FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

ASSESSMENT OF CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF TREES IN ADEOYO GENERAL HOSPITAL PREMISES, IBADAN, OYO STATE

D. A. Adenuga — 2024-12-30

This study assessed the carbon sequestration of trees around healthcare facilities at Adeoyo General Hospital, Adeoyo, Ibadan. Total enumeration of all the trees in the study areas was carried out. Data were collected on dbh (cm) and total height (m) and these parameters were used to compute basal area (m²), volume (m³) and Carbon sequestered (ton). The parameters measured from the study area tree include: diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (H), basal area (B.A), Total volume (V). Trees species of 10cm Dbh and above were measured and enumerated. The carbon sequestration of 64 trees belonging to 13 species, 8 families was estimated using allometric equations. The results showed the growth characteristics of various tree species. Azadirachta indica dominated constituting 42.2% of the total population. Terminalia catappa and Gliricidia sepium are also significant. Mean diameter, height, basal area, and volume suggest a diverse forest with a wide range of tree sizes. The total carbon sequestered by these trees was 194425.2tCwith the average carbon sequestered of the trees as 3037.8947tC. The highest average of 8880.9tC sequestration was observed in Delonix regia and the lowest (44.1tC) in Ficus capensis. Delonix regia showed the highest DBH and more carbon sequestration potential, whereas Newbouldia laevis showed the minimum in both DBH and carbon sequestration potential.

A TWO-STEP AUTHENTICATION FACIAL RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATED ATTENDANCE TRACKING

Victory Osaruese Osazuwa-Ojo — 2024-12-30

This study addresses the need for efficient, automated attendance systems through the design of a facial recognition application. Manual attendance systems are slow, error-prone and the retrieval of old records can be tedious. Universally assessable technological developments such as facial recognition software can easily solve these problems. However, the vast amount of computational resources required for its implementation has posed a limitation to its wide adoption. This study presents a two-step approach to resolve these challenges. By leveraging a faster, less-powerful model, as the first step, the workload of facial recognition can be distributed to save time and computational cost. A more powerful machine learning model is applied as the second step, deployed for tasks that are too complex for the first model to handle. The two-step authentication process will also reduce the occurrences of false negatives. Face_recognition, a python library is used for detection and encoding of face images read using python’s opencv library from an IP webcam. A flask application demonstrates this facial recognition functionality. The database connection and communication are accomplished using flask_sqlalchemy. A graphical user interface (web application) is used to interact with users on a high level, showing saved images of logged personnel and their times of entry. The system has a maximum accuracy of 98.78% and precision of 98.82% from tests. This shows its potential for application on a wider scale, with some added improvements such as cloud deployment and larger datasets.

ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF METHANOL LEAF FRACTIONS OF LAGGERA AURITA LINN (ASTERACEAE) IN LABORATORY ANIMALS

Mustapha Ibrahim Gudaji — 2024-12-31

The Plant Laggera aurita Linn, a widely used medicinal plant in Africa, in the treatment of many medical conditions. This study was conducted to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of solvents fractions of methanol leaf extract of Laggera aurita in laboratory animals. Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies was carried out using standard protocols. The fractions were evaluated against electrically-induced seizures in chicks, pentylenetetrazole induced seizures in mice and pentylenetetrazole kindling in rats. The analysis of the solvents fractions of Laggera aurita revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. The i.p median lethal dose values in mice for NHF were found to be 1264mg/kg, 2154mg/kg for EAF and 3807mg/kg for RAF. The maximal electroshock induced seizure model of solvents fractions did not protect the animals against tonic hind limb extension (THLE), however it increases the mean recovery time of the convulsed chicks at all doses tested. In the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model, the NHF protected the mice against seizure at all doses tested, up to 50% at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg, while the EAF and RAF confers no protection against seizures at all doses tested (150mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg for EAF and 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg for RAF). The NHF produced significant protection against subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (40mg/kg) induced kindling in rats at all the doses tested, while the EAF and RAF shows no protection. The study therefore suggests the presence of bioactive compounds in the plant that posses’ anticonvulsant activity and may be of pharmacological benefit in the management of epilepsy.

EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF UREA SUPPLEMENTATIONS ON HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF YANKASA RAMS FED ENSILED CRUSHED GROUNDNUT SHELL, AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN PULP AND POULTRY LITTER

Ahmed Kirfi Yakubu — 2024-12-31

A study was carried out to assess the effects of varying levels of urea supplementations on haemato-biochemical indices of growing Yankasa rams fed ensiled crushed groundnut shell, African locust bean pulp and poultry litter. The study was carried out at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching and Research Farm, Bauchi. Twenty (20) growing Yankasa rams were fed five supplemental diets plus a basal diet. A complete randomized design (CRD) was use to allocate the treatment with each treatment replicated four times. Groundnut shell (GNS) and African locust bean pulp (ALBP) were ensiled with poultry litter as basal diet, Maize bran (MB), cotton seed cake (CSC), groundnut cake (GNC), groundnut haulms (GNH) and urea were used as supplements at various proportions. The basal diet and water were offered ad libitum, three hundred grams (300g) of the supplements were offered before the basal diet to each animal first thing in the morning. Blood samples were collected from ten rams (two animals per treatment), the animals were properly restrained and 5mls of blood was collected through the Jugular veins using syringe and needles, to analyse for various parameters. The results showed that Haematological parameters affected were packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cell (RBC) at (P<0.05) level of significance, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine were also affected (P<0.05) by dietary treatments. It was concluded that ensiled crushed groundnut shell, African locust bean pulp and poultry litter fed to Yankasa rams with various supplementations has significant effects on PCV, and RBC however, they...

