The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed publication of original research papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications in all aspects in the fields of science and technology such as Chemistry, Earth and atmospheric sciences, Biology in general, Agriculture, Biochemistry, Botany, Microbiology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, Materials Science, Mechanics, Mathematics, Statistics, Nutrition and Food Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Polymer and Textile Sciences, Process Modeling and Computational Analysis, Renewable Energy and waste to resource processes.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
MINERALS, VITAMINS, AND ANTINUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF MAIZE OGI ENRICHED WITH AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) SOY FLOURS (Glycine max) AND THEIR PROTEIN ISOLATES
Ogi is a traditional fermented cereal gruel produced from cereals. Its nutritional qualities were improved with enrichment with flours and protein isolates from African yam bean and soy bean, while antinutritional factors decreased. Material balance was used in formulation to attain 16% protein dry weight. Sample B contained 53.40% maize ogi and 46.60% African yam bean flour; Sample C contained 76.40% maize ogi and 23.40% soy flour; Sample D contained 89.40% maize ogi and 10.60% African yam bean protein isolate; and Sample E contained 90.20% maize ogi and 9.80% soy protein isolate. Standard laboratory procedures were used for all analyses. Enrichment significantly altered results (p≤0.05). Mineral and vitamin contents of maize ogi increased significantly following enrichment. Calcium rose from 56.03 mg/100g in Sample A to 170.95 mg/100g in Sample C. Phosphorus increased from 154.76 to 271.74 mg/100g. Sodium rose from 8.00 to 44.26 mg/100g, and potassium from 178.20 to 449.74 mg/100g. Thiamine levels increased from 0.51 to 0.96 mg/100g. Riboflavin rose from 0.27 to 0.57 mg/100g, and niacin from 1.97 to 2.70 mg/100g.Antinutritional factors also showed significant differences (p≤0.05). Phytate increased from 2.57 to 9.48 mg/100g, oxalate from 0.22 to 5.05 mg/100g in Sample B, tannins from 0.34 to 7.57 mg/100g, and trypsin inhibitor activity from 0.46 to 10.59 mg/100g. Protein isolate samples D and E recorded lower antinutritional values. Overall, addition of African yam bean, soy flours, and their protein isolates to maize ogi reduced antinutritional contents to tolerable levels while increased mineral and vitamin contents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paul, O. Ochelle, K. Atanda Sogunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF SOAKING PRETREATMENT AND CITRIC ACID LINTNERIZATION ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF RED GUINEA CORN STARCH
This study investigated the influence of pretreatment and citric acid lintnerization on the physicochemical and functional properties of Red Guinea corn starch. Cereal grains were soaked at room temperature for varied durations (0 h, 24 h and 48 h) before starch isolation, after which the starch was subjected to citric acid lintnerization at different concentrations (1 M, 3 M and 5 M). The effects of soaking time were evident in the subsequent esterification process, with prolonged soaking enhancing solubility (% S) and Paste clarity (%PC) while reducing swelling power (SP) and water holding capacity (WHC). SP decreased from 10.89 ±1.13 g/g in unsoaked crude starch (U‑CS) to 5.33 ±0.35 g/g in 5 M lintnerized starch subjected to 48 hours soaking (S48‑M5). Solubility increased with increase in citric acid concentration, reaching 32.00±11.1% in S48‑M5 compared to 8.00±0.0% in unsoaked crude starch (U‑Cs). Similarly, paste clarity increased with prolonged lintnerization, from 23±0.00% in U‑CS to 59±0.00% in S48‑M5. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of a new peak at 1718 cm-1, which is attributed to the presence of C=O carbonyl stretches of ester. Also, there is a sharp peak at 1541 cm-1 which is attributed to C-O-C stretch of ester. Which were absent in the spectra structure of the crude starches. The degree of substitution increases (from 0.5427±0.00 to 0.7817±0.00) with increase in citric acid concentration. These findings demonstrate that soaking pretreatment alters starch granule accessibility and reactivity, thereby intensifying the effects of citric acid lintnerization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Temiloluwa O. Amusan, Jonathan M. Nwaedozie, Muhammad D. Faruruwa, Patricia E. Umoru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DYNAMIC LEARNER PROFILING AND ENGAGEMENT-DRIVEN ADAPTATION USING LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS
Dynamic learner profiling has become a critical component in adaptive learning systems, particularly with the emergence of large language models (LLMs) capable of processing complex natural language interactions. This paper presents a framework for engagement-driven adaptation using GPT-based large language models, behavioural analytics, and reinforcement learning to continuously update learner profiles in real time. The study adopted a design science and experimental research approach in developing a multi-dimensional learner profiling system that models cognitive, affective, behavioural, and metacognitive learner states. A Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) was integrated to optimise instructional adaptation strategies, while retrieval-augmented generation improved contextual response generation. Experimental evaluation was conducted using public educational datasets and a proprietary tutoring interaction corpus containing over 1.8 million interaction records. The proposed framework was compared with static rule-based systems, vanilla GPT models, and profiling systems without reinforcement learning. Results showed significant improvements in profiling accuracy (overall F1-score of 0.86), learner engagement (65% deep engagement rate), knowledge retention (84%), and learning efficiency (1.5× improvement) compared with baseline systems. The findings demonstrate the potential of large language models and reinforcement learning to support highly personalised and adaptive educational systems capable of improving learner engagement, retention, and overall learning outcomes.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 Damilare S. Akinwunmi, Afolashade Kuyoro, Uchenna Nzenwata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF AQUEOUS AND METHANOL EXTRACTS OF LEAF AND ROOT BARK OF Gardenia ternifolia (SCHUMACK AND THONNS)
Gardenia ternifolia is a shrub of the Rubiaceae family that is harvested in the wild for protection against evil spirit as it is believed that the plant has protective charm property. The study aim to determine the phytochemicals constituents and mineral compositions of aqueous and methanol extracts of the leaf and root bark of G. ternifolia. The leaves and root of Gardenia ternifolia were obtained from the wild in Akpegede in Otukpo Local Government Area of Benue State. The sample was rinsed and air dried in a shade, then pulverized. Extracts from the plant parts were gotten using water and methanol solvent. Thereafter, qualitative phytochemicals and minerals constituents was screened. The phytochemicals present in both aqueous and methanol extracts include carbohydrates, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, saponins, triterpenes and cardiac glycosides in different proportions. While, the minerals found include iron, copper, zinc, nickel, lead and cobalt.
