FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED PLANT EXTRACT AS EXTENDER ON SPERM VIABILITY AND FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF RED SOKOTO BUCK DURING COLD STORAGE

Temidayo Stephen Ojo — 2025-04-26

The use of plant-based extenders has gained interest due to their protective and antioxidant capacity. This study evaluates the effects of scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum), onions (Allium cepa), lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus), and celery (Apium graveolens) extracts on the viability and functional integrity of Red Sokoto buck semen during cold storage. Semen samples were collected from ten mature Red Sokoto buck, pooled, and diluted with tris egg yolk extender. In a completely randomized design, the pooled semen samples were divided into 5. The different plant extracts were added to each sample at 1.5ml/ 1 ml of semen sample with the exception of the control which only contain tris egg yolk extender. Samples were then stored at 4°C in the refrigerator for 7 days. After which it was evaluated for sperm viability (motility, livability and abnormalities) and sperm functional integrity (membrane integrity, acrosome integrity and semen concentration). The result showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in motility, livability, or functional integrity among the treatments. However, scent leaf and lemongrass exhibited a higher sperm motility and livability, while celery showed the lowest. Lemongrass extract had higher acrosome and membrane integrity, whereas onions showed the lowest. Sperm abnormalities were reduced across treatments, supporting the protective role of plant extracts in semen storage. This study suggests that plant-based extenders are effective in semen preservation and therefore may serve as cost-effective and bio secured alternatives to synthetic extenders, sustaining the quality of semen during cold storage and enhancing reproductive efficiency in Red Sokoto goats.

DEVELOPING A STANDARDIZED ADAPTATION INDEX TO EFFECTIVELY ASSESS CLIMATE RESILIENT PRACTICES AMONG FISHERMEN IN KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Abdulsalam S. Nababa — 2025-04-26

Climate change has become a pressing concern for Nigeria in its efforts to ensure food and nutritional security for a rapidly growing population. In light of the challenges faced, it is essential to quantify the optimal weather conditions necessary for achieving higher yields. The aim of implementing adaptation is to effectively address potential climate risks in the forthcoming decades as the climate continues to evolve. This research aid in guiding choices made by farmers and policymakers, with consequences for a spectrum of timelines ranging from immediate tactical approaches to extensive long-term strategies. The adaptation index was developed following six (6) steps. Indicators selected for the index comprises of; Methods of fishery, Altered fishing periods, Varieties of Fishing gears, Crafts Management, Depth, Fishing frequency, Post-harvest techniques, and Varieties of baits. KMO and Bartlett's test was conducted using principal component analysis (PCA) to thoroughly evaluate the validity of the chosen indicators and sub-indicators. The obtained (KMO) value was 0.541, and it was acceptable. The approximate Chi-Square value was 412.836, with a significance value (p) of 0.000, which is less than 0.001. This finding indicates that the correlation matrix is not an identity matrix, reflecting a strong relationship among the variables. The reliability coefficient was measured at 0.89, which exceeds the standard value of 0.70. The adaptation index measures the climate-resilient practices embraced by fishermen. By quantifying their level of adaptation to climate change, this index provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of existing fishing practices in mitigating climate-related risks.

QUALITY EVALUATION OF PASTA PRODUCED FROM WHEAT (Tricuma estivum), ACHA (Digitari aexilis), AND FLUTED PUMPKIN LEAF (Talfaera occidantalis) COMPOSITE FLOUR

Muhammad Muhammad Salisu — 2025-04-26

Pasta is one of the staple foods of developing countries, usually produced using unleavened durum wheat flour dough. This research evaluated the pasta quality produced from wheat, acha, and fluted pumpkin leaf composite flour. The pasta was made from combinations of acha, wheat, and fluted pumpkin leaf at 100 90:10:0, 85:10:5, and 80:10:10, respectively. The pasta was analyzed for proximate composition, mineral, physical, anti-nutrient, and sensory properties, and this was carried out on the samples with standard methods. The pasta's moisture, protein, fiber, and ash contents ranged from 6.63-13.23 %, 0.92-1.59 %, 7.66-12.02 %, and 7.97-13.78 %, respectively. Sodium, calcium, and magnesium ranged from 30.56-37.24%, 45.58-25.68%, and 208.8-260.5%, respectively. Tannin, phytate, and cyanide ranged from 256.25-287.50%, 196.80-220.80%, and 70.52-75.36%, respectively. Diameter, length, and weight ranged from 0.51-0.53 %, 20.50-23.50 %, and 84.50-91.29 %, respectively. The sensory ratings for aroma, taste, and texture ranged from 6.90-7.60, 6.85-7.55, and 6.95-7.80, respectively. The use of wheat, acha, and fluted pumpkin leaf composite flour in pasta production generally improved their protein, fat, fibre, and ash contents and aids in producing pasta of acceptable qualities from all ratios, However, pasta produced from 100% wheat flour was more acceptable in the sensory characteristics examined.