PROBATION OF THE SOIL FROM CALEB UNIVERSITY, IMOTA LAGOS, NIGERIA AS A SOURCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING BACTERIA

Onoja Oda — 2024-12-31

The importance of antibiotics in treating bacterial diseases cannot be overstated. However, the excessive use of antibiotics has led to the development of resistance in many bacteria, making the treatment of bacterial infections challenging. Therefore, it is essential to search for new strains of bacteria in different habitats that produce novel antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the soil from Caleb University for antibiotic-producing bacteria. Soil samples were collected from seven locations within Caleb University, including Joshua Hall (J), Cafeteria (C), Dump site (DS), Lab garden (LAB G), Last Garden (LG), and School Inner Garden (SID). The samples were diluted, and standard procedures were followed for all experiments. The results of this study indicate that the isolated species did not show significant inhibitory activity against the test bacteria and were unable to produce antimicrobial compound. Therefore, it can be concluded that the species found in the soil samples from Caleb University are not effective in stopping bacterial growth.

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT VISCOSITY, VISCOUS DISSIPATION AND JOULE HEATING ON MHD NATURAL CONVECTION FLOW: A SEMI ANALYTICAL APPROACH

A. Bichi Yusuf — 2024-12-31

This paper investigates influences of temperature dependent viscosity, viscous dissipation and Joule heating on method MHD natural convection flow through a vertical porous channel. The equations representing the flow formation are of highest complexity as such their solutions are difficult to obtain through any analytical means. To achieve the solution, the use of Adomian decomposition of solution (ADM) is therefore deployed. The method of ADM is a semi-analytic method which is a powerful tool capable of decoupling the complexity into series form upon which a computer algebra package can be used for the final solution. This investigation may have application in the context of refining of crude oil as its components are separated under changing temperatures.

ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD (AES) IMPLEMENTATION EFFICIENCY USING JAVA AND NODE.JS PLATFORMS

Charles Okechukwu Ugwunna — 2024-12-31

The rapid advancement of communication technologies, such as satellite networks, mobile, internet, and terrestrial communications, has created an urgent need to protect sensitive data from potential attacks. This is particularly crucial as photos transmitted through unreliable channels may contain sensitive or confidential information. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm implemented in Java and Node.js, focusing on their performance in data encryption and decryption. The research employs AES in Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode, using 128-bit keys for Java and 256-bit keys for Node.js. It utilizes the Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) and Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) to create an optimized runtime environment with advanced cryptographic libraries. The result indicate that Java's AES-128 implementation is more efficient than Node.js's AES-256, particularly in terms of speed and data processing capabilities as seen in figure 11 taking Java 2.00ns to encrypt and decrypt before the Node.js algorithm that couldn’t complete the process but remain at 0.75ns. Suggesting that specific use case and requirements should be considered when choosing between the two platforms for AES encryption. Java generally outperforms Node.js in efficiency, but Node.js provides essential cryptographic functions through its built-in 'crypto' module. Overall, the research underscores the advantages of using the AES algorithm across these platforms while demonstrating the varying performance characteristics between them.

RUMEN pH AND MICROBIAL POPULATION OF YANKASA RAMS FED ENSILED SUGARCANE WASTE FORTIFIED WITH POULTRY LITTER

R. M. Ashiru — 2024-12-31

Rumen contents may be observed for physical aspects (color, odor, consistency, sedimentation) and the chemical characteristics (pH, glucose, fermentation, nitrate reduction and methylene blue reduction test) and biological parameters (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) (Donato et al., 1999). The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding ensiled sugarcane waste (ESCW) fortified with poultry litter (PL) to Yankasa rams on rumen fluid characteristics using 16 rams (mean initial BW 28.94 ± 5.77 kg; aged 12 to 18 months). Sugarcane waste was mixed with poultry litter in 3:1 and ensiled for 21 days, then use compound a complete diet. The rams were allocated to four groups on the basis of body weights into control group without ESCW (CG) as treatment groups (T₁), 15% (T₂), 30% (T₃) and 45% (T₄) in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and fed ad libtum for 84 days. At the end of the experiment, ten (10) ml of rumen fluid was drawn from individual experimental animal before feeding at 0 hr and 3 hrs and 6 hrs after meal. Parameters observed were pH, rumen bacteria and fungi biomass. The results showed that rumen bacteria and fungi counts were significantly (P<0.05) affected by sampling time. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed in the counts between different sampling times. In conclusion, the ESCW had positive effects on the rumen fluid of the rams by improving rumen pH and microbial activity (bacteria and fungi). It is recommended that rumen fluid could be sampled at 3 hours after feeding for higher bacteria...

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS OF MODIFIED NANOCLAY SUSPENSION FROM KAKURI VILLAGE

Emmanuel Asseh — 2024-12-31

In this study, the preparation of modified nanoclay using different amino acids has been investigated. The modified and unmodified nanoclay sample has been characterized using X- Ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET), Particle Size and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The XRD results suggest that the interlayer spacing of modified nanoclay increases with the intercalation of the modifiers. BET showed that nanoclay was successfully synthesized as revealed by the pore width and volume in the range of 2.647-45.23nm and 11.08-862.6cm³/g, with a BET surface area of 262.1m²/g for the control (CTL). Whereas, Arginine, Tyrosine and Aspartic acid modified nanoclay had 1.847-6.503nm, 2.647-45.23nm and 2.647-45.23nm each with a BET SA of 533.9, 325.4 and 356.3m²/g respectively. Study revealed that the clay deposits were composed of a mixture of clay minerals (Quartz, Anorthite, Kaolinite, Montmorillonite, Orthoclase and Muscovite). Particle size shows that unmodified nanoclay had particle diameter in the range of 0.88-68.71nm, Whereas, modified nanoclay sample had particle size value of 0.88-60.52nm for TYS, ASP and ARG respective. SEM images revealed the presence of varying pore sizes distribution across the surface area of both the modified and unmodified nanoclay samples.