Copyright (c) 2026 Comfort Anyalewa Onyilokwu, Brian Godwin Onwumere, Victoria Moltong Yilwa Dan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF GENDER-BASED TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY IN DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE
Transport accessibility is inadequate in the medium sized city of Dutse, Nigeria. This paper is the second in the series of papers that analyses traveller experience and understanding in Dutse from a gender perspective. Therefore, this study intends to know the transport accessibility knowledge of the genders in Dutse city based on their travels within the city. 400 questionnaires were administered across the 5 wards of Dutse city using random sampling. The findings shows that while there are similarities between the male transport accessibility challenges and the female there are still distinctions between the genders. Therefore, these distinctions are what is needed for transport planners in Dutse to understand to provide a transport system that is accessible for all genders. Recommendations for periodic quantitative and qualitative data collection and gender-disaggregated analysis, improving physical accessibility and affordability, first and last-mile connectivity, subsidized transport fare schemes for frequent trips to key destinations were proffered.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tukur Mohammed Ahijo, Bate Garba Barde, Ijanu Emmanuel Madu, Nura Umar Kura, Nasiru Mustapha Abba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TREE SPECIES DIVERSITY AND SOIL MACROFAUNA IN RELATION TO SOIL PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN FOREST RESERVE AND DISTURBED SITE OF MALADUMBA, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Human disturbance is one of the major threats to Maladumba Forest Reserve. Assessing tree species and macro soil fauna diversity associated with soil properties in protected and disturbed sites can inform sustainable management for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem functions in tropical forest. Woody plants with a diameter at breast height of ≥10 cm were identified, recorded; the tree basal area were calculated. Soil samples were collected using a soil auger at 1-15 cm depth during the peak rainy season in 2024 for examined physical and chemical properties. Soil macro fauna was identified, counted and recorded based on morphological characteristics. Shannon Diversity Index was used to calculate the Soil Macro fauna while T. Test was employed to compare soil properties between sites, and correlation analysis to determine relationships between the soil properties and tree species distribution and soil macro fauna diversity. A total of 53 individuals (13 families) and 12 individuals (12 families) tree species were recorded from the protected and disturbed sites respectively. Tree diversity was higher in the protected area (3.93) compared to the disturbed site (1.63), with the highest tree distribution (41.51%) found in the 81cm and above. Soil macrofauna counts were 282 (11 families) in the protected and 202 (11 families) in the disturbed sites while Soil macrofauna diversity was 2.60 and 1.32 respectively. Soil pH and aluminum showed significance across sites, while the dominant soil type in both are sandy loam. Protected sites showed higher tree diversity and soil macrofauna diversity compared to disturbed sites.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Sani, Salami D. Kaseem, Suleiman I. Muhammed, Mahmud Mohammad, Jabiru Mamman, Shehu Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF ORGANISATION TYPE ON FUNCTIONAL COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT AMONG ARCHITECTURAL INTERNS IN SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA
Internship in architectural education serves as a window for exposure to the world of professional practice. However, there is a dearth of empirical knowledge on how placement across diverse organisations with varying tasks shapes architectural competency exposure, particularly in a largely unstructured placement system like Nigeria’s. The study examined the influence of organisation type on functional competency development among architectural interns in Southwest Nigeria. A survey of 263 final-year students (2025 cohort) from nine accredited institutions was conducted using structured questionnaires. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that competency development is unevenly distributed and closely aligned with operational focus, with moderate exposure range observed across all five organisation types. Construction companies demonstrate the highest overall competency exposure (REI = 0.598), particularly in construction technology and management domains. Architectural firms provide relatively high exposure in design-related competencies, while government agencies show comparatively stronger contributions to practice management knowledge. In contrast, real estate and interior design firms exhibit narrower competency profiles with lower overall exposure. ANOVA results confirm that differences in competency exposure across organisation types are statistically significant (p = 0.002). Post-hoc comparisons show that interns in construction companies have significantly higher functional competency exposure than those in real estate, interior design firms, and government agencies, while no statistically significant difference was observed compared to architectural firms. Structured competency-based internship frameworks and improved collaboration between academic institutions and industry are recommended to ensure balanced and comprehensive competency acquisition among architectural interns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Martins Ndashiru, Anifowose Michael Oladele Atolagbe, Oluronke Omolola Odunjo, Ayangbemi Segun Ayankola, Ridwanullahi Abiodun Akewusola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BREEDING HABITATS AND INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF Anopheles gambiae AND Culex Quinquefasciatus IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