PREVALENCE OF INDIGESTIBLE FOREIGN BODIES (IFBs) IN THE RUMEN AND RETICULUM OF SHEEP AND GOATS SLAUGHTERED AT KANO MAIN ABATTOIR, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Mahmud A. Saulawa — 2025-04-26

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kano Main Abattoir, Kano State, between November 2024 and February 2025 to evaluate the prevalence of indigestible substances in the rumen and reticulum of slaughtered small ruminants. The study examined 21,186 animals, comprising 5,488 sheep (ovine) and 15,698 goats (caprine), selected through a simple random sampling technique. During ante-mortem evaluation, data on gender, age, and body condition score (BCS) were recorded. Post-mortem examinations of the rumen and reticulum were performed to identify and document foreign materials in the gastrointestinal tracts. Out of the 3,828 animals examined, 300 (7.8%) were found to harbor various types of indigestible foreign materials. The prevalence was higher in sheep (8.1%) compared to goats (7.5%) (2=0.33, P>0.0001). Adult animals exhibited a significantly higher prevalence (12.8%) than younger ones (4.04%) (P<0.0001; 2=51.4; OR=0.29). No significant difference was observed between males (6.7%) and females (8.1%) (P>0.0001; 2=0.74; OR=0.82). Animals with poor BCS showed a higher prevalence compared to those with medium or good BCS. The study revealed that indigestible foreign materials were more frequently recovered from the rumen than the reticulum in both sheep and goats. Polythene bags (66.7%) were the most commonly encountered foreign material, followed by clothing items (24.3%), mosquito nets (6.7%), hair (2%), and nails (0.3%). Predisposing factors included inadequate plastic waste disposal systems, poor livestock management practices, and free grazing. To address these issues, collaborative intervention schemes involving government agencies and livestock farmers are recommended to raise public awareness about proper domestic waste disposal practices.

EVALUATION OF Pseudomonas aeruginosa ACTIVITIES OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata) SEED EXTRACT

Aminu Usman — 2025-04-27

This research focused on exploring of mung bean seed extracts and its potential as antibacterial agents. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a warm-season legume originally from the Indian subcontinent, where it was domesticated around 1500 BC. It is now cultivated widely across Asia, Africa, and the Americas due to its adaptability to diverse climates and soils. They are widely recognized for their high nutritional value and medicinal properties. The study was motivated by the increasing global concern over antimicrobial resistance and the need for natural alternatives to synthetic antibacterial agents. The research began with the collection of mung bean seeds from northern Nigeria, followed by their extraction using polar (ethanol) solvent. The extraction process aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of the mung bean extracts, antibacterial assays was conducted using the agar-well diffusion method against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results showed that the mung bean extracts exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the bacterial pathogens, with the largest zones of inhibition observed at higher extract concentrations. The study further analyzed the statistical significance of these results using an ANOVA, which confirmed that the antibacterial activity was consistent across different concentrations, although the differences between the concentrations were not statistically significant. The study also highlighted the potential of mung beans in food preservation, given their consistent antibacterial activity across different concentrations.

CYCLOIDS FOR MINIMAL TIME PROJECTION

Abdullahi Muhammad — 2025-04-27

The minimum time has historical importance in relation to Fermat’s principle, a famous problem that is well known to the readers of general physics mattrers. Our intention in this study is to restrict ourselves to classical Newtonian mechanics, more specifically to a projectile mothion that every college student has certain familiarity. This study established and utilises the Brachistochrone general equation to investigate the minimum time curve travelled by an object (jet) under the influence of gravity. It was found that reaching a maximum altitude within the shortest time possible, a jet fighter must take off with the same speed at a smaller projection angle. This means that travelling directly against gravity takes more time.

ASSESSMENT OF LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS, CONDITION FACTOR, AND GROWTH PATTERNS OF Clarias gariepinus AND Oreochromis niloticus IN SABKE RESERVOIR, NIGERIA

Timothy Auta — 2025-04-27

Sabke Reservoir in Katsina State, Nigeria, is a crucial water body supporting agriculture, fisheries, and domestic use, but faces increasing ecological stress due to anthropogenic activities, prompting the need to assess its physicochemical status and environmental health. This study investigated the length-weight relationship (LWR), condition factor (K), and growth pattern of two economically important freshwater fish speciesClarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticusfrom the Sabke Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria, between June and November 2024. A total of 120 specimens (60 per species) were collected and analyzed to determine growth dynamics and physiological condition using standard morphometric methods. Results revealed negative allometric growth in both species, with b-values less than 3 across sexes and combined groups. In C. gariepinus, females exhibited a higher b-value (2.18) and condition factor (1.27) than males (b = 1.54; K = 1.15), suggesting better health and consistent growth in females. Similarly, O. niloticus demonstrated higher b-values and strong length-weight correlations (r 0.740.75), with condition factor values exceeding 3.1 for both sexes, indicating excellent physiological status and adaptation to the reservoir environment. Comparatively, O. niloticus showed more favorable growth patterns and health indices than C. gariepinus. These findings suggest that environmental and biological factors such as food availability, reproductive status, and species-specific traits influence growth and condition. The study highlights the need for continuous monitoring and species-specific management strategies to enhance fishery productivity and sustainability in inland water bodies like Sabke Reservoir.