EVALUATION OF THE GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN GISHIRI VILLAGE – KATAMPE, ABUJA USING WATER QUALITY INDEX

Emmanuel Ubong Jones — 2024-12-31

Water quality is inherently linked with human health, poverty reduction, food security, livelihoods, preservation of ecosystems, economic growth, and social development of societies. This study evaluated the groundwater quality of Gishiri-Katampe, Abuja-Nigeria using statistical and geospatial techniques for water quality indexing. The study also used hydro-chemical parameters, geographical information, and statistical analysis to assess groundwater pollution potential; identify the most vulnerable areas, and generate a groundwater quality map. The Canadian Water Quality Index, the GIS mapping of the water quality of Gishiri indicates that the Water Quality Index is within the range of 76.87 to 92.53. Similarly, the WQI is predominantly good (62%), indicating a minor degree of threat. However, 38% of the area is occasionally threatened (fair) on the Canadian scale. However, some areas are occasionally threatened (fair) with the corresponding WQI of 28% within the study area. Moreover, out of the 11 water quality parameters analyzed, 6 parameters (dissolved oxygen DO, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand COD, NO₃, Na, and biological oxygen demand BOD) were identified as significant parameters as indicated by the correlation and regression analysis. This suggested that they strongly influenced the variability of the water quality.

STACKING ENSEMBLE-BASED PREDICTIVE SYSTEM FOR CROP RECOMMENDATION

Gilbert I. O. Aimufua — 2024-12-31

Agricultural sustainability relies on crop production, but the task of choosing appropriate crops for certain places is difficult owing to the ever-changing environmental circumstances. Traditional approaches are often limited in scope, failing to adapt to diverse soil types and environmental parameters. This study introduces a novel prediction method that utilizes a machine-learning model with ensemble approaches to provide recommendations for crops. The system was developed using a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. The proposed model incorporates a wide array of machine-learning techniques, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Trees, Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, and Extreme Gradient Boosting. The integration utilizes the Random Forest meta-model. The model was trained and validated using a large dataset gathered from Kaggle, which consisted of a wide variety of crops and environmental characteristics. The model's performance was evaluated using metrics such as Accuracy, Recall, F1-Score, and Precision. It exhibited outstanding accuracy of 99.8%, along with superior recall, precision, and F1 scores, outperforming previous research by a significant margin. Furthermore, data flow diagrams illustrate the data processing flow within the system. The implementation was carried out using the Python programming language, with MongoDB employed for database development. The resulting proof-of-concept system demonstrates the practical applicability of the model by providing reliable crop recommendations based on environmental data. This research marks a substantial advancement in optimizing crop management strategies through advanced predictive modeling, offering a robust tool to aid farmers in making informed decisions, ultimately enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability.

MAXIMIZING PROFIT POTENTIAL IN SUPPLY CHAIN FROM SUPPLIER-RETAILER INVENTORY REPLENISHMENT IN RURAL AREAS

Leo Tanyam Encho — 2024-12-31

Successful collaborative relationship enhances profitability in the delivery of products or services to customers in a supply. This study focuses on the impact of successful relationships in supply chain management on customer exploration and profitability. By implementing a strong strategy, more customers can be brought into the supply chain, leading to increased productivity and ultimately, higher profitability. The main objective is to determine the optimal quantity levels in supplier relationships that minimize long-term costs in the supply chain. A mathematical model incorporating shipment consolidation was utilized to derive the profit function. Numerical examples were then employed to illustrate the developed models. The results demonstrate variations in total quantity and relevant costs based on factors such as retailer input, supplier replenishment quantities, optimal order quantities, and total relevant costs within the supply chain, ultimately contributing to enhanced profitability. Our result shows that. there is an increase in the supply chain profitability when the retailer orders greater number of items from the supplier.

PROFITABILITY AND CONSTRAINTS OF AGRICULTURAL COMMERCIALIZATION AMONG SMALLHOLDER RICE FARMERS IN NASARAWA STATE, NIGERIA

M. B. Usman — 2024-12-31

This study analysed the profitability of smallholder rice farmers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select 300 rice farmers for the study. The primary data utilized for the study were collected using structured questionnaires. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and farm budgetary techniques. The result of the study revealed that rice production in the study area is profitable with gross margin of N103, 876.17/ha. The most important problems identified were inadequate supportive institutions, poor access to credit, and poor rural infrastructure. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that provision of adequate and improved agricultural supportive institutions such as research, financial and marketing as well as extension services should be strengthened in order to improve smallholder rice profitability in the study area.

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF PAGO, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA

Aisha Musa — 2024-12-31

This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface and groundwater in Pago, North Central Nigeria, a region characterized by Precambian Basement Complex rocks. Water samples collected from wells and streams were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) to analyse for major ions and heavy metals in the water samples. The water quality of the study region was evaluated using hydrogeochemical indices. The hydrogechemical analysis shows that most of the analysed parameters fell within WHO permissible limits, elevated COD levels in some samples indicate potential organic pollution, which may pose risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. The CF shows low concentrations (<1) of SO, Cl, Ca, Mg, Pb and Zn, and high concentrations (>1) of COD. The values of PLI were generally low, indicating minimal pollution. The WQI showed samples with excellent (<50) ratings. These results underscore the new regular water quality monitoring and targeted remediation strategies to ensure the safety of surface and groundwater in the region. The assessment indicates that the water in the study area is generally safe for drinking and other domestic purposes.

