The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed publication of original research papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications in all aspects in the fields of science and technology such as Chemistry, Earth and atmospheric sciences, Biology in general, Agriculture, Biochemistry, Botany, Microbiology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, Materials Science, Mechanics, Mathematics, Statistics, Nutrition and Food Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Polymer and Textile Sciences, Process Modeling and Computational Analysis, Renewable Energy and waste to resource processes.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
STATISTICAL EVALUATION AND OPTIMISATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM Gmelina arborea LEAF BIOMASS USING CALCIUM HYDROXIDE CATALYSIS UNDER MILD CONDITIONS
Amid growing demand for sustainable energy, this work explores the production of third-generation biodiesel from waste Gmelina arborea leaf biomass using calcium hydroxide as an earth-abundant heterogeneous catalyst under mild conditions. Biodiesel synthesis was systematically investigated using a Box-Behnken design with 17 runs, with yields quantified as both percentage yield and specific yield (mg/g). Biodiesel yields varied widely, ranging from 0.23 to 30.00% (17.1-1259.8 mg/g), indicating a strong dependence on synergistic interactions among operating parameters rather than on individual variables alone. Reproducibility analysis conducted under identical reaction conditions yielded a mean biodiesel yield of 6.38% with a coefficient of variation of 36.1%, indicating acceptable process stability for a heterogeneous lignocellulosic system. While one-way ANOVA indicated that temperature alone did not exert a statistically significant influence on biodiesel yield within the studied range (p > 0.05), the strong variation in yields across different parameter combinations, culminating in a peak yield of 30.00% at 50 °C, 40 min, and 2.0 wt% catalyst loading, suggests that temperature effects are highly dependent on synergistic interactions with catalyst loading and reaction time. Overall, the results demonstrate that waste leaf biomass can serve as a viable third-generation biodiesel feedstock when coupled with mild calcium hydroxide catalysis, offering an energy-efficient and sustainable pathway that minimises food-fuel competition and supports circular bioeconomy development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar M. Ali, Hadiza Shuaibu, Haruna Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF MACHINE LEARNING MODELS FOR CREDIT CARD FRAUD DETECTION ON IMBALANCED DATA: A STUDY USING SMOTE AND THE KAGGLE EUROPEAN DATASET
Credit card fraud continues to be a major challenge in financial systems, causing substantial monetary losses and undermining trust in electronic transactions. Detecting fraudulent activities is complicated by the highly imbalanced nature of transaction datasets. This study evaluates the performance of four machine learning models including LinearSVC (Fast SVM), Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, and Random Forest using a Kaggle credit card dataset. Data preprocessing involved handling class imbalance using the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and standardizing feature values to improve model training stability. Each model was trained and assessed using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC–ROC, with confusion matrices and ROC curves providing visual evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that LinearSVC achieved the highest balance between precision (0.9983) and F1-score (0.9881), while Random Forest achieved near-perfect accuracy (0.9999) but slightly lower precision (0.8800) and recall (0.9002), highlighting trade-offs between overall accuracy and fraud detection sensitivity. The findings emphasize the importance of careful model selection and preprocessing in imbalanced financial datasets. Future work will investigate the integration of deep learning models and real-time fraud detection frameworks, as well as validation on additional datasets from diverse financial environments to enhance model robustness and generalizability.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 Opeyemi Femi Ojo, Paul Olawale Otaru, Eunice O.Job, Benson Onoghojobi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A NON-PRISMATIC DAMPED CANTILEVER THIN BEAM RESTING ON AN EXPONENTIALLY DECAYING ELASTIC FOUNDATION UNDER CONSTANT AND HARMONIC DISTRIBUTED LOADS
This research examines the dynamic response of a non-prismatic damped cantilever thin beam (NPDCTB) under constant distributed load (CDL) and harmonic distributed load (HDL). The beam governing equation is a fourth-order partial differential equation (PDE), which is reduced into a second-order ordinary differential equation (ODE) using the generalized Galerkin method (GGM). The resulting ODEs are solved analytically for both loading cases using Laplace transforms (LT) and convolution theory (CT) to evaluate the transverse deflection of the NPDCTB. The effects of load speed c, axial force, damping coefficient, beam depth, and beam breadth on the dynamic response are examined and presented in the curve. The results showed the significant influence of cantilever boundary conditions on the vibration characteristics of non-prismatic beams under dynamic loading. The results demonstrate that load speed significantly amplifies the transverse deflection, while increases in axial force, damping coefficient, beam depth, and beam breadth lead to reductions in vibration amplitude.