Urban mosquito breeding habitats and insecticide resistance pose major public health challenges in Nigeria. This study characterised larval habitats and insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus in Ilorin. Larvae were collected from ten sites during the 2011 rainy season, and habitats were profiled by water physicochemical properties (temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids, heavy metals) and vegetation. Adult susceptibility was tested against five WHO-recommended insecticides. An. gambiae predominated in sunlit, turbid, polluted waters with submerged vegetation; Cx. quinquefasciatus occurred in both sunlit and shaded habitats. Propoxur gave the highest mortality: 80.3% in An. gambiae and 94.1% in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Primiphos methyl was least effective, killing only 4.9% of An. gambiae. Pyrethroids showed moderate efficacy (60–75%). Principal component analysis revealed strong correlations of iron and manganese with polluted sites, indicating heavy metal contamination. These pre-long-lasting insecticidal net baseline data expose alarming resistance to DDT and organophosphates and underline the urgent need for integrated vector management, insecticide rotation, larval habitat modification, and continuous resistance monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 James Adelaja Olukayode, Awodoyin Tosin, Palegh Aker, Emmanuel Abiola Ayoola, Ore Hassanat, Taiwo Ande Adeolu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF ACCIDENTS ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF A MINING COMPANY
Industrial accidents constitute a persistent impediment to sustainable mining, systematically disrupting the interconnected economic, social, and environmental dimensions of mining operations. Despite considerable scholarship addressing mine safety and sustainable development independently, the relationship between these domains remains insufficiently theorized, with existing literature offering only fragmented perspectives on how accident dynamics shape long-term sustainability performance at the organizational level. This study addresses that gap through a systematic qualitative review of peer-reviewed academic literature, institutional reports, and case-based empirical sources encompassing mining accidents, safety culture, emergency response, and sustainable development frameworks. Employing thematic analysis, the paper synthesizes current knowledge on the principal determinants of mining accidents and examines the mechanisms through which such accidents affect each pillar of sustainability. The review demonstrates that accident consequences are fundamentally systemic: deficiencies in safety management precipitate operational disruption and financial losses, erode worker well-being and community trust, and exacerbate long-term environmental risk. The study contributes theoretically by integrating accident causation frameworks with sustainability outcomes within a unified analytical perspective, establishing that accident prevention must be reconceptualized not merely as an operational function but as a strategic precondition for sustainable mining practice. The findings indicate that effective safety culture, preventive maintenance, workforce training, emergency preparedness, and organizational learning are critical determinants of risk reduction and long-term resilience. Overall, the realization of sustainable mining is contingent upon the systematic embedding of accident prevention within broader corporate management and sustainability governance frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norenov Uktam, Drebenstedt Carsten https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF PH ON THE SOLUBILITY OF EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
The solubility behaviour of explosive materials plays a pivotal role in determining their environmental mobility, persistence, and safe handling. This study investigates the influence of pH on the solubility of representative explosive compounds, including nitroaromatics, nitramines, nitrate esters, and inorganic oxidizers. Experimental observations indicate that pH significantly affects solubility through ionization, hydrolysis and molecular stability mechanisms. Nitroaromatic compounds exhibit increased solubility under alkaline conditions, while nitrate esters undergo pH-dependent hydrolysis. Nitramines show limited sensitivity to pH variations, whereas inorganic oxidizers remain highly soluble across all conditions. These findings have important implications for environmental risk assessment, remediation strategies, and storage protocols.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Azubuike Nmeka, Aderonke Peace Ejenavi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MEASURING NIGERIA DATA PROTECTION ACT (NDPA) 2023 COMPLIANCE IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES: A GENERAL COMPLIANCE INDEX AND EVIDENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL DECOUPLING
Nigerian universities are amidst the most data-intensive actors in the public sector, yet no structured measurement exists of how the higher education sector performs with respect to Nigeria Data Protection Act (NDPA) 2023. This study addresses the gap by applying the concept of General Compliance Index (GCI) spanning 13 NDPA-defined domains to measure NDPA 2023 compliance in Nigerian Universities. Stratified purposive sampling across 24 universities in northern and southern Nigeria yielded 159 valid responses; GCI scores revealed compliance levels, inter-institutional differences, and decoupling. The mean GCI of 35.79% (SD = 13.56%) positions the higher education sector in the awareness maturity band. At this level, universities recognize regulatory requirements but have not taken that recognition into daily operational practice. Only 1.7% of the 298 accredited universities filed the mandatory 2024 compliance returns with the Nigeria Data Protection Commission (NDPC). A decoupling gap of 50.9 percentage points separates privacy policy adoption (74.2%) from Data Protection Officer (DPO) appointment (23.3%), pointing to a deep structural disconnect between symbolic conformity and genuine governance investment. GCI scores differed significantly by university type (Kruskal–Wallis H(2) = 7.719, p = .021) and geopolitical region (Mann–Whitney U = 2287.5, p = .009). Role-based analysis further showed that awareness of the DPO requirement is heavily concentrated by job function (χ² = 29.314, p < .001, Cramér’s V = 0.429). Findings are interpreted through Meyer and Rowan’s institutional decoupling framework, with direct implications for the NDPC, the National Universities Commission (NUC), and university data governance practitioners.