IMPROVING BIOENERGY PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION OF PAPER WASTE AND CHICKEN MANURE USING COCONUT SHELL BIOCHAR

Utibe A. Ofon — 2024-12-31

CONTRIBUTION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs) TO HOUSEHOLDS’ DIETARY REQUIREMENT IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE, NIGERIA

N. N. Akemien — 2024-12-31

Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contributes to dietary requirement of the households during economic shocks through food and income provisions. This study investigates the contribution of NTFPs to the dietary requirement of households in Kajola Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria. Data from 120 sampled respondents were generated via a simple random sampling technique and interview schedule using a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential analytical tool (multiple regression) were used for the analysis. From the results, (60.0%) of the respondents were female. Majority (64.2%) respondents were within their youthful age group of 18-40 years. Also, majority (61.7%) of them were married. Good number (41.6%) of respondents attained secondary education qualification. Majority (38.3%)of the sampled respondents had not more than 5 household size. Equally, (77.5%) of t respondents earned between N20,000- N60,000 monthly from NTFPs sales. Wild fruits (29.2%) and Honey (28.3%) and firewood/charcoal (20.0%) are the most available and exploited NTFPs for dietary requirement by the respondents. Likewise, majority (51.7%) of the respondents sold only NTFPs to contribute to their household’s dietary requirement. explicitly, (89.3%) of the NTFPs harvested were sold by the respondents’ households while only (10.7%) of the NTFPs harvested were consumed. Meanwhile, variable such as respondents age, respondents’ gender, family status, academic level, core occupation and households’ size were all significant at 5% probability level and positively impacted NTFPs contribution to households’ dietary requirement. Hence, the need for strategies and investment in NTFPs value addition for all year round dietary availability to households, and a means...

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES AFFECTING TOMATO (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM, LINN.) IN GIWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA, NIGERIA

Ibrahim Isa — 2024-12-31

Plant-parasitic nematodes are the major biotic stressor in crop cultivation. They are recognized as one of the greatest threats to crops worldwide. The study evaluated nematodes that affect tomato in Giwa Local Government area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Samples were collected from two selected farms each from seven locations. The tomato samples were classified as diseased and healthy based on the appearance of the plants. In each farm, four samples were taken during the growing season; two from diseased plants and two from apparently healthy looking plants. Similarly, soil samples from diseased and apparently healthy soil were collected. The soil and tomato samples were extracted using Cobb-Sieving and Decanting method. Descriptive statistics, students t-test and species diversity were used to analyze the data. Nineteen (19) genera of plant parasitic nematodes were isolated and identified, with 18 genera each in diseased soil and root samples, 12 and 9 genera from apparently healthy soil and roots respectively. Scutellonema spp. (1121) had the highest number of nematodes genera while Tetylenchus (20) had the lowest, in diseased soil samples. In diseased root samples, Meloidogyne (415) had the highest nematodes while Tetylenchus (10) had the lowest number of nematodes. In apparently healthy soil samples, Scutellonema (522) had the highest number of collection, while Tylenchorynchus (20) had the least. In apparently healthy root samples, Pratylenchus (415) had the highest and Hoplolaimus (10) had the lowest number of collection across all the locations. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the presence of nematodes in the...

EFFICACY AND RESISTANCE PATTERN OF SOME COMMONLY USED INSECTICIDES AGAINST ANOPHELES MOSQUITOES IN SIX LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF ADAMAWA STATE, NORTHEASTERN NIGERIA

L. M. Augustine — 2024-12-31

The global effort to control malaria vectors has been halted due to resistance mechanisms developed against various insecticides and their associated effects. This study evaluates the efficacy and resistance pattern of some commonly used insecticides against Anopheles mosquitoes using various insecticide concentrates. A ladle was used to collect Anopheles mosquito larvae in the study areas. The collected larvae were transferred to a plastic container and transported to the Institute of Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IIDP) laboratory in Modibbo Adama University, Yola, where the samples were reared to adulthood. Four separate batches of twenty-five (25) female Anopheles mosquitoes were subjected to the test papers of each impregnated insecticide for 1 hour at 27± 1°C and 80± 2% relative humidity. Similar batches were subjected to the non-impregnated insecticide paper as a control. After one hour of subjection, they were conveyed into a holding tube furnished with cotton drenched with a 10% sugar solution. Following 24 hours, mortality and susceptibility were observed and recorded. The findings showed that propoxur, bendiocarb, and pirimiphos-methyl showed 100% susceptibility across all Local Government Areas studied. In contrast, permethrin, deltamethrin, and DDT showed resistance across the Local Government Areas suggesting varying significant resistance levels. These findings outrageously emphasize the significance of ongoing surveillance, resistance management, and context-specific development for vector control strategies to combat malaria effectively in Adamawa state.

PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL HELMINTH PARASITE OF PARACHANNA OBSCURA AND HETEROTIS NILOTICUS AT RIVER ANAMBRA, ANAMBRA STATE

C. C. Nwadike — 2024-12-31

Parasitic infections are one of the factors limiting fish in the wild for sustainable productivity. The study was carried out to determine the gastrointestinal helminth parasite associated with Parachanna obscura and Heterotis niloticus and their prevalence concerning sex and size (length and weight). Sixty (60) fishes (30 H. niloticus and 30 P. obscura) were bought from fishmongers from the Anambra River. They were examined through dissection and observation of the alimentary canal under the microscope's objective lens. The overall prevalence of the parasites in Heterotis niloticus was 83.33%. The parasites recovered were Tenuisentis niloticus 16 (53.33%), Sandonella sandoni 8 (26.67%) and Capillaria species 1 (3.33%). There was no significant difference in the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth among the sexes (p> 0.05). However, the parasite species had a significant difference in prevalence (p< 0.05). In P. obscura, the overall prevalence of the parasite was 73.33% and only one parasite species, Procamallanus species was recovered. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth among sexes (p= 0.096, p>0.05) and fish size. Further studies are required to consider the probable zoonotic transmission of parasitic diseases from fish. It concluded that the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of these species is high and this may affect the fish quality.

