to other treatments. The findings showed that it is possible to propagate Araucaria angustifolia vegetatively using Pure River Sand + 500ppm of Naphthalene Acetic Acid for mass production. It is suggested from the study that propagation of the Araucaria angustifolia should be carried out using low concentration (500PPM) of NAA with a rooting medium.
Copyright (c) 2025 A. E. Olachene, J. K. Aremu, S. O. Okechalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS FOR CORROSION RISK ASSESSMENT OF BURIED WATER PIPELINES: AN ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS APPROACH
The management of buried water pipeline systems requires reliable methods for assessing corrosion risk due to the complex interaction of pipeline characteristics and soil environmental conditions. This study develops a structured decision-support framework for pipeline corrosion risk assessment based on Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Pipeline attributes (length, thickness, burial depth, age, diameter, and internal pressure) and soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, salinity, and resistivity) were evaluated within the buried water distribution network of Edo State Polytechnic, Usen, Nigeria, which spans approximately 4,008.6 meters. Attribute weights derived from pairwise comparisons identified pipe age (0.22), soil resistivity (0.19), and burial depth (0.16) as the most influential factors. Lesser contributions were observed for pipe length (0.06) and diameter (0.08). The computed Pipe Condition Index (PCI) values ranged from 0.31 (high-risk) to 0.82 (low-risk) across pipeline segments. The AHP consistency ratio (CR) was 0.07, confirming the judgments reliability. These findings highlight the utility of MCDA for quantifying corrosion susceptibility in buried pipelines. The PCI framework provides a transparent and replicable tool for prioritizing pipeline maintenance and offers a foundation for future integration with artificial intelligence and GIS-based predictive systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Omoruyi F.O, Henry Agomemeh Audu, Ilaboya R. I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A SURVEY OF DEEP LEARNING MODEL FOR PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSIS
Prostate cancer is one of the common types of cancer in men, and it is estimated that 1 out of 9 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point during their lifetime. AI techniques are being used to detect prostate cancer to improve accuracy and reduce costs, such as Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), which are used to analyze MRI scans and CT scans to analyze patient data such as age, race, family history, and lifestyle factors. The use of DL for prostate cancer detection can help reduce costs by reducing the need for expensive biopsies and other tests. This paper discussed different model and method used in predicting prostate cancer.
Copyright (c) 2025 Izogie L. E., M.I Akazue, E. I. Ihama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNSTEADY MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD) FLOW OF FOURTH GRADE FLUID BETWEEN HORIZONTAL STATIONARY PLATES WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION AND SUCTION EFFECTS
The unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of fourth grade fluid between horizontal stationary plates with viscous dissipation and suction effects has been investigated. The fluid is subjected to a uniform transverse magnetic field. The upper and lower plates are stationary. The partial differential equations that govern the flow are the momentum and energy equations. For the solution of the fluid flow model, the He- Laplace method was employed. The effect of various flow parameters on velocity and temperature profile were obtained. Investigated were the effects of suction parameter, third and fourth grade parameters and Hartman number on velocity profile. Graph were plotted for each case considered. Results of this research show that temperature field increases with increase in Eckert number and radiation parameter but decrease with increases in suction parameter and Prandtl number. While for velocity field, it is observed that it decreases with increase in suction parameter and Hartman number, but increases with increase in third and fourth grade parameters. The result of this research would be useful in Engineering fields such as Bioengineering enhance oil recovery and medical science of complex fluid in development of magnetic device for cell separation and targeted transport of drugs carriers, etc.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasiru T. Zakari, Ayankop E. Andi, Joseph K. Moses, Wachin A.A, Joshua B. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ON ROBUSTNESS OF ARIMA-GAS MODEL TO NON-GAUSSIAN ERRORS: THE CASE OF INTRADAILY DATA