BIOPOTENCY OF MACA (Lepidium meyenii) POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE OF YANKASA RAMS DURING HOT SEASON

Gaddafi Sani — 2025-04-27

Evaluation of hematological profile of Yankasa rams is a vital indicators of animal health, nutritional, welfare, physiological and pathological condition assessment therefore, this study was specifically designed to evaluate the effect maca (Lepium meyenii) powder supplementation on serum biochemistry of Yankasa rams raised during hot season. A total of 20 pubertal Yankasa rams were divided into four treatment groups of 0, 5, 10, 15g/ Kg powdered maca per kg diet with five (5) rams each per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). At the end of experiment blood samples were collected and analyzed for hematological and red blood cell abnormality. Data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance of statistical analysis system were treatment means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result showed that there were significant (P<0.05) differences in all growth performance with the exception of initial weight (P>0.05). Haematological profile of Yankasa rams supplemented maca have greatly showed significant (P<0.05) differences in red blood cell (RBCs), RBCs indices, white blood cell, neutrophils and eosinophils while packed cell volume, haemoglobin, monocytes and lymphocytes were not significantly (P>0.05) differences in this study. Among the red blood abnormalities T1 had moderate elliptocytes, rouleux, and acanthocytes with presences of anisocytosis, hypochromia, poikilocytes and microcytosis while other treatment groups contain either slight, presence or absent of red blood cells abnormality. It could therefore concluded that supplementation of maca powder at 10 and 15g/kg had an outstanding growth performance and haematological profile within the reference range.

INFLUENCE OF COLLECTION TIME ON NUTRIENTS AND MICROBIAL LOADS OF SOME FROZEN MARINE FISH SPECIES SOLD IN BICHI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Kasim Lawal Ibrahim — 2025-04-27

This study was carried to evaluate the influence of collection time on nutritional compositions and microbial loads of some frozen marine fish species; Clupea harengus, Scomber scombrus and Trachurus trachurus sold in Bichi local government area of Kano State, Nigeria. A total of 27 samples comprising of nine of each species were collected from the sampling station. The first collection was done upon the arrival of the stocks, the second collection was done four days after while the third collection was done when their stocks were about to finish. The samples were analyzed for proximate compositions, minerals, fatty acids, and microbial load. Results indicated that the highest crude protein content, 22.66% was recorded in S. scombrus from second collection. All the proximate composition parameters were affected by the species and collection time. S. scombrus had the highest calcium content, 1.40 mg/kg from second collection. All the mineral parameters were affected by the species except potassium, while collection time only affected potassium and iron. The highest free fatty acids content, 2.14% was observed in T. trachurus from third collection. S. scombrus recorded the highest Salmonella spp. count of 3.67 x 10⁶cfu/g from third collection, Salmonella sp and total coliform counts were affected by the species while collection time affected all the microbial parameters except mold. These values were within the range for of safe and nutritionally balanced fish products. The study recommended S. scrombus as the best for human consumption due to its higher protein, least lipid and superior mineral composition.

METABOLITES PROFILING AND THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF JATROPHA CURCA

Aminu Ado — 2025-04-27

The current study was carried out to screen and assess the antibacterial activity of Jatropha curcas ethanol leaf extracts against some bacteria isolated from oral cavity of some students of Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA), Katsina State, Nigeria. A fresh leaf of the plant was collected, air dried, homogenized and extracted using 95% Ethanol. A total of twenty (20) oral cavity samples were collected using sterile swab sticks and process using microbiological standard techniques, the bacterial species was isolated using blood agar and confirmed using Gram’s staining and biochemical tests. A preliminary phytochemical screening was performed using standard techniques. The existence of the phytochemical components of the J. curcas leaf ethanol extract was confirmed using (FTIR and GCMS). The ethanol leaf extract of J. cactus was tested for antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical analysis gave positive results for alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Saponins, Tannins and Terpenoids. Octadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (C₂₁H₄₂O₄) was found as prominent phytoconstituent in the extract which probably contributed to the antibacterial effect of the J. curcas leaf extract. Streptococcus Species and S. aureus was isolated from oral cavity as common pathogens. J. curcas leaf extract showed promising with an inhibitory zone of (20mm) at 25 mg/ml for Streptococcus species and (18mm) at 25 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In conclusion J. curcas ethanol leaf extract could be a good candidate for antibacterial agent development against both gram positive and negative strains of.bacterial.