GC-MS ANALYSIS, QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Boerhavia diffusa (Linn.) LEAF EXTRACT CHARACTERIZING ITS MEDICINAL USE

T. E. Oseni — 2024-12-31

Boerhavia diffusa Linn., commonly known as punarnava, is a perennial herb of the Nyctaginaceae family, renowned for its medicinal significance in traditional medicine, particularly in India. The leaves of Boerhavia diffusa were extracted using a Soxhlet extractor, and the resulting ethanolic extract was subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. Qualitative screening revealed the presence of phenols, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant concentrations of phenols (344.97 mg/100g), flavonoids (67.72 mg/100g), and tannins (84.33 mg/100g). Advance GC-MS profiling identified 16 bioactive compounds, including benzofuran, stigmasterol, pentadecanoic acid, and phytol, which exhibit diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. The study highlights the potential of Boerhavia diffusa as a source of novel therapeutic agents, bridging traditional knowledge with modern scientific techniques. Further research is recommended to explore the synergistic effects, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of its phytochemicals to validate its clinical applications. This investigation substantiates the medicinal value of Boerhavia diffusa and advocates for its integration into contemporary medicine, offering a promising avenue for the advancement of herbal medicine.

ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SOILS OF SELECTED REFUSE DUMPSITES IN FIVE GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES OF LAFIA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Solomon J. Anzene — 2024-12-31

The disposal of solid wastes has become a very serious problem particularly in most Nigerian cities due to rapid population explosion and commercial activities. Lafia metropolis, the capital city of Nasarawa State, Nigeria is experiencing rapid urbanization as a result of population growth, and unplanned development accompanied by indiscriminate waste disposal. In this study, concentrations of heavy metals and physicochemical parameters from 20 soil samples each from selected refuse dumpsites in wet and dry seasons were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard methods. The results showed that during the wet season the concentration of heavy metals; Hg (0.100 mg/kg – 0.367 mg/kg), Cr (0.117 mg/kg – 0.926 mg/kg), and Mn (0.480 mg/kg – 1.385 mg/kg) were above the maximum permissible limits (0.04 mg/kg), (0.2 mg/kg), (0.1 mg/kg) of World Health Organisation (WHO), and (0.0005 mg/kg for Hg) of National Environmental Standards Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), while that of Pb, As, Fe, Zn, Cu and Ni were below the tolerable limits. In the dry season, the levels of concentrations of Hg (0.123 mg/kg - 0.345 mg/kg), Cr (0.067 mg/kg – 2.833 mg/kg), and Mn (0.702 mg/kg – 3.091 mg/kg) across the locations were also found to be above the tolerable limits. Except for nitrates in wet season (131.36 mg/L – 1,312.15 mg/L), phosphates (0.12 mg/L – 7.86 mg/L) and organic matter (2.19% w/w – 3.24 % w/w), dry season for nitrates (176.84 mg/L – 1,755.21 mg/L), phosphates (0.26 mg/L – 14.39 mg/L), organic matter...

CREDIT RISK ANALYSIS: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SIX MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUES IN CREDIT SCORING MODELLING

Abba Bello Muhammad — 2024-12-31

This study checked the credit risk analysis domain, concentrating on assessing the efficacy of six distinct credit scoring methodologies: linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, artificial neural networks, support vector machine, decision tree and, K-nearest neighbour on microcredit applicant’s data. Two performance metrics were used: Area under the receiver operative characteristic curve and, Precision. The results obtained from the experimentation phase reveal distinct performance levels for each technique. Specifically, K-nearest neighbour and artificial neural networks showcase exceptional prowess, yielding an AUC of 0.9833 and 0.9062 and, an impressive precision score of 0.8065 and 1 respectively. In contrast, logistic regression and support vector machine demonstrate a good performance with an area under the curve value of 0.8537 and 0.8532 respectively, on precision metric score, support vector machine showed impressive high performance while logistic regression performed poorly. Linear discriminant analysis and Decision tree exhibit comparatively moderate accuracy scores and achieved an AUC of 0.8494318 and 0.7524 respectively. Thus, we underscore the potential of K-nearest neighbour and Artificial neural networks as a superior method for credit risk analysis, supported by robust performance metrics. Although, all techniques achieve significantly good discriminative power and good precision. The findings advocate for the adoption of modern techniques in credit scoring modelling, positioning K-nearest neighbour and Artificial neural networks as a valuable tool in financial institutions’ risk assessment processes.

PROVENANCE AND COMPOSITION OF THE BIMA GROUP EXPOSED AROUND WUYO VILLAGE, UPPER BENUE TROUGH N.E. NIGERIA

Karagama Lawan Zannah — 2024-12-31

Provenance study of Bima group of the Upper Benue Trough around Wuyo village was carried out on fresh representative samples. The petrographic results suggest the sandstones to be arkosic arenites, the average composition of the three rock forming minerals as observed are; 40% quartz, 46% feldspar and 3% rock fragments. The higher percentage of feldspar, the sphericity of the grain sizes which are largely sub-angular to sub-rounded and the poorly sorted nature of the sandstones as well as ZTR index of 60.3% from the heavy minerals analysis suggest immature sediments, they are deposited close to their source area. The coarse grain Sandstone in the study area were deposited by fluviatile system while the fine grain sandstone and clay were deposited in a lacustrine environment. The dominance of monocrystalline quartz as well as the Microscopic examination of the heavy minerals contained in the sandstones of the study area revealed that the sediments originated from dominantly granitic source and deposited by a moderate to high energy level shallow water continental conditions. The sutured contact, polycrystalline quartz crystals and the undulose extinction exhibited by some of the few quartz crystals in the petrographic studies is as a result of stress the sediment went through after deposition.