This article investigates the robustness of ARIMA-GAS model to mis specified errors, through simulated intradaily data. Three scenarios are involved. Scenario 1 utilizes Gaussian innovations, Scenario 2 utilizes centered and scaled Student’s t while Scenario 3 introduces asymmetric shocks by drawing innovations from a skew-normal distribution. For Gaussian errors, Classical ARIMA attains the lowest mean RMSE/MAE in this benign linear–Gaussian setting, with ARIMA–GAS a close second. For student’s t innovations, ARIMA–GAS achieves the lowest RMSE/MAE/MAPE, substantially improving on Classical ARIMA, which suffers from sensitivity to outliers and mis specified (Gaussian) tails. Pure GAS performs competitively (second among econometric models) yet combining GAS with the ARIMA backbone yields a further reduction in forecast error. LSTM forecasts are competitive and outperform ARIMA’s and GARCH’s; however, ARIMA–GAS retains a measurable edge in all three metrics, reflecting the benefit of combining statistical structure with adaptive updating when tails are heavy. For the skew normal innovations, ARIMA–GAS attains the lowest average RMSE/MAE/MAPE, improving materially over Classical ARIMA, whose Gaussian/symmetry assumptions leave it vulnerable to skewed shocks. Pure GAS is competitive, but the ARIMA backbone adds structure that reduces forecast loss further; GARCH’s volatility focus helps little with asymmetric innovations affecting the conditional mean. LSTM forecasts are very close to ARIMA–GAS (slightly higher mean loss), ARIMA–GAS preserves interpretability and achieves marginally better average accuracy. The robustness broadens its applicability across different domains and datasets, enhancing its utility in practical applications in areas as finance, economics, or environmental studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Buishirat T. Bolarinwa, Haruna U. Yahaya, Mary U. Adehi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS FACING COOPERATIVE TOMATO FARMERS IN IJEBU-NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN-STATE, NIGERIA
The study assessed socio-economic factors affecting tomato production and challenges facing cooperative tomato farmers in Ijebu-North Local Government Area of Ogun-State, Nigeria. Data was gathered through a well-structured questionnaire administered to fifty (50) respondents using a two-stage sampling technique. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were absorbed to analyze collected data. The results showed that majority (90%) of farmers dominated by males involving in agricultural pursuits, with an average of 5 persons per households’ size along with a certain level of formal education. The results of constraints revealed that exorbitant high price of inputs (94%) ranked 1st, by inadequate storage facilities(90%) ranked 2nd, inadequate fund (86%) positioned 3rd among others emerged as predominant challenges adversely affecting tomato production. The F-statistic confirms appropriateness of the overall regression equation and significant at 1% level. The adjusted R², estimated at 0.78, showing that 78% of the variation explained in the models. Among the eigth(8) models regressed, five (5) were statistically significant, with four (4) variables displayed positive significant at1%,10%,5%,and1% levels respectively. Only one variable demonstrated negative significance at 5% significant level while three (3) of regressed variables displayed no significant. Therefore, the study recommended that farmer should be encouraged and educated by extension agents through effective and efficient passing of useful information to farmers. Agricultural loan facilities should be made easily accessible to the farmers to ensure timely and adequate procurement of tomato production inputs.Tomato farmers should form themselves into cooperative groups and also pool their resources together for easy access of farm inputs.
Copyright (c) 2025 M O. Adebayo, U C. Onugu, O B. Jimoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS CONTAMINATION AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS IN PASTEURIZED AND UNPASTEURIZED COW MILK IN GASHUA, YOBE STATE, NIGERIA
Milk is a vital source of nutrients but may also serve as a pathway for toxic heavy metal exposure. This study assessed cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury in cow milk consumed in Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria. To determine the levels of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg in pasteurized and unpasteurized cow milk, compare the findings with WHO limits, and evaluate associated health risks. A cross-sectional study was conducted using 10 milk samples (5 pasteurized, 5 unpasteurized) collected from sales points through a stratified random sampling technique. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to determine heavy metal concentrations. Health risk assessment was performed using estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) based on United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) standards. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Mean concentrations of Cd (0.012–0.017 mg/L), Cr (0.153 mg/L), and Pb (0.220–0.228 mg/L) exceeded WHO permissible limits, while Hg (0.0026–0.003 mg/L) remained within safe levels. Health risk assessment showed that EDI, THQ, and HI values were <1, indicating no immediate non-carcinogenic risks. However, ILCR values approached the upper acceptable limit, particularly in children. Pasteurized and unpasteurized cow milk in Gashua, Yobe State, is contaminated with Cd, Cr, and Pb above safe limits. Although immediate non-carcinogenic risks appear low, the potential long-term carcinogenic risks, especially in children, warrant routine monitoring and preventive interventions. Strengthen regulatory frameworks and establish routine monitoring systems to ensure milk safety and protect public health is suggested.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kachalla Alhaji Modu, Bukar Tijjani, Shuaibu Hussaini, Mustapha Abubakar, Ali Idris Balbaya, Fatima Sulaiman, Abubakar Malgwi Haruna, Sheriff Muhammad Abeeb https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER (LULC) CHANGES ON FLOOD RISK IN THE DOWNSTREAM COMMUNITIES OF THE TIGA DAM, KANO RIVER, NIGERIA