OPTIMIZATION OF LIPASE PRODUCTION USING AGRO-ALLIED WASTES BY Bacillus subterraneous IN SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION

Hadiza Jamilu — 2025-04-27

Lipases are industrially significant enzymes widely used in food, detergent, pharmaceutical, and biodiesel industries. This study investigates the optimization of lipase production by Bacillus subterraneous isolated from abattoir soil in Kurmin mashi Abattoir, Kaduna using agro-allied wastes as substrates in solid-state fermentation (SSF). Soil samples were collected and analyzed to isolate lipase-producing bacteria, which were identified through morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques. Various agro-wastes such as wheat bran, rice bran, sugarcane peel, and groundnut husk were evaluated for their efficiency in supporting microbial growth and enzyme production. The study aimed to enhance enzyme yield by optimizing key fermentation parameters, including pH, temperature, substrate concentration, incubation time, and agitation speed. The highest lipase activity of 6.90±0.10 U/mL was achieved under optimal conditions: pH 6, temperature 40°C, inoculums level 4.0% (w/v), and incubation time 48 hours. Among the tested agro-allied wastes, groundnut shell and groundnut oil proved to be the most effective substrate for lipase induction. The enzyme was subsequently purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the molecular weight of the purified lipase to be 25kDa. The findings suggest significant industrial potential, particularly in biodegradable detergents, biodiesel production, food processing, and pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, the utilization of agro-waste as a fermentation substrate highlights the economic and environmental sustainability of this production approach, supporting waste valorization and circular bioeconomy models.

2D ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY FOR GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION AT AKWANGA DUMPSITES AND ABATTOIR, NASARAWA STATE

Ubaidullah Ahmad — 2025-04-28

Groundwater represent an excellent source of water due to its renewable nature, its availability throughout the year and relatively high quality than surface water. However it is more difficult to remediate a contaminated groundwater source. So due to the fact that about 90% of the citizens make use of groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes, It is therefore, necessary for groundwater to be safe from any form of contamination. The 2D-Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D-ERT) were carried out with the aim to investigate groundwater contamination in Akwanga town, Nasarawa State Nigeria. Nine (9) profiles of 2D-ERT was conducted along two dumpsites and one abattoir within the study area employing the dipole-dipole array with inter electrode spacing of 2.5 m which covers a total lateral distance of 100 m thereby allowing for about 15 m depth of investigation below the subsurface, Abem SAS 4000 terameter was used for the data acquisitions while the data interpretation was carried out using Res2Dinvers software for the 2D-ERT respectively. The 2D-ERT results revealed the presence of contaminated plume (leachate) within the investigated area with true resistivity model revealing anomaly of very low resistivity of <20 m from top soil down to a maximum depth of about 15 m, this low resistivity value is associated with leachate due to the dumpsite and abattoir respectively, the 2D structures has shown various conductive path ways via fractures and openings, thus contaminating the groundwater. I recommend that further geochemical analysis of the water should be done to ascertain the...

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LABORATORY-BASED INSTRUCTION ON FEMALE STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY IN KONTAGORA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

Ibrahim Alhassan Libata — 2025-04-28

This study examines the impact of laboratory-based teaching methods on female students’ attitudes and academic performance in Chemistry in Kontagora, Niger State, Nigeria. Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, the study involved two groups: an experimental group receiving laboratory-based instruction and a control group taught via traditional methods. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests on academic performance and attitude surveys. Instruments used included the Chemistry Performance Test (CPT) and the Students' Attitude to Chemistry Laboratory Scale (SACLS). Data were analyzed using SPSS with Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) and independent t-tests. Results indicated significant improvements in both performance and attitudes among students taught with laboratory methods. The study concludes that the laboratory method is an effective instructional strategy and recommends its broader adoption in Chemistry classrooms across Niger State.

FOOD SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT OF FUNGAL CONTAMINANTS AND AFLATOXIN B1 IN MARKETED GROUNDNUT OIL FROM KADUNA METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

Sabi'u Shitu — 2025-04-28

Food safety remains a critical global public health concern, particularly with widely consumed products like edible oil. In Nigeria, groundnut oil is a dietary staple, produced on scales ranging from small enterprises to large industries and also imported. However, its safety often receives limited attention. This study evaluated fungal contamination and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in groundnut oil samples from markets in Kaduna Metropolis. Twenty (20) composite samples were randomly collected from five locations. Standard mycological methods were used for fungal isolation, while AFB1 quantification was performed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Four fungal genera of Aspergillus, Mucor, Fusarium, and Rhizopus spp. were identified. The highest fungal load (9.5 10 CFU/mL) was found in Central Market samples, while the lowest (2.1 10 CFU/mL) was from Gonin-Gora Market. Fungal prevalence was 20% across all genera, except Fusarium spp. (10%). One-way ANOVA indicated significant differences in fungal loads between locations (P 0.05). AFB1 was detected in all samples, with highest concentrations from Gonin-Gora (5.8 g/mL) and Central Market (4.6 g/mL), both exceeding the European Unions permissible limit of 4.00 g/mL. Other samples remained within acceptable safety thresholds. AFB1 levels also varied significantly by location (P 0.05), likely influenced by environmental and handling factors. The presence of AFB1 above regulatory limits highlights potential health risks associated with prolonged consumption. Thus, routine monitoring and vendor education on hygienic practices in oil packaging and storage are essential to reduce fungal growth and toxin production.