A MULTIFACETED SENTIMENT ANALYSIS APPROACH TO THE ESTIMATION OF THE STRENGTH OF ONLINE SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL CANDIDATES IN NIGERIA'S ELECTIONS

Ogheneovo Ajueyitsi — 2024-12-31

The strength of online support for political candidates in an election is crucial to their victory at the polls, particularly in countries with advanced digital infrastructure and culture. In modern times, social media is one free space where residents express, and are persuaded to, support or show disdain for political candidates prior to an election. This has resulted in the opinion mining of political tweets to predict electoral victories at the polls. However, this is usually done by adopting a single sentiment analysis model and scraping tool. Ordinarily, no sentiment analysis model or scraping tool is a silver bullet – each has strengths and weaknesses. Thus, this study employed two contemporary scraping tools and adopted three contemporary sentiment analysis models. The models were then exposed to the scrapped political tweets of the top contestants for the Nigeria 2023 presidential election, validated with another set of political tweets of the top contestants for the 2024 Edo State governorship election, and, after that, used to predict the online support strength of the top contestants for the 2024 Ondo State governorship election. Only tweets from within the geopolitical space of elections were scrapped. A notable finding of this study is that no two sentiment analysis models estimate the same online support strength for selected candidates, even with the same set of tweets. Overall, the study holds that online support strength is necessary but insufficient to guarantee victory at the polls in Nigeria's elections.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY INCORPORATION OF MORINGA (MORINGA OLEIFERA) LEAF MEAL IN DIETS OF BROILER CHICKENS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS

Jacob Jafiya Millam — 2024-12-31

Consuming enough high-quality protein is essential for a long and healthy life. Because of their high-quality protein content, broiler chickens are a valuable food source that can support optimum growth and development and assist in address dietary deficiencies in Nigeria. The experiment was carried out at Adamawa State University Teaching and Research Farm, Mubi to evaluate the effects of diets containing varying levels of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaf meal (MoLM) on growth performance and cost benefits fed to broiler chickens. The broiler chicks were purchased and maintained on a deep-litter system throughout the study. Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves were shed-dried and pulverised into fine particles. The powder was incorporated into the diets at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g/kg denoted as control, 0.5MoLM, 1MoLM, 1.5MoLM and 2MoLM, respectively. The birds were randomly allotted to the different diets in a completely randomised design. Data collected during the study were: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and the cost benefits of feeding MoLM-based diets. Significant (p<0.05) results were observed for most growth performance parameters. Weight gain and feed intake were high in the control followed by 2MoLM (1023.00 and 2825.80 g, respectively). The FCR was least for 1.5MoLM (2.37) compared to the control diet. The 1.5MoLM ensured a higher cost saving amongst the other diets. Mortality was reduced with increased levels of MoLM. It can therefore be agreed from this study that the inclusion of 1.5 g/kg MoLM in broiler chicken diets promoted better feed efficiency and more cost saving.

OPTIMIZING HEATED AIR CIRCULATION IN SILO/BIN DESIGN: A PARAMETRIC APPROACH

Uche Nelson Okorie — 2024-12-31

Aeration is one of the most essential processes after harvest in guaranteeing food security since it is often employed for grain cooling while the physical qualities of the stored grains are sustained. Aiming to address issues of storage inefficiencies, the research reviewed “Optimization of Heated Air Circulation in Silo/Bin Design: A Parametric Approach.” The method adopted for the study was systematic review of journal articles, conference proceedings, books and other relevant materials. Furthermore, the main method used to find relevant publications for the study was keyword searches in electronic databases such as Research Gate, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Scopus. Hence, the study ascertained that at an optimal temperature range between 10 - 15°C, grain storage facilities can effectively mitigate the risks of moisture accumulation, insect infestation, and microbial growth. More so, the study revealed that the rate of airflow ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 m³ min^-1 t^-1 are usually utilized in tall steel bins and concrete silos containing small grains, again measurements ranges from 0.1 to 0.2 meter cubed per minute per tonne were suggested for horizontal storage for huge grains. However, the study suggests that SSR model seems to be the most suitable model for optimization of heated air circulation in silo/bin among all the reviewed models because it is capable of describing nearly all the systems’ dynamics.

A TREATMENT OF A MULTISTEP COLLOCATION METHOD FOR THE DIRECT SOLUTION OF SECOND-ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Kaze Atsi — 2024-12-31

A research has been conducted at the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Gashua, Yobe State to study the treatment of multistep collocation method for the direct solution of second order ordinary differential equations using a class of modified Backward Differentiation Formular (BDF)-type with one super-future point. The research has proposed the construction of a new method of solving second-order initial valued problem of ordinary differential equation. A step-number, , a number of discrete members are obtained and used in block through multi-step collocation approach. The stability properties of the newly constructed methods are investigated using written computer codes and its convergence are established. The numerical efficiency of the method has been tested on some treated second-order initial valued problems, in order to ascertain its suitability. The solutions of the problems are compared with the corresponding exact solutions and the associated absolute errors are presented. Tables and graph have been adopted in the presentation of results, and they have shown the efficiency of the new method for solving solution of second order ordinary differential equations.

BUCCAL CELL STAINING EFFECT OF LAWSONIA INERMIS AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT

Sunyarari Simon Salomi — 2024-12-31

Lawsonia inermis (henna) is a perennial shrub or plant belonging to the Lythraceae family. Hands, nails, fingers, and even hair can be dyed using henna plants, which are a natural colour. The study aims to examine the use of Lawsonia inermis aqueous extract (local stain) as a substitute for methylene blue in the demonstration of buccal swabs in people. Twelve volunteers offered their time to help gather buccal mucosa samples. The volunteers used tap water and normal saline to rinse their mouths. A wooden spatula was used to scrape the cheeks' buccal surface. Each was applied on a glass slide after being diluted with regular saline. 70% alcohol was used to fix the smear, and it was then let to dry. Methylene blue and Lawsonia inermis aqueous extract were used to stain the smears. Squamous epithelial cells' cytoplasm and nucleus were visible on methylene blue-stained slides. There was no nuclear staining in the squamous epithelial cell stained with Lawsonia inermis aqueous extract. Nevertheless, it stained the nucleus when counterstained with hematoxylin. Lawsonia inermis plus hematoxylin-stained buccal smear present a better result compared to the Lawsonia inermis plus eosin-stained slides. Hence, it can be counterstained with hematoxylin to demonstrate buccal cells.