Landuse and land cover (LULC) changes significantly influence hydrological systems, especially in semi-arid regions where such changes amplify flood risks. This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of LULC between 2009 and 2023 and their implications for flood risk in downstream communities of the Tiga Dam, Kano State, Nigeria. Using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, the analysis reveals a notable decline in shrubland cover from 50.57% in 2009 to 43.33% in 2023, alongside an increase in agricultural land from 19.81% to 23.04%. These changes reflect substantial vegetation loss and land conversion, which have increased surface runoff and reduced infiltration. Hydrological modeling confirms that urban expansion and deforestation have intensified both the frequency and severity of floods in the region. Projections based on current trends indicate continued vegetation degradation and urban sprawl by 2050, elevating future flood risks. The findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable land management practices, including afforestation, conservation agriculture, and effective land-use regulation. Furthermore, integrating geospatial data with hydrodynamic modeling provides critical insights for identifying flood-prone zones and designing risk mitigation strategies. This study highlights the importance of evidence-based, proactive land-use planning to strengthen climate resilience and reduce flood vulnerability. As climate variability and human pressures persist, targeted interventions are crucial to safeguard lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure in vulnerable floodplain areas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdullahi Balarabe, E. O. Iguisi, Ibrahim Mukhtar, Z. R. Lawal, Abdulrazak Ahmed, Jibril Haruna Umar, Suleiman Adoga Salihu, Abdulhakim Wagini Hassan, Y. Haliru, M. H. Aliyu, Usama Salisu Khalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE SURVIVAL MODELS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B: A CASE STUDY AT THE FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, NGURU
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide, with a particularly high burden in Nigeria. Identifying prognostic factors and selecting the best-fitting survival model are critical for improving patient outcomes. A study of 150 patients with chronic HBV managed at Federal Medical Centre, Nguru, between 2019 and 2024 was analyzed. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards (CPH) model and four Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) models. Exponential, Weibull, Log-logistic, and Lognormal models were fitted and compared using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Covariates included age at diagnosis, gender, METAVIR fibrosis stage, baseline AST and ALT levels, viral load, comorbidities, and antiviral therapy. The Kaplan–Meier curve revealed a gradual decline in survival. Model selection criteria identified the Lognormal AFT model as the best fit (AIC = 71.52; BIC = 101.63), outperforming both the Cox model and other parametric models. Significant predictors of reduced survival included older age (TR = 0.99, p < 0.01), advanced fibrosis (TR = 0.24, p < 0.001), elevated AST and ALT levels (p < 0.05), and comorbidities (TR = 0.26, p < 0.001). Antiviral therapy was strongly protective, increasing survival time by more than fourfold (TR = 4.01, p < 0.001). The Lognormal AFT model provides the most reliable characterization of survival among chronic HBV patients. Early diagnosis, fibrosis staging, and timely initiation of antiviral therapy are essential for improving survival outcomes and reducing HBV-related mortality in Northern Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Bala Doma, Abubakar Muhammad Auwal, Nweze Obini Nwaze, Saleh Ibrahim Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUTRITIONAL ANALYSIS AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF READY-TO-USE THERAPEUTIC FOOD FORMULATED FROM LOCALLY SOURCED INGREDIENTS IN BORNO STATE, NIGERIA, COMPARED TO UNICEF STANDARDS
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, particularly in the northeastern region where child mortality rates are disproportionately high. Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) have proven effective in managing SAM; however, dependence on imported products limits access due to high costs and supply instability. This study formulated and evaluated two locally produced RUTFs (MSD-01 and MSD-02) using millet, soybean, groundnut, date palm, catfish, and peanut oil sourced from Borno State. Analyses were conducted following AOAC (2010) protocols for proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, fibre, fatty acids, and anti-nutritional factors, while sensory evaluation employed a five-point hedonic scale. Both formulations were energy-dense (565–572 kcal 100 g⁻¹), exceeding the UNICEF specification of 520–550 kcal 100 g⁻¹ by approximately 10%. Fat levels (39–41 g 100 g⁻¹) were elevated, suggesting potential protein–energy imbalance, while protein contents (10–11 g 100 g⁻¹) were critically below the 12.8–16.2 g 100 g⁻¹ therapeutic range. Micronutrient analysis revealed adequate vitamin A but severe deficiencies in vitamins C and E, niacin, zinc, iron, calcium, and magnesium. Crude fibre (≈ 2.4 g 100 g⁻¹) and fatty acid profiles were within acceptable limits. Anti-nutritional compounds such as phytates (< 10 mg 100 g⁻¹) and tannins (< 110 mg 100 g⁻¹) were below inhibitory thresholds. Sensory evaluation indicated moderate acceptability (mean scores ≈ 7/9), with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between formulations. The findings suggest that locally sourced RUTFs are feasible and culturally acceptable but require protein enrichment and micronutrient fortification to meet UNICEF/WHO standards.