GONADAL AND EXTRA-GONADAL SPERM RESERVES OF KANO BROWN BUCKS AS AFFECTED BY SEASON AND FEEDING REGIME

Abduljalal Musa Aliyu — 2025-04-28

This study investigated the influence of season and feeding regimes on the reproductive parameters of Kano Brown bucks. Forty-eight (48) bucks were utilized, with sixteen (16) bucks allocated to each of the three distinct seasons. The Kano Brown Bucks, a breed integral to Nigeria's meat production industry, hold significant agricultural value, necessitating a deeper understanding of their reproductive physiology to optimize breeding strategies. Central to this is the concept of gonadal reserves, which pertain to sperm stored within the testes and serve as a critical indicator of fertility potential. These reserves, influenced by environmental and nutritional conditions, directly affect the breed's reproductive capacity. Similarly, extra-gonadal reserves sperm stored in the epididymis and associated structures play a pivotal role in successful mating, underscoring the need to evaluate both reserves holistically. Seasonal variations, such as fluctuations between wet and dry seasons, introduce stressors that may disrupt hormonal balance and sperm production, while feeding regimes further modulate reproductive health, as balanced nutrition is essential for maintaining sperm quality and quantity. At the conclusion of the experimental period, twelve (12) bucks (three per treatment group) were orchidectomised. A total of twenty-four (24) testes (right and left) were harvested, and their weights (g) and lengths (cm) were recorded. Subsequently, the epididymis was meticulously dissected from each testis using a scalpel blade and further divided into its three anatomical regions: caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides. The weight (g) and length (cm) of each epididymal segment were also measured. Both testicular and epididymal tissues were processed in...

KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES RELATED TO WATER QUALITY AND FISH PARASITES AMONG RESIDENCE COMMUNITIES OF WARWADE RESERVOIR DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Hamisu Idris Miga — 2025-04-28

Indigenous knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about fish parasitic and water quality parameters are poorly understood, such information is essential for preventive and sustainable management of water bodies. A community based cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of the resident communities of Warwade reservoir on water quality and fish parasites. One hundred and twenty questionnaires were administered to the respondents from the three randomly selected locations (Warwade, Zuwan-hawa and Tsauni-arewa) around the water body. The data was presented using descriptive statistics. The result showed that most of the respondents were aged between 21-30 years, representing 31.67%. Gender participation indicated that 66.67% of the respondent were male. The respondents in this study had a good level of knowledge on changes of the water quality of the reservoir, with a mean score of 68.33% with 75% of the participants had insufficient knowledge of entering pollutant/sewage into the reservoir. Some believed (41.67%) the pollutants are from agricultural and domestic wastes. Majority of the respondents (84.17%) had insufficient knowledge of fish parasites, while 75% strongly believed fish parasites is harmful for health. Majority (60%) of the respondents had sufficient knowledge that eating undercook fish/raw can result in acquiring fish parasites while 87.5% of the respondents had bad attitude and practice of washing their clothes in the reservoir and 81.66% swim/bath/paly around the reservoir. The study recommended health education activities in the communities, in order to change the perception of risks associated with changes of water quality and...

NEWSPAPER COVERAGE OF FOOD SECURITY AND CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES. A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN DAILY NEWSPAPERS

Abbas Abubakar — 2025-04-29

The study conducted a content analysis of four selected Nigerian daily newspapers namely; Daily Trust, Leadership, the Nation and Vanguard Newspapers in order to assess the coverage of food security and climate change issues/stories by these newspapers. The study covered a period of three years (2020, 2021 and 2022). The objectives of the study were to determine the volume of coverage of food security and climate change issues by the selected Nigerian newspapers, compare the total coverage of food security and climate change issues amongst them. The four selected newspapers were purposively chosen based on popularity in four regions, a total of 4380 issues of the 4 newspapers were obtained. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the coverage while Paired t-test was used to compare differences between the total coverage of climate change and food security issues by each newspaper. The findings of the research revealed that coverage of food security and climate change information by selected newspapers in the study area is generally low with 1,247 (31%) articles and 611 articles (15%) respectively. Leadership newspaper had the highest number of coverages with 187 issues/stories on climate change while Daily Trust had the highest coverage of food security issues/stories with 365. It was therefore recommended that the newspaper publishers should increase innovative coverage and passing of food security and climate change issues including engaging Journalist in climate summits, workshops and conferences.