Copyright (c) 2026 Taiwo Aanu Ogunlusi, Lawrence Osa Adoghe, Adamu Bala, Ezekiel Olaoluwa Omole, Folasade Helen Odeniyan-Fakuade, Taiwo Stepen Fayose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF CHARCOAL UTILIZATION AS A SOURCE OF DOMESTIC ENERGY IN POTISKUM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF YOBE STATE
Primary and secondary data were obtained through questionnaire administration, field observation, interview and observations, as well as data from journals, literature and Newspaper respectively. A simple random sampling technique was adopted for the purpose of the research where 150 questionnaires were administered in the selected sample ward. Thus, the finding of the study reveals that majority of the population (70%) utilized charcoal for domestic utilization not knowing it environmental health effect. It further reveals that charcoal as source of domestic energy has detrimental impact to the community as it causes health problem such as asthma, bronchioles, skin rashes and itching and eye problem and also environmental problem such as soil degradation, pollution among other. Hence the study recommended that provision of alternative source of energy such as cooking gases or the use biomass energy which will reduce emission and aid in reducing both health and environmental menace of charcoal as source of domestic energy. Government should provide alternative source of energy utilization which are less harm to the environment and to human health such as solar energy, electrical energy, wind energy among other. Government should also impose policy on the use of alternative energy and conducts public awareness and enlightenment with regard to the effects and consequences of charcoal utilization to reduce air pollution and other health related issues.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tijjani Yahaya Abdullahi, Faiz Tijjani Ismail, Aminu M. Gero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ESTIMATION OF ENTRANCE SKIN DOSE IN ANALOGUE X-RAY FACILITIES OF SOUTHERN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA: A MATHEMATICAL APPROACH TO RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
Radiation dose optimisation in diagnostic radiography is essential for patient safety and adherence to international standards. In many developing regions, analogue X-ray systems remain in use, raising concerns about elevated exposure levels. This study evaluated entrance skin dose (ESD) and effective dose in four government-owned hospitals in southern Delta State, Nigeria, all operating analogue X-ray equipment. Patient examinations included three routine projections: chest (AP), pelvis (SV), and abdomen (LS). The mean ESD values obtained were BGH1 (1.04 mGy), BGH2 (0.94 mGy), DEXC1 (1.78 mGy), and DEXC2 (0.87 mGy). These values exceeded the international diagnostic reference level of 0.4 mGy, though they were lower than those reported in several previous studies and marginally higher than results published by the same authors elsewhere. The elevated doses may reflect suboptimal operator techniques and inadequate equipment maintenance. Although quality control assessments are mandated quarterly, inconsistent compliance likely contributes to the observed deviations. The findings emphasize the need for stricter enforcement of quality assurance protocols and enhanced operator training to reduce patient radiation exposure. While the recorded doses remain within diagnostic ranges, optimization of radiographic practice is imperative to align with international benchmarks and safeguard patient health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anita F. Akpolile, Amanda A. Ukerun-Akpesiri, Crownbirth E. Eki, Francisca E. Abdul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WILDLIFE SPECIES IN DAJIN BATURIYA WETLAND AREA OF HADEJIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF JIGAWA STATE
The study focused on effects of climate change on wildlife species in Baturiya wetland Area in Jigawa state. The methodology employed in the study was sampled plots. The results reveal that decreasing cold fronts, decrease in precipitation, decreasing vegetation structure, soil moisture and increasing heat intensity are the effects of climate change and on other hand the causes of climate change on wildlife specie in Dajin baturiya wetland include overgrazing, logging, wildfires, illegal mining and erosion. It also identifies ant poaching, fire tracing, erosion control and tree planting as measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change in the study area.The findings show that in all the four plot there exist factors causing climate change. These causes identified include overgrazing Which expose the bare soil to sunlight and erosion. Illegal logging, wildfires which kills fauna and flora in the area. Erosion exposes the roots and uproot trees. The recommendations are the concern authorities should beef up ant poaching patrol so as to stop humans from entering the area and setting fires, cutting trees, grazing and killing animals. Environmental education campaigns, should be carried out in the communities around the area on conservation and the impacts of climate change and global warmingImproving legal and political frameworks for climate change, global warming and the environment in general. The work would help the policy makers, stakeholders to achieve goals especially in the area selected, Baturiya wetland of Kirikasamma local government in Jigawa State.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tijjani Yahaya Abdullahi, Abdulrasheed Muhammad Karage, Faiz Tijjani Ismail, Musa Musawa Ahmad, Shuaib Uba Babanta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, HEAVY METAL CONTENT AND MACROELEMENT PROFILE OF CHICKEN FEED SUPPLEMENTS FROM Egeria radiata(CLAM) AND Tympanotonus fuscatus (PERIWINKLE) SHELLS
Poultry farming relies on feed supplements to maximize .growth by providing nutrients which may be lacking in their basic diets. This study evaluated the nutritional composition and safety characteristics of mollusk shell powders from Egeria radiata (clam) and Tympanotonus fuscatus (periwinkle) as alternative calcium supplements for poultry feed. Clams and periwinkles were collected from Ishiet River in Akwa Ibom State, processed into fine powder, and subjected to comprehensive proximate analysis, macroelements composition and heavy metal screening following standard methods. Results revealed that shell supplements exhibited predominant mineral composition with significant (p < 0.05) elevated ash content, relative to standard feed. Calcium and potassium content were also significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the shells compared to standard feed. T. fuscatus shells demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) elevated iron content in comparison to E. radiata and feed. Heavy metal concentrations were below WHO/FAO permissible limits, with no detectable cadmium. Shell supplements demonstrated significantly (p < 0.05) low moisture content, and protein levels, likely representing residual organic matrix proteins. From the findings, it can be concluded that shell preparations had favourable compositional and safety characteristics. Nevertheless, controlled feeding trials remain essential for validating biological efficacy, establishing optimal inclusion rates, and assessing long-term performance outcomes in commercial poultry production systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Esu A. Ubong, Orji O. Blessing, Etim E. Oboso, Ekpo D. Ndifreke, Bassey E. Utibe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SAFETY EVALUATION, IN VITRO ANTIDIABETIC STUDY AND GC-MS PROFILING OF A FORMULATED POLYHERBAL SYRUP