Copyright (c) 2025 Frichan A.B Ali, Nyaze Sharon Muchelo, Sa'eedu Auwal Magaji, Prof. Gabriel O. Anyanwu, Prof. Godwin Ichekanu Adoga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF COMORBIDITY IN ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS OF POLYCARBONATE PLASTICS AND HYPERGLYCAEMIC AGENT IN MALE WISTAR RATS
Polycarbonate plastics, widely used in consumer products, contains bisphenol A (BPA), a compound with endocrine-disrupting properties. BPA exposure has been implicated in exacerbating metabolic disorders, including diabetes. Understanding its histological impact on diabetic patients is critical, as chronic exposure may amplify cellular damage. This study employs an animal model to investigate the effects of BPA on diabetic tissues, focusing on histological alterations. Thus, the aim of this research is to elucidate the potential risks of polycarbonate plastic exposure for diabetic individuals. A total number of Twenty male Wistar rats which average weight was 185g were used and randomly splitted into four groups with each group comprising of five rats. Group A served as the control group, Group B were induced with Bisphenol- A (100mg/kg), Group C were induced with STZ (100mg/kg) which served as diabetic group, Group D were induced with Bisphenol-A (100mg/kg) and STZ (100mg/kg) which served as diabetic and bisphenol group. Bisphenol administration was done orally and STZ administration done intraperitoneally. The findings of this study revealed the histological damage caused by bisphenol-A (BPA), highlighting the serious health risks it poses upon entering the body. Specifically, chronic BPA exposure in adult rats was shown to have observable adverse effects, including significant reproductive alterations that could potentially result in infertility. Additionally, BPA exposure led to a marked reduction in body weight and an increase in fasting blood glucose levels. Chronic exposure to bisphenol-A induces histological damage, reproductive alterations, body weight reduction, and elevated fasting blood glucose, posing significant health...
Copyright (c) 2025 Adebiyi Aderinola Adegoke, B. J. Dare, D. A. Adekomi, J. O. Fatoki, T. O. Ajadi, A. S. Ebiwonjumi, W. A. Ojo, A. A. Ajayi, A. O. Ajayi, T. A. Oni, O. G. Ojo, T. M. Odutola, L. G. Ogungbe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF GRAPE (CITRUS PARADISI) PEEL ON THE SHELF LIFE AND PACKAGING MATERIALS ON SMOKED CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIUPINUS)
The essential oil derived from grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) presents a viable alternative to synthetic preservatives in food products. A study was conducted over eight weeks to assess the antimicrobial properties of this essential oil, as well as its effectiveness when used with packaging materials, specifically regarding the shelf life of smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The results indicated that smoked fish coated with grapefruit peel essential oil began to show signs of spoilage after six weeks, whereas the uncoated fish exhibited spoilage after just four weeks. It was noted that the combination of grapefruit peel essential oil and ambient packaging provided the most significant protection against microbial decomposition of the fish. These findings suggest that grapefruit essential oil can effectively extend the shelf life of smoked catfish (Clarias gariepinus) when stored in ambient conditions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oladayo Peter Olaifa, Odunayo Seyi Ogundana, Babatunde Samson Ojo, Sakirat Romoke Hassan, Rabiu Oladayo Olatunbosun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ACCURATE BLOCK HYBRID METHODS FOR LARGE SCALE CHEMICAL KINETICSSIMULATIONS OF THE HIGH IRRADIANCE (HIRES) PROBLEM
This article presents two A(a), zero–stable, consistent and convergent methods for the numerical approximation of the High Irraddiance problem. The first method is a first derivative method while the second method is a second derivative block hybrid method for the numerical solution of initial problems most especially the High Irraddiance (HIRES) problem with origins from chemical kinetics. The first method is of order five with a small region of absolute stability, while the new second derivative method is of order nine with a large region of absolute stability as well as smaller error constants. The methods stems from the interpolation and collocation approach with un-equidistant give points. Sequel to using the methods in solving the HIRES problem which has no exact solution, we compared the performance of our second method with a method in a recent literature and the method outperformed it. This gave us the motivation in using the method to solve the problem under consideration