DIVERSITY AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF NATIVE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH CUCUMBER PLANTS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Umma Abdurrahman Yakasai — 2025-04-29

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous soil microorganisms within the phylum Glomeromycota that form mutually beneficial associations with the roots of over 80% of terrestrial plants. In this study, soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of cucumber plants at three farms in the Kura agroecological region of Kano State, Nigeria. AMF species were isolated and identified using the wet sieving and sucrose centrifugation method. A total of eight morphologically distinct AMF species, representing the genera Gigaspora, Septoglomus, Archaespora, Acaulospora, and Glomus, were recovered. Spore abundance varied significantly among the sites, with Site A yielding the highest density (53.00 ± 5.89 spores per 50 g of soil), followed by Site B (43.00 ± 5.99) and Site C (33.33 ± 2.89). The variation in AMF diversity and abundance suggests that both biotic and abiotic factors critically influence community structure. These findings provide baseline data that may inform the selection of indigenous AMF species for use as biofertilizers to enhance cucumber growth and soil fertility. Further molecular analyses are recommended to complement the morphological identification and to elucidate the functional roles of AMF in these agro-ecosystems.

SPATIAL PATTERN AND DETERMINANTS OF CRIME INCIDENCE IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS OF KATSINA CITY, NIGERIA

Olanrewaju Yusuf Yahaya — 2025-04-29

This research explores the spatial pattern and determinants of crime incidence in the urban neighborhoods of Katsina City, Nigeria. The objectives are to unravel the rate, frequency, and factors responsible for the crime occurrence in the selected neighborhoods of Katsina City. A purposive sampling technique was adopted to choose seven neighborhoods prone to crime in Katsina City. A total of 366 questionnaires were successfully administered using stratified sampling methods. Descriptive statistics and mean scores were used to analyse and interpret the data. The findings indicate a rising trend in crime in Katsina City, with theft (39.9%), drug peddling (20.6%), and criminal breach of trust and cheating (10.3%) being the most prevalent offenses. A high crime rate (57.6%) was observed. In addition, the frequency of the crime occurrences in the study area is predominantly daily or weekly (71.1%), suggesting that criminal activities are frequent in Katsina. There is a notable spatial variation in the occurrence and intensity of crime across the selected neighborhoods, and the Sabuwar Unguwa community accounts for more than one-third (34%) of the reported crime occurrences, making it a high-crime area (hotspot) and the most affected neighborhood. Drug addiction (mean = 4.1940), poverty (mean = 3.9891), and negative peer influence (mean = 3.8087) were identified as key drivers of crime. It is therefore recommended that spatially responsive crime prevention strategies that focus on socioeconomic empowerment for youths, urban surveillance, community policing, and neighborhood-specific interventions to mitigate crime effectively should be given urgent attention.

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AN ACTIVE MOBILE PHONE DETECTION SYSTEM IN AN ACADEMIC ENVIRONMENT

Muftahu Suleiman — 2025-04-29

The growing use of mobile phones in academic environments has prompted serious concerns about their ability to distract students and compromise the integrity of exams. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an Active Mobile Phone Detection System (AMPDS) that has been implemented in an academic environment. The overall objective of the research is to determine the ability of the device to sense active mobile phones at a distance of 4 meters and its suitability in preserving discipline and reducing distraction. Other objectives of the research include testing device’s sensitivity under real-world conditions and determining its impacts on schools. The methodology employed involved the modeling and installation of the detection system in a controlled environment, where it was evaluated under diverse scenarios, such as mobile phone models, network setups, and human behavioral patterns. Some of the key parameters that were measured consisted of the detection rate, false alarm incidents, and levels of signal interference. The findings indicated that the AMPDS could identify active mobile phones with high accuracy, albeit with some interference from environmental circumstances. The finding suggests the possibility of having such a system implemented for mobile phone regulation in schools, particularly inside classrooms and exam halls. Moreover, the study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing empirical findings on mobile phone detection technologies in academic settings. Its usefulness could further be extended to potential application in schools, policy-making on mobile phone control, and potential future improvements in detection precision and range optimization.

EFFECT OF MOISTURE REGIMES AND INOCULATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT IN NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH OF NIGERIA

Kabir Muhammad Ladan — 2025-04-29

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Moisture regimes and inoculation on growth and yield of Bambara groundnut in dry season of 2021/2022 at irrigation farm of College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Mando Kaduna and Institute for Agricultural Research IAR, A.B.U., Samaru-Zaria, both located in the Northern Guinea Savannah Ecological Zone of Nigeria respectively. Treatments consisted of four levels of moisture regimes (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) and two levels of inoculation; no inoculation and inoculation. Treatment were factorially combined in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data on growth parameter were collected on number of leaves, number of branches, net assimilation rate, days to 50% flowering and kernel yield kg/ha were collected. Results showed that 100% moisture regime significantly resulted in highest growth indices like number of leaves, number of branches, net assimilation rate, days to 50% flowering and kernel yield kg/ha of Bambara groundnut over other regimes evaluated. While inoculation of Bambara groundnut significantly resulted in higher performance in both growth and yield parameters evaluated over non-inoculated Bambara groundnut plants. From the results obtained, the combination of 100% moisture regimes produced better performance on growth and yield of inoculated Bambara groundnut at both locations.