Diabetes mellitus remains a major metabolic disorder requiring safer and affordable therapeutic alternatives. This study evaluated the safety profile, in vitro antidiabetic activity, and phytochemical composition of a formulated polyherbal syrup(PHS)prepared from Vernonia amygdalina, Moringa oleifera, Zingiber officinale, Allium cepa, and Allium sativum. Aqueous extracts of onion, garlic, and ginger were obtained by decoction of 20 g powdered samples in 100 mL distilled water at 40 °C for 3 h, while fresh leaves of Moringa oleifera and Vernonia amygdalina were extracted by manual juice expression and filtration. The extracts were combined with honey to produce the polyherbal syrup. Acute toxicity evaluation in albino rats using oral doses of 1000–16000 mg/kg body weight revealed no mortality or visible signs of toxicity, indicating an LD₅₀ greater than 16000 mg/kg. Sub-acute toxicity studies conducted at doses of 25–400 mg/kg also showed no adverse behavioural or physiological changes. In vitro antidiabetic assays revealed that PHS is concentration-dependent. The PHS exhibited IC₅₀ values(µg/mL)of 8.88 for glucose uptake, 2.55 for α-amylase inhibition, and 3.50 for α-glucosidase inhibition, compared with the standard drug acarbose which showed IC₅₀ values of 3.55, 1.89, and 3.39 µg/mL respectively. Although the standard drug showed slightly higher potency, the PHS demonstrated comparable α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. GC–MS profiling revealed numerous bioactive phytochemicals including 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, thymine, n-hexadecanoic acid, and octadec-9-enoic acid. The combined presence of these compounds suggests possible synergistic pharmacological interactions responsible for the observed antidiabetic effects. These findings indicate that the formulated polyherbal syrup is safe and possesses promising antidiabetic potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joseph Abiodun Dauda, Emmanuel M . Khan, Shehu Abdullahi, A. David Jacob, Baba C. Okpanachi, D. Agah Ogohi, E. Ekpe Ejukwa, Oyiza R. Zaccheaus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXAMINATION OF FINGERNAIL CONTENTS FOR THE PRESENCE OF OVA/CYSTS OF INTESTINAL PARASITES FROM PUPILS ATTENDING PLATEAU STATE POLYTECHNIC BARKIN LADI HEIPANG CAMPUS STAFF PRIMARY SCHOOL
Intestinal parasitic infections among primary school-age children in developing countries, including Nigeria, are an escalating public health issue. These parasites, often transmitted via the oral-faecal route, are a leading cause of diarrhoea. This study focused on examining the fingernail contents of students at Plateau State Polytechnic (PSP) Staff School in Heipang, Barkin Ladi, Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of 100 fingernail samples were analyzed microscopically for the presence of parasite ova/cysts. The investigation revealed that 71% of the pupils harboured at least one type of parasite cyst/ova, resulting in a 98.69% prevalence rate. The most commonly detected parasites were Schistosoma mansoni and Ancylostoma duodenale, each found in 17% of the samples. This was followed by Ascaris lumbricoides, detected in 14% of the cases. Gender analysis showed that 78% of male children tested positive for various parasite cysts/ova, while 64% of female pupils were affected. Age-related analysis indicated that children aged 11-15 had an 80% prevalence rate, those aged 1-5 had a 66.67% prevalence, and children aged 6-10 had a 64.30% prevalence rate. The presence of fingernail parasites in primary school children can lead to chronic infections, negatively impacting their health, nutrition, cognitive development, and educational success. Regular cleaning and trimming of fingernails, along with consistent hand hygiene practices, are essential measures to reduce the risk of parasitic transmission among primary school pupils.
Copyright (c) 2026 George Dasat Shwamyil, Kum Folakemi Olusola, Maryam Garba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUES AND PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE AFRICAN BLACK OLIVE (Canarium schweinfurthii linn) (ATILI) OIL SOLD AT DANTSE, GANAWURI MARKET OF RIYOM LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
The olive tree has global significance and high economic value because of its oil, which has a centuries-long history in the Mediterranean diet and is widely consumed worldwide. Alongside the economic value to the national economy of many countries, olive oil also serves as an important food in terms of its nutritional value. Olive oil extracted from the ripe fruit (Canarium schweinfurthii) is a liquid fat obtained from Olives. It is commonly used in cooking particularly, frying food or as a salad dressing. Despite the wide consumption of black olive fruits and their oil in the study area, the nutritional values have not been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, the study was to determine the nutritional and proximate values of the black Olive oil sold in Ganawuri market in Riyom Local Government Area of Plateau State using standard laboratory methods. The result of nutritional analysis indicated that olive oil had crude fat of 65.77%, protein of 8.09% crude fibre of 0%, and carbohydrate of 6.12%. The proximate analysis indicated that the olive oil had no calcium and phosphorus as it was negative (-) or 0%. The consumption of black olive oil due to its nutritional benefits is therefore justified and should be encouraged.
Copyright (c) 2026 George Shwamyil Dasat, Folakemi Olusola Kum, Esther Ngal Dakum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF HOT MIX ASPHALT INCORPORATING VITRIFIED TILE WASTE AS FINE AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT
The performance of hot mix asphalt (HMA) largely depends on the properties and gradation of the aggregates used in the mixture. The depletion of natural aggregates and improper disposal of construction waste have posed serious environmental challenges, leading to the need for alternative sustainable materials in asphalt production. This study investigates the influence of vitrified tile waste (VWT) as a partial substitute for natural fine aggregates on the mechanical and volumetric properties of hot mix asphalt (HMA). Fine aggregates were replaced at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight, and mixtures were evaluated based on standard Marshall parameters, including stability, flow, bulk density, air voids (Va), voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and voids filled with bitumen (VFB), using ASTM D6926–20 and D6927–20. Results show that as the percentage of vitrified tile waste increased, the stability of the mix also increased from 4.68 kN (control) to 5.41 kN at 30% replacement level, while flow decreased from 3.88 mm to 2.40 mm. Bulk density also increased with replacement up to 30%, indicating improved compaction. Air voids and VMA reduced, while VFB increased, signifying better densification and lower permeability. At 40% replacement, stability slightly decreased, showing that excessive substitution of fine aggregate reduces cohesion in the asphalt mix. All properties at 30% VWT met the Nigerian General Specification requirements for wearing course. The findings demonstrate that vitrified tile waste is a viable fine aggregate replacement that improves mixture performance while supporting sustainable material utilization in asphalt production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Deedat Abdullahi, Umar Ahmad Masari, Abdulmumin Isah Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR STRESSES AND DISPLACEMENTS IN ROTATING SOLID AND HOLLOW SPHERES UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
This study determines the exact solution through which stresses and displacements in both solid and hollow sphere rotates under internal pressure. We use an indirect method, which assumes a deformation pattern containing some parameters. We substitute this deformation form to the standard elasticity equation describing spherical elasticity for homogeneous isotropic deformation for compressible structural material. We considered typically, a Blatz-ko material and analysed both the solid and hollow spherical form of this material when the force that cause deformation is internal pressure such that the external environment is stress free. Consequently we determine the stress components as we allow the material to deform. By using Cauchy elasticity we noted that the only non-trivial component of stress is in the radial direction. Substitution in the non-zero component of continuity equation resulted into a non-linear second order partial differential equation for explicit determination of stresses and displacement the model gave rise to a boundary value problem where both the equation and boundary conditions were non-linear. A transformation was introduced which linearized the boundary conditions, this allowed the method of asymptotes. The minimization of the error in sobolove norm helped us to control both the function and its gradient. Consequently, exact solutions of the stresses and displacements at every section of the compressible spherical solid and hollow sphere deforming under internal pressure were determined.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chibueze Barnabas Ekeadinotu, Ephraim Ngozi Erumaka, Joy Ulumma Chukwuchekwa, Isaac Ogazie Nwagwu, Christian Chinenye Amalahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DISCRIMINATING SOYBEAN VARIETIES VIA MINERAL COMPOSITION, PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING AND DNA QUALITY ANALYSIS