Copyright (c) 2025 Richard Olatokunbo Akinola, Shangkum Yildum Goji, Kyaharnan Victor Joshua, Amin Miracle Daze https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS SHAPING AFRICA’S CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
Africa faces disproportionate vulnerability to climate change, marked by increasing frequency and severity of droughts, floods, desertification, and coastal erosion. Despite being a negligible contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, Africa’s socio-economic vulnerability and climate-relevant economic sectors call for unique and urgent responses. This review synthesizes Africa-specific innovations in renewable energy, agriculture, and green infrastructure that support climate adaptation and mitigation. It explores a framework for categorizing innovations, including technological and financial innovations as well as institutional and policy innovations, that reflect significant shifts in the ways Africa can respond to the pressing challenge of climate change. Evidence shows decentralized solar systems and climate-smart agriculture improves resilience, while policy gaps and financing limitations hinder scale-up. Based on case studies from Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria, the paper identifies pathways for integrating technology, policy, and community practices to strengthen Africa’s climate response. The findings highlight the importance of innovation ecosystems, indigenous knowledge, and regional collaboration in driving sustainable and inclusive climate action. Policymakers, development partners, and local institutions are encouraged to prioritize the alignment of climate innovation with inclusive development goals. Greater investment in capacity building, cross-sectoral partnerships, and adaptive governance is essential to scale successful innovations. Furthermore, embedding climate innovation within national development plans, strengthening institutional coordination, and ensuring equitable access to climate technologies are critical for achieving long-term, sustainable, and socially just climate action across the continent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Solomon C. Onuchukwu, Innocent C. Nnorom, Okpechi C. Ndudim, Johnson C. Kalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ZAGGA SOILS A SEMI-ARID LANDSCAPE IN NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Soils of the Zagga District display strong variability in physical and morphological characteristics, which affect drainage, aeration, and agricultural productivity. Understanding these variations is critical for identifying constraints and recommending sustainable management practices. Soil profiles (ZG6–ZG13) were described morphologically and analyzed for particle size distribution, bulk density, particle density, porosity, gravimetric moisture content, and silt/clay ratio. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations were used to evaluate variability and interrelationships among properties. The soil composition was predominantly sand, with an average content of 59.5%, followed by silt at 18.1% and clay at 17.7%. Bulk density averaged 1.78 g cm⁻³, with over half of the profiles exceeding the 1.6 g cm⁻³ threshold for root restriction. Porosity averaged 23.7%, well below the 40–60% considered optimal. Morphological observations confirmed poor drainage in ZG6, ZG7, ZG9, ZG10, and ZG11, while ZG12 and ZG13 were better drained but limited by low water retention. The soils present contrasting limitations, with some profiles prone to waterlogging and others to drought. Site-specific management is essential, including drainage improvements in poorly drained soils and organic matter addition, mulching, and irrigation scheduling in sandy profiles, to enhance productivity and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Murtala Bawa Sharu, S. S. Noma, G. A. Abubakar, N. B. Eniolorunda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SPATIAL SPILLOVERS AND MACROECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCIES IN AFRICA: A COMPARATIVEANALYSIS OF SPATIAL PANEL ECONOMETRIC MODELS