Copyright (c) 2026 Opeyemi Shokunbi, Prof. Michael Agbaje, Dr. Emmanuel C. OGU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION, HEALTH SYSTEM SUPPORT AND QUALITY OF REHABILITATION SERVICES FOR ADOLESCENTS WITH HANDICAPS IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
Adolescents with handicaps require effective rehabilitation services to improve their physical, psychological, and social functioning. However, inadequate community participation and weak health system support continue to affect the quality of rehabilitation services in many low- and middle-income countries. This study assessed the role of community participation, health system support, and quality of rehabilitation services for adolescents with handicaps in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted involving 200 caregivers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at p < 0.05 significance level. Findings revealed that 73.5% of respondents reported inadequate community awareness programs, while 71.0% identified poor health system funding as a major challenge. In addition, 69.0% reported shortage of rehabilitation professionals and 74.5% indicated that quality rehabilitation services were limited by inadequate equipment and infrastructure. A significant association was found between community participation and utilization of rehabilitation services (χ² = 16.48, p = 0.002). The study concluded that effective community involvement and improved health system support are essential for enhancing the quality and utilization of rehabilitation services for adolescents with handicaps. Strengthening community-based rehabilitation programs, increasing government funding, and improving rehabilitation infrastructure were recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamza Garba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ISOLATION AND EVALUATION OF INDIGENOUS FUNGAL SPECIES FOR BIOSORPTION OF CADMIUM (Cd) FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL
Heavy metal contamination, particularly by cadmium, poses a significant environmental and public health challenge due to its toxicity, persistence, and bioaccumulative nature in soil and water systems. Conventional remediation methods are often expensive and environmentally disruptive, thereby increasing interest in sustainable biological approaches such as fungal bioremediation. This study investigated the isolation, cadmium tolerance, and biosorption potential of indigenous fungal species for the remediation of cadmium-contaminated environments. Soil samples were collected from a contaminated site and subjected to fungal isolation using standard microbiological techniques. Morphological and microscopic characterization identified five fungal species, namely Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp., and Rhizopus spp., indicating a diverse fungal community adapted to polluted soils. The tolerance of the isolates to cadmium was evaluated using the poisoned food technique at a concentration of 100 ppm cadmium. All isolates exhibited growth in cadmium-amended media, although radial growth was reduced relative to the control. Among the isolates, Trichoderma spp. demonstrated the highest tolerance with the lowest percentage growth inhibition. Biosorption studies conducted in liquid culture further revealed that all tested fungi were capable of removing cadmium from solution with varying efficiencies. Trichoderma spp. recorded the highest cadmium removal efficiency (72%), followed by Aspergillus niger (66%), while Penicillium spp. exhibited the lowest removal efficiency (59%). The findings demonstrate the significant potential of indigenous fungal species, particularly Trichoderma spp., as cost-effective and eco-friendly agents for the bioremediation of cadmium-contaminated environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar Aliyu Abdullahi, Suleiman Musa, Hamza Garba, Sani Ahmad, Sani Shuaibu Kafin Hausa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A DECENTRALIZED CERTIFICATE VERIFICATION SYSTEM LEVERAGING BLOCKCHAIN AND NON-FUNGIBLE TOKENS
Academic certificate verification in many institutions is still carried out using centralized and manual systems, which are prone to forgery, data manipulation, high administrative costs, and delays in verification. These challenges reduce the reliability and efficiency of credential validation. This research work focuses on the development of a Decentralized Certificate Verification System (DCVS) that improves security, transparency, and trust in academic credential verification. The proposed system uses blockchain technology to represent academic certificates as Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) based on the ERC-721 standard deployed on the Polygon blockchain. Certificate documents and metadata are stored off-chain using the Interplanetary File System (IPFS), while cryptographic references are recorded on the blockchain to ensure data integrity and prevent tampering. The system adopts Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) principles, allowing students to own and share their credentials while enabling employers and institutions to verify certificates without relying on a central authority. Evaluation of the system on the Polygon test network showed a reliable result with a minting confirmation time of 3.2 seconds, less than the 10-second standard benchmark, verification latency of 0.8 seconds, less than the 2-second benchmark, and a transaction cost of 0.00021 MATIC, less than the 0.01 MATIC standard cost. The study demonstrates that blockchain-based solutions can effectively address the challenges of traditional academic certificate verification systems.