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is a globally important legume valued for its nutritional and industrial applications. This study evaluated twenty soybean varieties for mineral composition, phytochemical profiling, and DNA quality to provide an integrated assessment of their nutritional, biochemical, and molecular attributes. The germplasm was sourced from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria. Genomic DNA was extracted using NIMR Kit I and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) protocols, and quality was assessed via spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis.The mineral composition of the soybean varieties revealed varying levels of the mineral constituents such as calcium (47.40 - 66.00ppm), magnesium (53.50 -72.10ppm), manganese (0.89 - 2.14ppm), copper (0.57 - 1.34ppm), zinc (2.34 - 4.24ppm), sodium (120.00 - 589.00ppm), potassium (130.00 - 781.00ppm) and phosphorous (0.47 - 6.16ppm). The phytochemical composition of the soybean varieties revealed varying levels of Phytate (25.54 to 33.78 mg/g), Saponin (2.05 to 3.60mg/g), Tannin (0.05 to 0.23mg/g) and Oxalate (0.90 to 2.79mg/g). DNA quality for NIMR Kit I ranged from 1.709–2.261 (A260/A280) and 1.173–2.304 (A260/A230), while SDS extracted DNA ranged from 1.694–2.097 (A260/A280) and 1.734–2.598 (A260/A230), indicating the presence of contaminants in some samples. Overall, DNA quality based on A260/A280 ratios was higher for the SDS protocol compared to NIMR Kit I, suggesting it as the preferable method for downstream molecular applications, although further purification may be required for some of the samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 O. F. Adewusi, O. M. Ologun, C. O. Adeniran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PSYCHOSOCIAL AND STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF SAFE POST-HARVEST MOLD MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Foodborne fungal contamination of staple crops remains a persistent public health and food safety challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in settings where post-harvest handling and storage systems are inadequate. Despite increasing awareness of fungal risks in northern Nigeria, adoption of preventive household practices remains inconsistent, and the behavioral drivers of these practices are insufficiently understood. This study examined the determinants of safe mold management practices among households in Jigawa State, Nigeria, using an integrated Health Belief Model and Theory of Planned Behavior framework. A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 400 households selected through multistage sampling across major agro-ecological zones. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Behavioral intention emerged as the strongest predictor of safe practices (β = 0.58, p < 0.001; AOR = 2.10), followed by self-efficacy (β = 0.41, p < 0.001; AOR = 1.72) and perceived benefits (AOR = 1.45, p = 0.003). Perceived severity (AOR = 1.28, p = 0.041), subjective norms (AOR = 1.38, p = 0.007), education (AOR = 1.65, p = 0.019), and extension contact (AOR = 1.92, p = 0.002) were also significant positive predictors. In contrast, perceived barriers reduced the likelihood of adoption (β = −0.29; AOR = 0.66, p < 0.001). Perceived susceptibility and attitudes were not statistically significant, suggesting that risk awareness alone is insufficient to motivate behavioral change without confidence and enabling support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aminu Hussaini ahabbabura, Ahmed Fate Ali, Suleiman Yusuf Mudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TORREFACTION OF PALM KERNEL SHELL AND RICE HUSK FOR ENHANCED SOLID FUEL ENERGY PERFORMANCE
The present study investigated the effect of torrefaction on the characteristics of rice husk (RH) and palm kernel shell (PKS) under varying conditions, specifically temperatures ranging from 200-300 °C and residence times between 35-60 mins in an inert environment. The results showed that higher temperatures and longer residence times increased the fixed carbon content, ash content, and moisture content of the biomass, all of which improved the torrefied biomass's high heating value (HHV). The optimum HHV achieved for the torrefied PKS was 22.89 MJ/kg, which was 17.3% higher than 18.93 MJ/kg for RH at 300 0C, 60 minutes. This treatment also resulted in subsequent reductions in O/C ratio of PKS and RH by 42.1% and 40% respectivey, from 1.14 to 0.66 and 0.94 to 0.54, and H/C ratio from 1.45 to 0.84 and 1.13 to 0.84 PKS rand RH espectively. The torrefied PKS showed more enhancement than RH under the same condition. The energy yield and mass yield decrease with an increase in the torrefaction temperature and residence time. The FTIR spectra showed a progressive loss of hydroxyl, carbonyl and C–O functionalities and the appearance of aromatic C=C bonds, indicating the formation of the biochar. Thus, this research presented torrefaction as a promising approach to the enhancement of biomass characteristic and torrefied solid fuel as competitive alternatives to traditional biomass resources in the biofuel industry, thereby promoting sustainable energy practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adejoke Oluseyi Alamu, Funmilayo Nihinlola Osuolale, Sarafadeen Ayinde Azeez, Isaac Abayomi Oluremi, Caleb Oluwadara Oke, Solomon Oluyemi Alagbe, Aminah Abolore Sulayman, Oluseye Omotoso Agbede https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF FLOOD RISK AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN HADEJIA RIVER BASIN, NIGERIA
This study evaluates the impact of land use and land cover changes on flood occurrences, highlighting the interplay between environmental modifications and flood dynamics. Additionally, the study employs Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to predict and map flood risk scenarios, providing a robust framework for risk assessment. The research further examines the rural communities' responses and adaptation strategies, evaluating the effectiveness of local measures and overall community resilience. The study employed a three-phase field reconnaissance survey conducted between August 2023 and January 2024 to collect baseline data. Both primary and secondary data sources were utilized. Primary data included satellite imagery and GPS coordinates, while secondary data comprised topographic and soil maps, hydrological records, and historical rainfall data. Various data processing and analytical techniques, such as image pre-processing, classification, and MCDA, were employed to generate accurate flood risk maps and assess the impact of different contributing factors. The results revealed varying levels of susceptibility. Nearly half of the study area (46.54%) falls under the Very Low-Risk category, suggesting the effectiveness of current flood prevention measures. Low-risk zones account for 19.86%, requiring only basic management interventions, while Moderate-risk areas (18.60%) necessitate improved planning and mitigation strategies. High-Risk regions (11.23%) are highly vulnerable to severe flooding and demand significant intervention, whereas Very High-Risk areas (3.76%) require urgent emergency response measures.