This study employed spatial panel econometric techniques to analyze macroeconomic interdependencies across 49 African countries from 2010 to 2023, focusing on the role of trade balance (TB), foreign direct investment (FDI), interest rates (IR), exchange rates (EXR), and consumer price index (CPI) in influencing GDP. Traditional panel models often neglect spatial spillovers, leading to biased estimates; thus, we estimate spatial lag (SAR), spatial error (SEM), and combined SARAR models using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results of the analysis reveal that TB is the only consistently significant economic driver of GDP (coefficients ranging from 0.0571 to 7.0794, p < 0.01), while foreign direct investment, interest rate, exchange rate, and consumer price index show no significant effects. Spatial diagnostics confirm strong cross-country dependencies, with spatial autoregressive coefficients (0.58–1.29, p < 0.01) indicating positive spillovers and spatial error coefficients (ranging from -0.999 to 0.2569) capturing unobserved shock transmissions. Hausman tests (χ² = 3.53, p = 0.74) validate random effects specifications, suggesting unobserved regional heterogeneity is best modeled as uncorrelated with regressors. The findings underscore the necessity of spatial econometric approaches in macroeconomic analysis, particularly for policy formulations targeting trade-driven growth and regional economic integration in Africa. Policymakers should prioritize trade-enhancing strategies while accounting for spatial spillovers to maximize cross-border economic synergies.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. A. Musa, M. O. Adenomon, B. Maijama, M. U. Adehi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF RADIATION EXPOSURE OF SOME SELECTED URANIUM-ORE PITS WITHIN ZING, YORRO AND JALINGO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
This study’s aim at assessing radiological exposure from abandoned uranium pits in Taraba State. The exposure level was made with the aid of a survey meter model GQ-GMC-500+ while the coordinates and elevation of each mine site were determined by a GPS. The mean values of background exposure levels (0.2691μSv/h) at the excavation point, (0.2493μSv/h) at 500m away from the mine pits, they are higher than the recommended safe limits of 0.13μSv/h (ICRP,2003). Absorbed dose rates (2.691E-04ηGyh-1) lower compare to 84ηGyh-1(UNSCEAR,2000). The mean annual effective dose equivalent (3.30E-04mSvy-1) is within recommended permissible limits of 1.00 mSvy-1 for general public exposure. Lifetime cancer risk value of 1.91E-02 is above the permissible benchmark value of 0.29x10-3 (UNSCEAR, 2000). Findings indicate exposure levels are above international safety thresholds, suggesting maximum current radiological risk, though periodic monitoring is recommended to safeguard public health. Generally, the study shows that Taraba mining spots are radiologically contaminated due to excavation and illegal mining operation. However, the contamination has no immediate radiological health risk on the inhabitants, but there is possibility of long-term health burden in the future, such as cancer, due to public exposure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lawal S. Rasheed, U. Ibrahim, Samson D. Yusuf, Abdullahi A. Mundi, Mustapha M. Idris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF BANANA STALK BIOCHAR ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS
Banana stalk biochar is a low-cost soil amendment with potential to improve degraded soils, yet its effects across contrasting textures remain under-reported. This study evaluated the effects of banana stalk biochar on the physical (bulk density, total porosity, water-retention capacity) and chemical properties (pH, organic carbon, exchangeable bases, available P, exchangeable acidity, CEC) of sandy loam (SL) and sandy clay (SC) soils. A randomized design with three biochar rates (0%, 3%, 6% w/w) and three replicates per soil was run for four weeks; soils received 500 mL water every 48 h, and data were analysed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Biochar significantly reduced bulk density (Soil: p < 0.001; Biochar: p = 0.002; interaction ns), from 1.82 g cm⁻³ (SC-0%) to 1.48 g cm⁻³ (SL-6%). Total porosity increased markedly (all main effects and interaction p < 0.001; R² = 99.88%), peaking at 0.322 cm³ cm⁻³ (SL-6%) versus 0.154 cm³ cm⁻³ (SC-0%). Water-retention capacity also rose with biochar (Soil and Biochar p < 0.001; interaction ns), from 93.67 mL (SL-0%) to 127.00 mL (SC-6%) with a strong model fit (R² = 95.93%). Chemically, biochar increased pH, organic carbon, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, reduced exchangeable acidity, and raised CEC, with improvements more pronounced at 6% and generally stronger in SC than SL. Banana stalk biochar consistently enhanced soil structure and fertility across textures, indicating a practical pathway to improve water storage, nutrient retention, and physical quality in resource-constrained systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Badmus Tayo, Oluwadamilare Oluwasegun Eludire, Glory Nyong Udoh, Ridwan Aderounmu, Saheed A Olaoye, Ayodele Ebenezer Ajayi, Oluwaseun Temitope Faloye, Idowu Bamidele Famuwagun, Paschal Ateb Ubi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0