Blockchain Technology, NFT, Web3, Certificate Verification
Copyright (c) 2026 Tivlumun Ge, Joel Aondofa Udoji, Isaac Terngu Adom https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SAMPLE SURVEY ON THE USE OF CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS IN AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA
The use of contraceptive drugs is a vital component of reproductive health, especially among young women who are at a stage in life where they must make important decisions about their bodies, education, and future. Understanding the awareness, attitudes, and usage patterns of contraceptive drugs among this population is important because students in higher education often face increased exposure to new ideas, peer influences, and social pressures. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted, and data was collected through structured self-administered questionnaires distributed to 116 female students across different faculties. Chi-square (χ²) tests was employed to examine associations between socio-demographic factors and contraceptive use. The results revealed that awareness of contraceptives was high (90.5%), but only 37.1% had ever used them and just 9.5% were current users. Prevention of pregnancy (53.5%) was the main reason for use, while fear of side effects (35%) and cultural/religious concerns (24%) were the primary reasons for non-use. Attitudinal responses showed that while most students acknowledged the role of contraceptives in preventing unwanted pregnancies (73.2%), a considerable number still associated them with immorality. Chi-square analysis further showed that marital status (p = 0.001) and awareness (p = 0.019) were significantly associated with contraceptive use, while age and academic level were not. The study concludes that although knowledge and awareness are widespread, actual usage remains low due to stigma, and cultural influences. It recommends intensifying reproductive health education, peer sensitization, and confidential access to contraceptives to bridge the gap between awareness and practice among female students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aminu Suleiman Mohammed, Abdulrazaq Suleiman, Jamila Abdullahi, Isah Aliyu Kargi, Handan T. Elisha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AUTOMATIC SOLAR-POWERED STREETLIGHT SYSTEM FOR A UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
Streetlight system is an important feature in modern development to address the problem of night-time insecurity. The existing streetlight system, which uses incandescent bulbs to address this problem, has resulted in energy wastage. This work developed and implemented a solar-powered automatic street light system at Landmark University Omu-Aran campus, intending to optimize energy consumption, while providing enough illumination. The system incorporates; a light sensor, Arduino microcontroller, motion detection and Light Emitting Diode (LED) units for intelligent operation and optimal energy utilization. The system's electric circuitry was designed using PROTEUS software. Arduino IDE was used to develop a code to help the Arduino microcontroller module interact with the system by controlling the motion and ambient light sensors. Motion sensors were employed with Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors to detect human presence, enabling the system to adjust lighting levels dynamically based on real-time traffic and pedestrian movements, enhancing safety and security. The system utilizes solar photovoltaic panels to harvest renewable energy from the sun, making it environmentally sustainable and cost-effective. Also, Light Detecting Resistor (LDR) light sensors were used to facilitate automatically adjusting illumination levels according to environmental conditions, ensuring optimal visibility while conserving energy during nighttime. However, the developed streetlight prototype was implemented and tested in the Landmark University Omu-Aran campus to determine its optimal energy efficiency over High-Pressure Sodium (HPS) and LED-based streetlight systems. The result shows that the developed solar-powered automatic street light reduced power usage by providing an optimal energy-saving option.
Copyright (c) 2026 Folashade Olamide Ariba, Bankole Adebanji, Ayooluwatomiwa Enoch Ajayeoba, Emmanuel Oluwatomiwa Adenihun, Olumide Paul Adekeye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CLIMATE VULNERABILITY OF A NIGERIAN TROPICAL DAM: BIOASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY USING MACROINVERTEBRATES IN MICHIKA, ADAMAWA STATE
Rising environmental pollution from anthropogenic activities poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems in Nigeria. Heavy metals persist in water and sediments, bioaccumulate, and enter food chains, while benthic macroinvertebrates serve as effective bioindicators for assessing long-term water quality. This study evaluated the climate vulnerability of the Michika mini-dam in Adamawa State by analyzing physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and macroinvertebrate community structure. Water and sediment samples were collected biweekly over six months from three stations. Physicochemical parameters were measured using standard methods, and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu) were analyzed via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen grab, preserved in formalin, and identified to species level. Results showed mean dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (5.51-6.31 mg/L) below FMEnv guidelines, while biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) levels (2.17-3.27 mg/L) exceeded acceptable limits, indicating organic pollution. Heavy metals in water were detected at levels such as Cd (0.01–0.04 mg/L), Pb (0.02–0.06 mg/L), and Fe (0.68-1.53 mg/L), particularly at Station 3, which was the most contaminated. Sediments contained higher concentrations of metals. A total of 462 macroinvertebrate individuals across 17 taxa were identified, with Diptera (Chironomidae) being the most abundant. Despite the metal contamination, biotic indices rated water quality as good to excellent, highlighting the dam's moderate pollution stress and the importance of integrated bioassessment for tropical dam management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Apagu Abasiryu, Emmanuel I. Hasan, Bamaiyi Chaka, Mshelia B. Mbilari, Musa Mohammed, Ngati Filibus, Maryam Ishaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DETERMINANTS OF SAVINGS AND INVESTMENT AMONG COCOA FARMERS IN BOKI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the determinants of savings and investment among cocoa farmers in Boki Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study identified the different forms of saving and investment, examined the socio-economic factors influencing savings, analysed the determinants of investment and identified the constraints affecting savings and investment decisions of cocoa farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 120 cocoa farmers and primary data was obtained through structured questionnaire. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that 70% of respondents were male, 70.8% married, and 49.2% within the economically active age group (40–59 years), reflecting a labour-intensive, experience-driven production system. About 68.3% used formal financial institutions for savings, while 62.5% invested in land and real estate due to perceived security and long-term value. Regression results indicated that income (p < 0.01), farm size (p < 0.05), and farming experience (p < 0.05) significantly influenced savings, while age, marital status, farming experience, and income significantly influenced investment decisions. These patterns reflect income capacity and life-cycle dynamics. However, price volatility, high input costs, and poor infrastructure constrained financial accumulation. The study concludes that savings and investment among cocoa farmers are primarily income-driven but structurally constrained. It recommends strengthening rural financial systems, stabilizing agricultural incomes, and improving infrastructure to enhance farmers’ capacity for sustainable investment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Balthiya Alfred Fakuta, Uket Ikpi Ofem, Eucharia Agom Ajah, Susana Ben Ohen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATION OF MINERAL DEPOSIT SUSING AEROMAGNETIC DATA IN PART OF NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA
Karu and its surroundings are located in North Central Nigeria, within the middle belt of the Benue trough. This study analyzes high-resolution aeromagnetic data to provide insights into magnetic sources, structures, and potential mineralization zones in the area. The Total Magnetic Intensity data was examined using both qualitative and quantitative techniques, including reduced to equator, residual regional separation, First Vertical Derivative, Horizontal Derivative, Analytical Signal, and Source Parameter Imaging (SPI).Findings from the First Vertical Derivative and Analytical Signal maps indicate various structures with pronounced NE-SW trends, attributed to mega faults near Udeni, NE Brumburum, and NW Gofa. These areas display high structural intensity within sedimentary formations (sandstone, shale) and deep SPI depths, suggesting potential for base metals like lead and zinc, along with iron oxides.Depth estimations through SPI reveal that deep magnetic sources range from -46.352 to 90.252 nT, while shallow sources vary from -59.883 to 89.580 nT. The band pass analysis and integrated data from source parameter imaging and structural density delineate litho-structural controls on mineralization.High-priority zones identified include Uke, Gudi, Magayaikai, Keffi, Akwanga, Nasarawa, Garaku, and Bagaji, with Uke showing significant structural intensity, shallow SPI depths (~85.432 m), and notable geophysical anomalies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Augustine Nnabuike Ugwu, Samuel Olatunji Ayanninnuola, Chigozie Stella Okenu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENT ON SOIL COMPACTION UNDER OPEN GRAZING SYSTEM
The system of open grazing common in Northern Nigeria, leaves traces of soil compaction along the route of grazing. This trampling by livestock compact agricultural soil which leads to degradation. This research investigated the effectiveness of organic amendments in mitigating soil compaction under open grazing conditions in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. A split-plot experiment compared compost, farmyard manure, and a control over six months (at zero month, after three months, and after six months). Results obtained showed that organic amendments significantly reduced bulk density (1.87–1.57 g cm⁻³) and penetration resistance (0.41–0.35 MPa), while increasing porosity (29.31%–40.63%), aggregate stability (39.45%–68.85%), and soil moisture retention (3.97–6.40%). Compost consistently produced the greatest improvements, with optimal effects observed after six months. Structural properties such as bulk density, porosity, and aggregate stability exhibited strong interaction effects between amendment type and observation time, indicating progressive soil improvement due to organic matter decomposition. The findings of the research demonstrate that organic amendments, particularly compost, enhance soil resilience to trampling by improving its physical structure and hydraulic properties. This highlights the incorporation of amendment potential as sustainable management strategies for restoring soil quality and productivity in lands under open grazing system.
Observation time, Soil compaction, Bulk density, Penetration resistance and Porosity
Copyright (c) 2026 Habeeb Adekunle Adigun, Ahmad Lawal, Muzzamil Aliyu, Abdulrahman Umar Sheu, Danjuma Noma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DYNAMICS OF SUTTERBY NANOFLUID FLOW PAST A LINEARLY STRETCHING SHEET WITH SORET AND DUFOUR EFFECTS IN THE PRESENCE OF HOMOGENEOUS–HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS
This paper investigates the effect of Dufour and Soret in the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction on the Sutterby nanofluid model over a stretching sheet. The problem of heat and mass transfer behavior of sutter by nanofluid a non-Newtonian fluid model represents dilute polymer solution which previously has not been treated together. The boundary layer partial differential equations are converted using appropriate transformations into ordinary differential equations. The homotopy analysis technique is used to solve nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The effects of various relevant parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are graphically discussed. The behavior of the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are also investigated.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamisu Usman Auwalu, Muhammad Auwal Danjuma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION, BIOACCUMULATION AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF RICE CULTIVATED IN IDAH, KOGI STATE
This study evaluated the distribution, bioaccumulation, and health risks of heavy metals in soil, water, and different parts of rice plants (roots, stems, and grains) cultivated in the floodplain of River Niger in Idah, Kogi State. Soil, water, and plant samples were collected and analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) using standard analytical procedures. Soil physicochemical properties were also determined, and statistical and risk assessment models were applied. Results showed that mean metal concentrations in soil followed the order Cr (22.7 mg/kg) > Pb (18.3 mg/kg) > Cd (0.83 mg/kg), indicating moderate contamination. Water samples contained lower concentrations, while rice grains accumulated detectable levels of Pb (4.45 mg/kg) and Cd (0.35 mg/kg). Significant variation (p < 0.05) in metal distribution across plant parts was observed, with accumulation highest in roots and lowest in grains. Bioaccumulation analysis revealed Cd as a strong accumulator (BAF = 1.08), while translocation factors indicated moderate movement of metals within the plant system. Health risk assessment indicated that individual Target Hazard Quotients were below 1; however, the cumulative Hazard Index exceeded unity, suggesting potential health risks from combined exposure. Cancer risk values for Cd and As (~10⁻³) exceeded acceptable limits. The findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring and improved agricultural practices to minimize heavy metal contamination and ensure food safety.