GIS and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Tukur Murtala Muhammad, Hadi Ahmad Mohammad, Balarabe Abdullahi, Ahmad Muktar, Ado Kibon Usman, E . O. Iguisi, Aliyu Auwal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF GARCINA KOLA HECKEL SEEDS IN WISTAR RAT
Garcina kola Heckel have been used in the treatment of many diseases such as diabetes mellitus, erectile dysfunction, chronic cough and liver disease. This study aimed at investigating acute and sub-acute toxic effects of Garcina kola Heckel seed on physiological, biochemical and histopathological parameters of Wistar rat. Acutely, nine rats (n=3) were used as; A (control); B (1000 mg/kg) and C (2000 mg/kg). Sub-acutely, twenty-five rats grouped; A-E (n=5). A (control), B (125 mg/kg); C (250 mg/kg); D (500 mg/kg) and E (1000 mg/kg). Rats were treated with the extract consecutively for 21 days. Garcina kola Heckel seed is safe acutely at tested dose (1000 and 2000 mg/kg) as no mortality/visible toxic reaction was observed. The extract showed non-significant weight gain (day 7) but reduced significantly across the 21 days with most significant reduction in 1000 mg/kg. Haematological result showed that PVC, RBC, haemoglobin and platelets had no significant (P>0.05) effect unlike white blood cell and its differentia (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) which decrease significantly (P <0.05). Creatinine increased significantly (P<0.05) all treated groups. Albumin, ALT, ALP decrease significantly. AST statistically not significant except group 2 while Total Bilirubin and Total protein decreased significantly compared to the control. Conclusively, Garcina kola Heckel seed is safe acutely at administered dosages. Weight was significantly reduced in the course of the treatment while altering the haematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological result showed that no significant changes were observed using both assessments ensuring a further indication of the safety of the G. kola extract.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adeshina Salmat Aremu, Otuofu Amali Muhammed, Abdulmalik Aliyu, Abdulfatai Aremu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODIFICATION OF COCONUT SHELL ACTIVATED CARBON WITH AN AZO LIGAND (DDPTP) FOR ENHANCED REMOVAL OF PB²⁺ FROM CONTAMINATED WATER
The modification of coconut (Cocos nucicera L.) shell activated carbon using an Azo ligand, specifically 1,2–dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-(E)–(2,3,4-trihydrophenyl)-3H-pyrazol-3-one (DDPTP), and its efficacy in removing Pb2+ from contaminated water samples was investigated. Proximate analysis revealed moisture content (8.7%), volatile matter (10.4%), ash (3.2%), and fixed carbon (77.7%). The modified adsorbent showed bulk density of 0.46 g/cm³, pore volume of 8.0 × 10⁻³ cm³, and conductivity of 37.9 µS/cm. FTIR confirmed hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, and azo functional groups. SEM revealed micro-pores, and EDX showed carbon as the predominant element (57%). The modified activated carbon achieved 98% Pb²⁺ removal, significantly higher than unmodified carbon (79%). Adsorption increased with initial concentration, contact time, carbonization temperature, and pH up to optimal levels, but decreased with larger particle sizes. Optimal ligand loading was 30 mg per 5 g adsorbent. Adsorption data fitted Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, with kinetics following pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models. In light of these results, it can be concluded that modified coconut shell activated carbon is an effective adsorbent, and its adsorption capacity could be further enhanced by incorporating an azo ligand in the appropriate proportions, potentially utilizing an adsorbent to ligand ratio of (5g:25mg).