ANTIBACTERIAL STUDIES OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM THE FRESH LEAF OF LEMON GRASS CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS

Sani M. Isyaka — 2024-12-31

Cymbopogon citratus, belongs to Gramineae family. This study used a microwave-assisted hydro-distillation process to extract lemongrass essential oil and examined its antimicrobial qualities. Physical characteristics of the essential oils included a yellow color, a yield percentage of 4.67%, solubility in trichloromethane, and a lemony aroma. The disc diffusion method was used to assess the oil's effectiveness. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli were all susceptible to the oil's concentration-dependent antibacterial qualities. 5.72 mmL/disc was the oil's most effective concentration against E. coli, while 1.43 mmL/disc was its least effective. The zone of inhibition shrank as the concentration of oil per disc dropped, indicating that the oil's activity against all species was concentration-dependent. At concentrations of 5.72 mmL/disc, 2.86 mmL/disc, and 1.43 mmL/disc, respectively, the zone of inhibition for E. coli was 24, 11.3, and 7.7 mm. For other creatures, the pattern is the same. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the smallest zone of inhibition, measuring 7.0, 7.0, and 5.7 mm at concentrations of 5.72 mmL/disc, 2.86 mmL/disc, and 1.43 mmL/disc, respectively. Staphylococcus aureus was 13.3, 10.3, and 9.0 mm at concentrations of 5.72 mmL/disc, 2.86 mmL/disc, and 1.43 mmL/disc, while Klebsiella oxytoca was 11.3, 9.7, and 9.0 mm at concentrations of 5.72 mmL/disc, 2.86 mmL/disc, and 1.43 mmL/disc, respectively. These results imply that lemongrass essential oil may be a viable natural substitute for synthetic antibiotics, with potential uses in medical and food preservation. It is advised that additional bioassays be conducted and contrasted with the results obtained from alternative...

INFLUENCE OF GOAT DUNG ON SOIL PROPERTIES, GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN GWAGWALADA, FCT, NIGERIA

Yusuf Jiddah Abdulkareem — 2024-12-31

Farmers in the Guinea Savannah region of Nigeria rely on inorganic fertilizer to mitigate yield reduction caused by low soil fertility. Unfortunately, high purchasing cost and harmful residual effect of chemical fertilizers render them unsustainable. However, goat dung, which is an animal waste, can be harnessed as organic amendment. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Abuja, Nigeria to evaluate growth and yield response of maize to goat dung amended soils. Three levels of goat dung (0 kg, 1.8 kg, and 2.7 kg of goat dung) were incorporated into the soil during land preparation. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used for arranging the treatments, which were replicated three times. Vegetative components: plant height, leaf area, number of leaves, as well as yield parameters: cob length, cob diameter, cob weight, number of seeds/cob, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were evaluated and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using GenStat statistical software (17th Edition). Significantly different means were separated using Duncan New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5% level of significance. Result showed that application of goat dung increased soil properties (pH, organic matter content, total N, available P, CEC, exchangeable K, Na, Ca, Mg) and improved growth and yield of maize; however, increments were not significant. Thus, further trials are recommended using higher quantities of goat dung.

EFFICACY OF CHICKEN MANURE AND PLANTS SPACING ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF GARDEN HUCKLEBERRY (Solanum scabrum) IN SARDAUNA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, TARABA STATE

Adamu Umar Waziri — 2024-12-31

Garden Huckleberry is an edible form of the common nightshade weed plant belonging to the family Solanaceae. The research was conducted in Sardauna Local Government, Taraba State. The objectives of the study were to determine the fertilizer (chicken manure) rate and spacing adequate for garden huckleberry cultivation. The experiment consists of three rate of chicken manure (0t/ha, 15t/ha and 20t/ha) with two spacing of 10cm×15cm and 15cm×20cm, with plots size of 0.75m² which was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data were analyzed and presented using Figureical presentation. The result shows that chicken manure rate of 20t/ha, and 15×20cm spacing produced Huckleberry with highest number of leaves at 6 weeks after sowing among others. The researcher therefore, recommended that poultry manure at the rate of 20t/ha and the spacing of 15×20cm to be use by the farmers in huckleberry production for maximum yield.

AN ENHANCED MODEL FOR PREMIUM MOTOR SPIRIT (PMS) PRICE PREDICTION AND MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA USING MACHINE LEARNING

Kizito Eluemunor Anazia — 2024-12-31

Forecasting Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) prices accurately is crucial for economic stability and effective decision-making in Nigeria. Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), which is also known as petrol or fuel, plays a pivotal role in the country's economy, impacting transportation costs, inflation rates, and overall economic growth. However, the unpredictability of PMS prices prediction and management is influenced by factors like government policies, international oil markets, supply chain disruptions, stakeholders and interested cartels amongst others. This has created a constant price fluctuation, poor price control and management which eventually lead to fuel scarcity and high cost of fuel. The price control mechanism remains a contentious issue, with debates over its impact on the economy, government spending, and the welfare of ordinary Nigerians. This article presents an enhanced model for Premium Motor Spirit (PMS) price prediction and management in Nigeria using machine learning that will improve the price prediction and management system that will produce high degree of accuracy. The system was developed using visual studio C#, ML.Net model and Microsoft SQL server for its backend database. This model identifies key factors impacting PMS prices prediction and management that is used to forecast PMS prices over a specified time horizon such as daily, weekly, or monthly thereby enhancing economic planning and stability in Nigeria.