Copyright (c) 2026 Veronica Amina Owoleke, Gloria Taiye Olubiyo, Haruna Mohammed Isah, Oluwafemi Stephen Owoleke, Ojo Isah John https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATION OF THE LATERAL EXTENT OF A COAL SEAM USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING AT MOLKO VILLAGE, GONGOLA BASIN NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA
Subsurface uncertainty in the Gombe Formation, particularly within the Gongola Sub-basin of the Upper Benue Trough, presents significant challenges for coal exploration due to the formation's complex and heterogeneous nature. The Gombe Formation consists of a rapidly changing sequence of sandstones, shales, mudstones, and coal seams. Two-dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity imaging was conducted to detect and delineate the lateral extent of the coal seam, utilizing a dipole-dipole array. This protocol was chosen because of its high sensitivity to resistivity variations beneath the electrodes in each dipole pair. The ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000 was used for data acquisition, while Res2Dinv software was employed for data processing. Additionally, a borehole (BH) was used in this study to integrate the results and produce a clearer interpretation. Measurements were successfully conducted across five profiles using 21 electrodes. Profile one covered a distance of 525 m; profile two, 315 m; profile three, 420 m; profile four, 315 m; and profile five, 315 m, with an inter-electrode spacing of 5 m. The 2D electrical resistivity pseudosection model revealed resistivity values associated with coal ranging from 400 Ω·m to 1000 Ω·m at depths of approximately 20 m to 25 m, with an average thickness of 2 m to 4 m. The coal seam extends laterally over a distance of 252 m, with the deposit being more prominent in the eastern part of the study area. The resistivity variations observed in this study align well with findings from previous research on coal resistivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Garba Buhari, Aminu L. Ahmed, Raimi Jimoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PLASTICIZATION EFFECTS OF ETHALINE DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT VERSUS GLYCEROL ON THERMOPLASTIC STARCH FILMS FROM CASSAVA PEELS
The plasticization efficiency evaluation of deep eutectic solvent (DES), based on choline chloride (CC) and ethylene glycol has been performed on the extracted starch from cassava peels as compared to the conventional plasticizer glycerol in the production of thermoplastic starch (TPS) (bioplastic films). In this work, Deep eutectic solvents (Ethaline) was evaluated as plasticizer and it’s plasticization effect was compared with glycerol at varying concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt%). The mechanical testing portrayed that Ethaline plasticized thermoplastic starch (TPS) exhibited higher tensile strength of 3.9 MPa at low concentrations (15 wt%) compared to glycerol 3.1 MPa, while maintaining acceptable elongation. At higher concentration (>20 wt%), Ethaline enhanced flexibility but reduced tensile strength similar to glycerol. Water absorption studies revealed that Ethaline plasticized-TPSs absorbed less moisture than glycerol counterpart, suggesting improved barrier properties. Overall, Ethaline has a good potential of plasticization and inhibits the migration of plasticizer from the polymer matrix, compare to conventional ones like glycerol, as it improves the performance of bioplastic films (TPSs) in both mechanical and barrier properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qasim Musa, Kolawole Bello Tajudeen, Abubakar Muhammad Jaju, Opauda Ameh Alewo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper investigates the effect of Dufour and Soret in the presence of homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction on the Sutterby nanofluid model over a stretching sheet. The problem of heat and mass transfer behavior of sutterby nanofluid a non-Newtonian fluid model represents dilute polymer solution which previously has not been treated together. The boundary layer partial differential equations are converted using appropriate transformations into ordinary differential equations. The homotopy analysis technique is used to solve nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The effects of various relevant parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are graphically discussed. The behavior of the skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are also investigated.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danjuma Muhammad Auwal, Auwalu Hamisu Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING RANSOMWARE CLASSIFICATION USING LIGHT WEIGHT MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM AND ENSEMBLE METHODS
The increasing sophistication and frequency of ransomware attacks pose significant challenges to cybersecurity, particularly in resource-constrained environments where computational efficiency is essential. Traditional detection models often struggle to maintain high accuracy while minimizing false positives and computational overhead, limiting their practical deployment in real-time systems. Addressing this challenge, this research aims to develop a lightweight, efficient, and adaptive machine learning framework that enhances ransomware classification by integrating ensemble learning with advanced feature selection techniques. The study’s objectives include designing a soft voting ensemble model that combines multiple high-performing classifiers to improve accuracy and reduce misclassification rates, applying Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) to systematically identify and retain the most relevant features for improved efficiency and reduced overfitting, and employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to compress the feature space into a set of uncorrelated components while preserving critical detection information. The proposed framework was trained and tested on the “Ransomware-All” subset of the CIC-AndMal2017 dataset containing 348,943 samples with 84 features, and its performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score as metrics. Results show that the soft voting ensemble achieved an accuracy of 99.10%, with both precision and recall at 0.989, outperforming all individual classifiers while significantly lowering false positive and false negative rates. These outcomes demonstrate that the integration of lightweight algorithms, ensemble learning, and feature selection offers a robust and scalable solution for ransomware detection, making it highly suitable for deployment in environments such as IoT devices, mobile platforms, and edge computing systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Victor Uneojo Akuboh, Olalekan J. Awujoola, Lasisi A. Monsuru, Saifulahi S. Shitu, Amina Adebola, Catherine A. Abimuku, Badamasi A. Musa, Ejima U. Innocent https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rising environmental pollution from anthropogenic activities poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems in Nigeria. Heavy metals persist in water and sediments, bioaccumulate, and