Copyright (c) 2026 Ezekiel Izudike Odimgbe, Poro David Clark, Olubunmi Abiola Adewusi, Mary Emmanuel Akpanuko, Stanley Ejohwomu Apuyor, Godpower Chukwuemeka Onwugbuta, Sampson Chikwe Ikechukwu, Obruche Kennedy Erienu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION, TRACE ELEMENTS CONTENT, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Moringa oleifera LEAVES CULTIVATED IN JOS, NIGERIA
This study evaluated the phytochemical composition, trace elements content, and the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera leaves cultivated in Jos, Nigeria. The plant leaves were harvested directly from the farm, taken to the laboratory and extracted via maceration with 80% methanol after thorough washing under running water. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant leaves was carried out, trace metal content was determined in triplicates using AAS, and antimicrobial activity was done to determine its activity on S. aureus, B. subtilis, S. pneumoniae and E. coli organisms. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed high concentrations of flavonoids and carbohydrates (+++), moderate levels of tannins and alkaloids (++), low levels of steroidal terpenes and cardiac glycosides (+), while saponins and anthraquinones were absent. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against S. aureus (23.5 mm at 500 mg/mL), B. subtilis (25.5 mm at 500 mg/mL), and E. coli (21 mm at 500 mg/mL), but showed no activity against S. pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 250 mg/mL for S. aureus and B. subtilis, and 31.25 mg/mL for E. coli. Elemental analysis detected iron (23.16 mg/kg), sodium (193.75 mg/kg), calcium (28.76 mg/kg), and zinc (31.14 mg/kg) within recommended dietary ranges, with no toxic metals detected. The study finally suggests further studies on this plant using different solvents and methods to explore other parts of the plant in order to ascertain and utilize the potential bioactive components of the plant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tanko Simon, Davou Gyang Ishaya, Queen Joseph Mawak, Ibrahim Tijjani Mukhtar, Victoria Buter Sewuese https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HISTOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF RENAL DAMAGE IN DIABETIC WISTAR RATS TREATED WITH ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Pterocarpus Mildbraedii (WHITE PADOUK)
Chronic hyperglycemia significantly contributes to diabetes-related kidney damage. Since the kidneys play a crucial role in drug metabolism and excretion, renal recovery in diabetic individuals may be impaired. This study evaluated the renal health of diabetic Wistar rats after oral administration of the ethanolic leaf extract of Pterocarpus mildbraedii (ELEPM).Thirty adult Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 5). Diabetes was induced in Groups II–VI using 120 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally. Group I served as the non-diabetic control; Group II was diabetic but untreated. Groups III, IV, and V received 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg of ELEPM, respectively, while Group VI received 2.5 mg/kg of metformin. Treatments lasted 21 days. Body weights were recorded at the beginning and end, after which animals were sacrificed and blood samples collected. Histological and biochemical analyses were conducted using standard methods. All groups except the untreated diabetic group showed weight gain. ELEPM at 400 mg/kg demonstrated the most pronounced antihyperglycemic effect among the extract doses, though still significantly (p<0.05) less effective than metformin. Serum urea and creatinine levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the untreated diabetic group compared to the ELEPM-treated groups. Histological assessment of rats given 400 mg/kg ELEPM revealed moderate renal regeneration with mild fatty changes and tubular distortion. Oral administration of ELEPM, particularly at 400 mg/kg, shows promise in mitigating hyperglycemia and renal damage in diabetic conditions, suggesting potential as a supportive therapy for diabetic nephropathy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ewa Ogbonnaya Nweke, T. M. Nweke, C. O. Ezejiegu, U. Azunna, E. U. Ogwo, C. D. Ubani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTITYROSINASE AND ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITIES OF CHLOROFORM AND N-BUTANOL STEM FRACTIONS OF PARQUETINA NIGRESCENS (AFZEL.) BULLOCK: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
The therapeutic potential of the solvent partitioned fractions of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock was evaluated using an integrated approach that included phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, antioxidant, antityrosinase, antimalarial, and cytotoxicity assays. The methanolic extract of the stem was subjected to successive partitioning using chloroform and n-butanol solvents. The phytochemical screening of the chloroform and n-butanol fractions showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic, and terpenoid compounds, whereas the n-butanol fraction was predominantly rich in tannins and saponins. The GC-MS analysis identified 33 and 8 compounds from the chloroform and n-butanol fractions, respectively, which included fatty acid methyl esters, diterpenoids, and hydrocarbons. The fractions demonstrated moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50: 71.25 ± 1.05 µg/mL for chloroform fractions; 66.59 ± 1.40 µg/mL for n-butanol fractions) and nitric oxide scavenging activity (IC50: 71.45 ± 0.86 µg/mL for chloroform fractions; 73.17 ± 1.42 µg/mL for n-butanol fractions). The n-butanol fraction exhibited strong tyrosinase inhibition (IC50: 54.39 ± 1.30 µg/mL), surpassing kojic acid. Both fractions showed significant activity against Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 range: 3.224–3.611 µg/mL) with cytotoxicity IC50 values above 30 µg/mL on HeLa cells, yielding selectivity indices greater than 10. The pharmacological relevance of the fractions and the bioassay results validate the utility of the solvent partition method for the fractionation of P. nigrescens. The results also show the potential of the chloroform and n-butanol fractions as lead compounds for the development of antimalarial and tyrosinase inhibitors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ekundayo Timi Areh, Yinusa Isah, Abdullahi Shehu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DUAL-ABSORBER WITH DOUBLE CONCENTRATOR SOLAR WATER HEATER
The growing global demand for clean and sustainable energy has intensified research into improving the efficiency of solar thermal systems. Solar water heaters, while established, often suffer from performance limitations due to reliance on direct insolation alone. This paper presents a performance evaluation with respect to efficiency of a solar water heater enhanced with double absorber plates and concentrators. The research involves two solar collectors, two plane mirror concentrators, a water circulation system, and two storage parts. Two thermometers were used to measure temperatures, and the intensity of the solar radiation was measured using a solar power meter (TES 1333). Plots of Temperature against Time and Average Power against time were made for all the readings taken. The efficiencies were obtained for two collectors with reflectors; two collectors without reflectors and the respective values are 43.4% and 36.7%. The advantage of using the concentrating mirror is evidently clear for its ability to improve the efficiency by 6.7%, demonstrating a significant and practical method for enhancing solar thermal collection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aliyu Muhammad, Nura Ibrahim, Abdullahi Lawal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MORPHOMERISTIC VARIABILITY OF Piaractus mesopotamicus IN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS OF THE GULF OF GUINEA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STOCK IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT
Morphomeristic analyses, integrating morphometric measurements and meristic counts, remain indispensable for stock identification, population differentiation and ecological assessment in fisheries science, particularly in data-limited regions such as West Africa. This review synthesizes classical and contemporary literature on conceptual foundations, methodological approaches and applied relevance of morphomeristic studies, focusing on Gulf of Guinea estuarine ecosystems. The study examined Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu), a South American characid increasingly introduced for aquaculture diversification, as a model for investigating morphological adaptation under novel estuarine conditions. Patterns of phenotypic plasticity, environmentally mediated morphological variation and complementary utility of morphometric and meristic traits in stock discrimination are critically evaluated. The synthesis highlights how estuarine environmental gradients including salinity, hydrodynamics, and anthropogenic pressures drive morphological differentiation in fish populations and how integrated morphomeristic frameworks effectively delineate management units where genetic data are scarce. For introduced P. mesopotamicus populations in Nigerian estuaries, establishing morphomeristic baselines is essential for monitoring adaptation, assessing ecological integration and informing risk management. The review underscores the relevance of multivariate statistical techniques PCA, DFA, cluster analysis and allometric corrections for robust population discrimination. Applications span fisheries management enabling stock specific conservation measures and aquaculture development, supporting broodstock selection and strain characterization. Key research gaps include limited baseline data, insufficient integration of environmental covariates and underutilization of advanced morphometric approaches for non-native species in West African estuaries. Strengthening morphomeristic research on introduced fishes will enhance evidence-based decision making for sustainable exploitation, responsible aquaculture expansion and ecosystem-based management in dynamic Gulf of Guinea estuarine systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Francis Oster Nwachi, Samuel A. Oyegwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAF ESSENTIAL OIL OF ANNONA MURICATA (SOURSOP) FROM ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Annona muricata (Annonaceae) is a fruit-bearing evergreen tree traditionally used in tropical medicine. Commonly known as soursop, graviola, or guanabana, it is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, where its extracts are used for managing ailments such as fever, diabetes, and cancer. Fresh leaves of A. muricata were subjected to modified steam distillation to obtain the essential oil, which was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS analysis revealed thirty-six compounds, accounting for 99.96% of the total oil composition. The major constituents were dehydro-aromadendrene (14.83%), caryophyllene (9.45%), γ-muurolene (7.49%), alloaromadendrene (7.32%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-(1S-cis)- (7.17%), isolongifolene, 9,10-dehydro- (5.17%), bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]- (4.20%), 1H-benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-(R)- (4.17%), tricosane (4.32%), cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- (3.90%), α-muurolene (3.76%), cis-muurola-3,5-diene (3.08%), and aromadendrene (3.07%). The antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH assay showed moderate free radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 54.18 µL/mL and percentage inhibition ranging from 50.67% to 57.27%. Antibacterial assays indicated moderate activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with Staphylococcus epidermidis showing the highest inhibition zone (10 mm), followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium (9 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (8 mm). Proteus vulgaris was resistant to the oil. Overall, these findings provide preliminary evidence of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of A. muricata leaf essential oil, partially supporting its traditional use. Further toxicity, mechanistic, and in vivo studies are required to validate its therapeutic potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew Bati Emmanuel, Yahaya Galo Sara, Maryam Bappa Maigari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFULGAL ACTIVITIES OF COBAL AND NICKEL COMPLEXEXES OF SHIFF BASE
Schiff base complexes of cobalt and nickel were synthesized through a condensation reaction between salicylaldehyde and 2-amino-3-methylpyridine in the presence of the metal chlorides of Co(II) and Ni(II). The compounds were characterized using melting point/decomposition temperature, solubility, magnetic measurements, conductivity, FT-IR, and elemental analysis. Orange-yellow, dark blue, and brown colours were observed for the Schiff base and its complexes. Melting point/decomposition temperatures of 120°C, 212°C, and 222°C were recorded. Both the Schiff base and the metal complexes were soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and DMSO, but only slightly soluble in other solvents. The electrical conductivity values obtained were 16.5 and 10.7 Ω⁻¹ cm² mol⁻¹, indicating that the synthesized complexes are non-electrolytes. Effective magnetic moments of 3.9 BM and 1.28 BM suggest an octahedral geometry for the complexes. The IR spectrum revealed a band at 1581 cm⁻¹, indicating the formation of the azomethine (C=N) group and confirming the formation of the Schiff base. This band shifted to higher frequencies, 1610 cm⁻¹ and 1618 cm⁻¹, indicating complex formation. Bands observed at 755 cm⁻¹ for M–N and 618 cm⁻¹ for M–O in the spectra of the complexes support coordination of the Schiff base to the respective metals. The CHN elemental analysis data showed good agreement between the experimental and calculated values, suggesting a 1:2 metal-to-ligand ratio.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bala Uba, Y Tukur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF RICE PRODUCTION IN TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
This study analysed an economics of rice production in Taraba State, Nigeria. The objectives include describing farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, rice production profitability and the constraints faced by rice farmers. Primary data were collected from 390 rice farmers using a multistage sampling technique with the aid of questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and the farm budgeting technique were used for data analysis. Results showed that the average farmer was 45 years old, predominantly male (84.36%), and majorly married (76.15%), with an average household size of five (5), cultivating an average farm size of 2.43 hectare and 11 years of farming experience. While 61.28% had formal education, the majority were not cooperative members (69.23%) and lacked access to extension services (87.69%). Profitability analysis revealed that rice farming was profitable. The average total cost per hectare was ₦607,800, with variable costs making up 81.48% of this amount. The net farm income (NFI) was estimated at ₦182,700.60 per hectare, while the return on investment (ROI) and gross ratio (GR) were ₦0.30 and ₦1.30, respectively. Major constraints include limited credit access, poor road infrastructure, high transportation costs, and expensive fertiliser. The study recommends that there should be collaboration between policymakers and financial institutions for the promotion of accessible credit schemes for rice farmers. It is also essential for governments to prioritise the development and maintenance of rural road networks to minimise transportation costs and enhance market access, as well as to implement targeted subsidies for essential inputs to reduce production costs and improve profitability for small farmers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Luqman Musa Muhammad, Muhammad Auwal Ahmed, Yakubu Dauna, Abubakar Hamidu Kara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF SERUM ELECTROLYTE AND LIPID PROFILE ALTERATIONS IN MALE WISTAR RATS ADMINISTERED ALMOND (Terminalia catappa) AND CASHEW NUT (Anacardium occidentale) OILS