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN FISH (HETEROTIS NILOTICUS) IN IGBOKODA RIVER, ONDO STATE NIGERIA

T. Faraday Ediagbonya — 2024-12-31

Polychlorinated biphenyls are composed of 209 possible chlorinated compounds or congeners with lipophilic properties. They are bioaccumulative, persistent pollutants that have been related to a variety of negative human health effects, including cancer. Humans can be exposed to PCBs by eating contaminated foods such as fish, pig, and dairy products. The purpose of this study was to quantify PCB contents in heterotis niloticus using an electron capture detector in gas chromatography (GC-ECD). The presence of PCBs in the fish's head, tail, and centre was determined. The average total PCB concentration was 4.27g/g in the centre, 6.43g/g in the tail, and 2.42g/g in the head. PCBs 8, 18, 28, 44, 156, and 170 were discovered in the fish's head, middle, and tail, except for PCB 8, which was not found in either the head or the tail. The concentration of PCBs in this study found that, except for the middle, which had a mean value of 0.01, there was no PCB8 in the fish's head or tail. The least amount of total PCB was found in the fish head, while the highest concentration was detected in the tail. Except for PCB8, which was not calculated since it only occurred in one location of the fish, the various PCB homologs showed statistical spatial variations. According to the distribution of PCB homologs in fish samples, triPCBs were present in the majority of fish components, whereas tetraPCBs were found in the middle and tail at low levels.

COMMUNICATION MODELS IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

Michael Chukwuemeka Umehai — 2024-12-31

This paper reviewed suitable communication models that bring about the changes in farmers’ behavior and farming practices for increase in the social economic status and livelihoods of farm families. The main focus of agricultural extension includes transferring knowledge from researchers, advising farmers on decision-making and educating farm families on how to make accurate decisions which will enable them clarify goals and stimulate desirable agricultural development. Disseminating innovations and technologies through extension education using various communication models involves agricultural and non-agricultural issues in the immediate environment and so the wellbeing of inhabitants in a particular area should be considered when using communication models. Advantages and disadvantages of these models are highlighted to show the relevance of communication models in agricultural extension and advisory services. The study highlights the implications of communication models in communicating agricultural and non-agricultural issues to farmers which is pertinent to agricultural productivity. It is recommended that competent extension agents properly trained in Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) extension approaches and the appropriate communication models educate farmers. Extension agents should also work with more contact farmers in various communities to have result oriented extension service delivery in Nigeria.

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE GENES IN FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES, FATE, ECOLOGICAL IMPACT AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

N. N. Ndukwe — 2024-12-31

Global public health is seriously threatened by antibiotic resistance, making the identification of environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) a crucial area of study. Freshwater ecosystems are particularly important for the spread of ARGs because of the intricate interactions between diverse microbial populations, human activities, and various antibiotic contamination sources. This review aims to offer a thorough understanding of the origin, progression, environmental impact, and medical significance of ARGs in freshwater environment. ARGs enter freshwater systems through various means, including the release of treated and untreated wastewater, agricultural drainage, and discharge of antibiotics and their byproducts. Once introduced, ARGs can endure freshwater environments through processes, such as horizontal gene transfer, co-selection, and biofilm formation. Moreover, the presence of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems has significant ecological consequences, affecting microbial diversity, ecosystem functions, and biogeochemical processes. The clinical relevance of ARGs in freshwater environments is a matter of concern. These genes can be transmitted to disease-causing bacteria, resulting in treatment failure and proliferation of infections that are resistant to multiple drugs. Additionally, the potential for ARGs to contaminate drinking water supplies raises concerns regarding human health. To develop effective strategies for combating the proliferation of antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to understand the behavior of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems. This review emphasizes the necessity of enhanced wastewater treatment technologies, responsible antibiotic usage, and sustainable farming practices to decrease the release and persistence of ARGs in freshwater ecosystems, ultimately protecting public health and maintaining the ecological balance of these vital habitats.

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR LAND REGISTRATION IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW OF OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES

Franklin U. Okoli — 2024-12-31

Land registration is critical for ensuring legal certainty and economic stability, yet Nigeria's system is plagued by inefficiencies, corruption, and inadequate technical infrastructure. These challenges result in prolonged processing times, high registration costs, insufficient technical skills, unqualified staff, excessive land charges, and an unclear legal framework. Additionally, institutional inefficiencies, ignorance among landowners regarding the importance of registration, multiple sales, unofficial charges, and lack of transparency exacerbate the problem. This study examines the potential of blockchain technology to address these systemic issues. Blockchain's decentralized and secure framework offers transformative potential by enhancing transparency, reducing fraud, and streamlining land registration processes. Drawing from global applications, the paper highlights blockchain's ability to create tamper-proof records, minimize human errors, and build public trust in land transactions. However, significant challenges to adoption in Nigeria include technical and infrastructural limitations, regulatory challenges, political resistance, and the need to train stakeholders. The study proposes a strategic framework focused on private permissioned blockchains, smart contracts, and integration with existing land records to ensure gradual implementation. Adopting blockchain could significantly reduce registration timelines, lower costs, improve transparency, and foster economic growth through a reliable and secure land tenure system. This research highlights blockchain's potential to modernize land administration in Nigeria while addressing critical challenges and enabling equitable access to land rights.

AN OVERVIEW OF KEY SAFETY CONCERNS AND SUSTAINABILITY OF CNG RETROFITTED VEHICLES IN NIGERIA

Usman Garba — 2024-12-31

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is increasingly being advocated and adopted as an alternative fuel for vehicles in Nigeria due to its economic and environmental benefits. However, the retrofitting of vehicles to use CNG has raised safety concerns, particularly in a country like Nigeria where regulatory standards, enforcement, and public awareness may not be fully developed. An assessment of the key safety and sustainability of retrofitted CNG vehicles (CNGVs) focusing on factors such as the quality and durability of conversion kits and tanks, proper installation procedures, CNG storage, and refuelling are considered. While CNG is generally safer than traditional fuels like gasoline and diesel—requiring higher ignition temperatures and presenting less fire risk during leaks, the fear of regulatory oversight, inadequate safety standards, and limited technical expertise in vehicle retrofitting may pose significant challenges. Stronger regulations, public awareness campaigns, and technician training programs are advocated to ensure safe CNGV operations in Nigeria.