enter food chains, while benthic macroinvertebrates serve as effective bioindicators for assessing long-term water quality. This study evaluated the climate vulnerability of the Michika mini-dam in Adamawa State by analyzing physicochemical parameters, heavy metal concentrations, and macroinvertebrate community structure. Water and sediment samples were collected biweekly over six months from three stations. Physicochemical parameters were measured using standard methods, and heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Cu) were analyzed via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled using a Van Veen grab, preserved in formalin, and identified to species level. Results showed mean dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (5.51-6.31 mg/L) below FMEnv guidelines, while biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) levels (2.17-3.27 mg/L) exceeded acceptable limits, indicating organic pollution. Heavy metals in water were detected at levels such as Cd (0.01–0.04 mg/L), Pb (0.02–0.06 mg/L), and Fe (0.68-1.53 mg/L), particularly at Station 3, which was the most contaminated. Sediments contained higher concentrations of metals. A total of 462 macroinvertebrate individuals across 17 taxa were identified, with Diptera (Chironomidae) being the most abundant. Despite the metal contamination, biotic indices rated water quality as good to excellent, highlighting the dam's moderate pollution stress and the importance of integrated bioassessment for tropical dam management
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF Tithonia diversifolia N-BUTANOLIC SUB-FRACTIONS ON WEED SUPPRESSION, GERMINATION, AND CYTOTOXICITY IN TWO COWPEA VARIETIES
The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic herbicides has intensified interest in plant-derived allelochemicals for weed management. This study evaluated the effects of Tithonia diversifolia n-butanolic sub-fractions on weed suppression indices, germination, seedling growth, and cytotoxicity in two varieties of Vigna unguiculata (Vital-5 and K-28). Germination was significantly reduced in all treated groups compared to the control, with sub-fraction G exhibiting the strongest inhibitory effect, particularly in Vital-5, while K-28 showed relatively higher tolerance. Seedling growth responses revealed consistent inhibition of radicle elongation across treatments, whereas some sub-fractions (E and H) stimulated plumule growth in K-28, suggesting a hormetic response. All sub-fractions demonstrated measurable weed suppression, with G showing the highest suppression and E exhibiting the greatest weed suppression efficiency. Cytological analyses revealed pronounced mitotic abnormalities, including micronuclei formation, chromosomal fragmentation, spindle disruption, and complete mitotic arrest, indicating strong cytotoxic and effects. Overall, the findings highlight the significant allelopathic and bioherbicidal potential of T. diversifolia n-butanolic sub-fractions. However, the observed phytotoxicity to cowpea underscores the need for optimization to achieve selective weed control in sustainable agricultural systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 AbdulAziz Ayinla, Wasiu O Opadokun, AbdulRasheed O Koiki, Umar B Olayinka, Amudalat R. Lawal, Lukman B. AbdulRauf, AbdulAzeez Balogun, AbdulToyyeeb Bello, Isiaka Kareem, Fatimoh T Ridwan,, Ganiyat T Abdulkareem, Zainab N Abubakar, Khadijah Mohammed, Asiaw Abdulganiy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURE-BASED DISCOVERY OF ABSCISIC ACID RECEPTOR AGONISTS TARGETING ZMPYL9 AND ZMPYL12 FOR AGROCHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT
Abiotic stress, particularly drought, remains a major limitation to crop productivity, necessitating innovative strategies to enhance plant resilience. Abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, mediated by PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors, plays a central role in stress adaptation; however, structural and functional insights into specific maize receptors such as ZmPYL9 and ZmPYL12 remain limited. This study employed an integrated computational approach to characterize these receptors and identify potential ABA-mimicking agrochemicals. High-quality homology models of ZmPYL9 and ZmPYL12 were constructed using templates with >94% sequence identity, yielding structurally robust models validated by stereochemical and non-bonded interaction metrics. Pharmacophore modelling and molecular docking revealed key ligand-binding features consistent with the canonical gate-latch-lock activation mechanism. Several compounds exhibited strong binding affinities (≤ −10 kcal/mol), while MM-GBSA analysis identified compounds 10661840 (−96.18 kcal/mol) and 10588337 (−93.21 kcal/mol) as the most stable ligands for ZmPYL9, and compound 134611692 (−94.73 kcal/mol) for ZmPYL12. Drug-likeness evaluation confirmed compliance with agrochemical criteria, while ADMET profiling indicated high bioavailability, low metabolic interference, and minimal toxicity. Notably, ZmPYL9 demonstrated superior ligand-binding performance, suggesting greater suitability for targeted modulation. This study therefore provide novel insights into receptor-specific ligand interactions and establishes a robust structure-based framework for the rational design of ABA agonists. The identified lead compounds represent promising candidates for developing environmentally safe agrochemicals aimed at improving crop tolerance to abiotic stress.Top of Form
Copyright (c) 2026 AbdulAziz Ayinla, Ahmad S. Ibrahim, Wasiu O Opadokun, Umar B. Olayinka, Amudalat R Lawal, AbdulAzeez Balogun, AbdulRasheed O Koiki, Quam A Alao, Sunday A. Oyelekan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF CASSAVA PEEL MEAL IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION
Cassava peels are abundant agro-industrial by-products generated during cassava processing particularly in major producing countries such as Nigeria. Despite its availability, their utilization in livestock feeding is constrained by low protein content, poor digestibility and the presence of anti-nutritional factors such as cyanogenic glycosides and phytate. This review evaluates the potential of cassava peels as an alternative energy source in livestock diets, focusing on its nutritional characteristics, limitations, and methods for improvement. Processing techniques, especially fermentation, have been shown to reduce toxic compounds and enhance nutrient availability. Evidence from various studies indicates that properly processed cassava peels can partially or completely replace conventional feed ingredients like maize in poultry, ruminant, rabbit and swine diets without adverse effects on performance. Their inclusion also contributes to reduced feed costs and improved sustainability through waste utilization. However, further research is therefore required to evaluate long-term safety, particularly the accumulation of residual hydrogen cyanide in animal tissues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chukwuma Marley Obado, samson Ade, Peter Irikefe-Ekeke, Oghale Evelyn Agadama, Alex Ifo Amata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0