Natural plant oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive compounds are increasingly explored as safer alternatives to conventional dietary lipids due to their cardiometabolic benefits. This study evaluated the effects of almond (Terminalia catappa) and cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) oils on serum electrolyte balance and lipid profiles in healthy male Wistar rats. Twenty rats (135–160 g) were randomly assigned into five groups (n = 4): control, T. catappa (200 and 400 mg/kg), and A. occidentale (200 and 400 mg/kg). Oils were administered orally for 28 days, after which serum samples were analyzed for lipid parameters and electrolytes using spectrophotometric methods.Results showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in total cholesterol, HDL-C, triglycerides, and VLDL-C across treated groups compared with control. Notably, T. catappa at both doses and A. occidentale at 400 mg/kg significantly reduced serum LDL-C (p < 0.05), suggesting potential cardioprotective properties. Serum sodium, chloride, phosphorus, and bicarbonate levels remained within normal physiological ranges, indicating preserved electrolyte and acid–base homeostasis. However, significant potassium elevation was observed with A. occidentale at 400 mg/kg (p < 0.05).In conclusion, short-term administration of T. catappa and A. occidentale oils is largely metabolically safe in healthy rats, with minimal impact on serum lipids and electrolytes. The LDL-C reduction, particularly with T. catappa, highlights cardioprotective potential, while potassium elevation with high-dose cashew oil warrants further investigation. These findings support both oils as safe dietary or therapeutic lipid sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 ogochukwu Tracy Njideaka; Samuel Ogheneovo Asagba, Helen Kadiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSIS OF Entamoeba histolytica And Giardia lamblia AMONG CHILDREN WITH DIARRHOEA AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN SOME SELECTED HOSPITALS IN ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal Protozoans and other parasites among diarrheal children in some selected hospitals from November 2024 to December 2025. Stool and blood samples were obtained and examined microscopically (saline wet mount, formol-ether concentration), and serologically using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), to identify the antigens of G. lamblia and E. histolytica. Questionnaires were also administered to obtain socio-demographic information and risk factors. Data collected were analysed using R-statistical software, chi-square tests, and risk factors were identified through multivariate logistic regression, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasite infections was 28.8%.where Specialist Hospital Yola had a higher prevalence of infection (32.5%), while the lowest was in General Hospital Numan (24.7%). Also, 5 – 12 years had a higher number of identified parasites, while the least was in under five years. The overall Sero-prevalence of the intestinal protozoan infections was 36.2%, where Entamoeba histolytica was more prevalent (22.4%) than Giardia lamblia, 69(13.8%). Sero-prevalence varied significantly by health facility (p<0.0001), E. histolytica being highest at General Hospital, Numan (30.0%), while G. lamblia was the lowest (9.0%) in Specialist Hospital, Yola. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia are significant causes of diarrhoea among children in the study areas. The findings demonstrate that serological assays are a more sensitive diagnostic tool than conventional microscopy, revealing a higher true burden of infection. Key risk factors were identified as environmental, including unsafe water, poor sanitation, and household crowding, with school-aged children being particularly vulnerable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ganabuto Jones Kadabiyu; Lucky Daniel, Godly Chessed, Joseph Maitandu Manu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF Alstonia boonei AGAINST ASPIRIN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN ALBINO RATS
The liver is essential for metabolism and detoxification but is highly vulnerable to drug-induced injury. Aspirin has been reported to induce hepatic alterations, particularly at prolonged or high doses, primarily through oxidative stress mechanisms, while Alstonia boonei possesses documented hepatoprotective properties. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of A. boonei against aspirin-induced hepatic toxicity in albino rats. Thirty rats were assigned into six groups (n = 5). Group I served as control; Group II received aspirin (10 mg/kg); Group III received A. boonei (1000 mg/kg); Groups IV-VI received aspirin (10 mg/kg) combined with A. boonei ethanolic extract (1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/kg), orally for 14 days respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), total and conjugated bilirubin were assessed, and hepatic tissues were examined histologically. Animals were weighed before and after experimentation including organ weight. Aspirin administration produced mild biochemical alterations characterized by reduced serum AST (12.67 ± 2.67 U/L), ALT (11.00 ± 0.58 U/L), and ALP (52.67 ± 15.71 U/L) compared with control values of 36.00 ± 24.00 U/L, 17.50 ± 5.50 U/L, and 56.00 ± 2.00 U/L, respectively. Total bilirubin showed a slight increase (0.37 ± 0.07 mg/dL), while conjugated bilirubin remained unchanged (0.10 ± 0.00 mg/dL). Histology showed mild hepatocellular stress after aspirin, with cytoplasmic granulation and sinusoidal prominence. A. boonei co-treatment improved hepatic structure dose-dependently, with near-normal architecture at the moderate dose and minimal stress at the highest dose, indicating hepatoprotective potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Blessing Emosho Ogeyemhe, Efosa Bolaji Odigie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION DISPLACEMENT AND THE PREVALENCE OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG IDP HOST COMMUNITIES IN ADAMAWA, BORNO, AND YOBE STATES, NORTHEAST NIGERIA
Armed conflicts in Northeast Nigeria, driven largely by Boko Haram and ISWAP insurgencies, have led to widespread population displacements, with millions of internally displaced persons (IDPs) settling in host communities. This study assessed the relationship between displacement rates and the prevalence of parasitic infections among IDP host communities in Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe States. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed across 12 host communities, which had a combined population of 243,000, including 45,354 displaced persons. Structured questionnaires and laboratory investigations (stool, urine, and blood smears) were conducted among 1,094 participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results revealed high displacement rates, ranging from 8.0% (Damare, Adamawa) to 28.0% (Dalori, Borno). The prevalence of parasitic infections ranged from 17.5% to 38.0%, with intestinal helminths as the most common. A strong positive correlation was found between displacement rate and parasitic prevalence (r = 0.81, p < 0.01), with the highest associations observed in Borno communities (Dalori r = 0.84, Bama r = 0.82). These findings suggest that increasing displacement intensity is significantly linked with higher parasitic burdens, largely due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate health interventions. Integrated WASH, deworming, and malaria prevention programs are recommended to reduce morbidity in these vulnerable populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel T. Pukuma M. S, Augustine L. M https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0