THE NEXUS BETWEEN LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION AND NUTRITION SECURITY AMONG FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA

Emmanuel Ada Ojoko — 2025-04-29

In a country where millions of farming household heads struggle to feed their families in the face of economics hardship, the need to diversify income sources becomes inevitable. This study therefore examined the determinants of livelihood diversification among farming households in Nigeria. Using secondary data from the generalized household survey (GHS) 2018/2019 wave 4, this study investigated the relationship between nutrition security and livelihood diversification among farming households in Nigeria. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), and two stage least square regression model. Results from the computed mean adequacy ratio (MAR) showed that 54% of the farming households were found to be nutrition insecure, while 46% were nutrition secure. The profiling of nutrition security status of the farming households showed that majority of farming households were nutritional insecure. The mapping also indicated that farming households in North central, Northwest, South-south and Southwest were more nutrition secure than farming households in the Northeast and Southeast. The two stage least square (2SLS) regression result revealed that age had a substantial negative impact on nutrition security, while sex, education, household size, and livelihood diversification had favourable positive significant effects. The study therefore conclude that a strong and favourable correlation exist between nutrition security and livelihood diversification. The study recommends the need to improve nutrition security in Nigeria through nutrition education and sensitization programs on dietary diversity and micronutrient adequacy as well as enlightening of farmers on the need to consume more of foods that are rich in micronutrients.

EXTRACTION, ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF EUPHORBIA BALSAMIFERA LEAF EXTRACT FOR PESTICIDAL ACTIVITY AGAINST CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS

Harisu Mikailu — 2025-04-29

Pest infestations of stored agricultural products cause substantial global losses, highlighting the need for ecofriendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides. This study explores the insecticidal potential of Euphorbia balsamifera leaf extracts against Callosobruchus maculatus, a major storage pest. Ethanol was used to obtain the crude extracts which were then fractionated into n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous fractions. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of bioactive compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids. The bioassay was conducted at varying concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mg/µL, with each treatment performed in triplicate, and mortality rates were recorded over 72 hours. The n-hexane fraction exhibited the highest insecticidal activity, achieving 87% mortality at the highest concentration of 2.5 mg/µL. Further analysis using FT-IR and GC-MS identified key functional groups and bioactive compounds, including azelaic acid and 1-hexyl-2-nitrocyclohexane, known for their pesticidal properties. These findings suggest that Euphorbia balsamifera leaf extract could serve as natural, biodegradable alternatives to synthetic pesticides for storage pest control, contributing to sustainable pest management in agricultural.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BANDITRY ON EXTENSION SERVICES DELIVERY AND CROP PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN ZAMFARA STATE NORTH-WEST, NIGERIA

Daniel Ekpa — 2025-04-29

The study analyzed the effects of banditry on extension services delivery and crop production activities in Zamfara State North-West, Nigeria. A total of 261 crop farmers and 33 extension workers were sampled using multi-stage sampling techniques. The study used primary data which was collected using a structured questionnaire. Analytical tools such as descriptive statistics, Binary Logit regression model, and paired t-test were used in achieving the stated objectives. The results of the socio-economic characteristics revealed that the mean age for farmers and extension workers were 49 and 47 years old respectively. The result on the effect of banditry on extension delivery services showed that variables such as Frequency of banditry attacks, availability of security personnel, distance to extension delivery service areas, and blocking of local routes by bandits were all statistically significant, thus shows negative effect on extension delivery services to rural farmers. The analysis on the effect of banditry on crop income obtained by the farmers showed that before the onset of banditry, the farmers were realizing an average crop income of 302,398.99/ha, but as the bandits continued to invade their communities, the crop income now drastically dropped to 128,587.69/ha with a negative difference of -173,811.3 (284.65kg). It was recommended that government should improve the condition of service of the extension agents through regular recruiting more staffs, full armed security escorts and special allowances. These would facilitate effective extension delivery services to the rural farmers.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SMOKE-DRIED CATFISH STORED IN DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS

Justina O. Oshoke — 2025-04-29

The perishable nature of fish necessitates its proper handling and preservation to increase its shelf-life and retain its desirable quality and nutritional value. This work aimed to evaluate the effects different packaging materials on the proximate and microbial analysis of smoked dried African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Freshly harvested fish was purchased from Zobe dam in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria. A total of thirty (30) sample of C. gariepinus weighing 7.2kg were bought and divided into Ten (10) fish per treatment. The fish were smoked dried to a constant weight, packaged in three different materials and stored in the laboratory for six (6) weeks. Samples were then taken out from storage for further analysis biweek and finally concluded at six weeks. The analysis done was proximate composition, bacterial and fungal count. The result of the proximate assessment at the 6^th week shows that the range for moisture was 10.1%-15.8%, protein, 51.1%-58.4%, 1.53%-2.40%, ash, 1.53%-2.40% and lipid, 19.6%-21.4%. Total viable count increased in week 6 with paper bag having the highest number of 9.3x10⁵ cfu/g of bacteria and 8.4x10⁵ of fungal. The least count for bacterial and fungal was recorded in transparent zip-lock bag and zip-lock aluminum foil bag. The results showed that the most suitable packaging material were both transparent zip-lock bag and zip-lock aluminum foil bag. This is because the preserved the quality of the fish hence the proximate composition of the fish was better than the fish kept in paper bag.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE MODELS FOR MALARIA'S EFFECTS ON HUMANS BASED ON THE GENETIC STRUCTURE

Nurat O. Abdurrahman — 2025-04-29

Malaria, according to encyclopedia Britannica, is a relapsing infection caused by plasmodium, transmitted to humans through the bite of an anopheles mosquito. The composition of the genes in humans can either be homozygous (AA, SS) or heterozygous (AS), the homozygous are usually prone to the infection of malaria. The homozygous sickle cell genes (SS) encounter serious problems with blood shortage due to the sickle cell, this makes the malaria infection in them more complicated. The heterozygous sickle cell, however, develops a resistance to the infection through the immunity offered by the single sickle cell. This paper studies malaria’s effects on the homozygous and heterozygous genes through the system of ordinary differential equations. The model was analyzed for stability, the reproduction number was obtained, and a simulation was performed using the reproduction number and some of the parameters to find out which of the parameters is most sensitive to the control of the spread of malaria. We found that contact rates and infection rates are highly sensitive parameters in malaria transmission. Therefore, minimizing mosquito-human contact is essential for disease control. Furthermore, our results showed that individuals with sickle cell trait have improved recovery rates, underscoring the protective benefits of this trait against malaria.

ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIALS IN PARTS OF NORTHCENTRAL NIGERIA USING GEOSPATIAL METHOD

Busayo S. Buremoh — 2025-04-29

Despite the seemingly abundance of solar energy potential in the Northcentral region of Nigeria, only a few studies have been carried out; a few attempts used empirical method which has a lower degree of trustability compared to the geospatial technique. This study conducts a comprehensive geospatial analysis of solar energy potential in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) and Benue State. Solar radiation and temperature data covering a period of thirty years (1993 – 2022) were obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and analysed. The solar radiation, temperature, elevation, slope and aspect were ranked based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the weighted overlay tool was used to produce solar energy potential map for FCT and Benue state. The result shows higher potentials around the beginning and end of the year and lower during the middle months with the lowest radiation values recorded in the month of August in the study areas. The months of January, February, March, November, and December typically offer the highest solar radiation values, making them optimal for solar energy production. The maximum solar radiation values of 4.76 kWh/m²/day and 4.72 kWh/m²/day were recorded in FCT and Benue respectively in the month of February. Areas of high, moderate and low solar energy potentials within the study locations were identified and mapped. Understanding the solar radiation spread can guide policymakers in making informed decisions about where to invest in solar infrastructure.

IN VIVO ANTIMALARIAL ASSESSMENT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF Carica papaya LEAF EXTRACT IN Plasmodium berghei-INFECTED MICE

Uchenna Blessing Alozieuwa — 2025-04-29

Malaria is one of the most devastating illnesses of all time and the most common parasitic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Increasing resistance of Plasmodium species to currently used antimalarial drugs has necessitated the search for novel and more effective anti-malarial drugs from medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. This study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antimalarial activity of the leaf extract of Carica papaya in established Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out using conventional biochemical techniques. Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei were administered orally with the extract at doses of 100-500 mg/kg/day for five consecutive days. The extract significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest parasite inhibition (59.89%) observed at 500 mg/kg. Mean survival time (MST) ranged from 17.001.51 to 21.001.53 days in extract-treated groups, compared to 27.000.16 days and 27.331.00 days in chloroquine- and artesunate-treated groups, respectively, and 10.330.46 days in the untreated control. Quantitative phytochemical screening revealed appreciable levels of alkaloids (119.02.0 mg/g), saponins (42.00.67 mg/g), tannins (26.330.56 mg/g), flavonoids (24.500.79 mg/g), and phenols (6.520.24 mg/g). These findings demonstrate that C. papaya leaf extract possesses significant antiplasmodial activity, likely attributable to its rich alkaloid content, and suggest its potential as a promising source of alternative antimalarial agents.

MICROBIAL QUALITY OF LIQUID HERBAL PRODUCTS HAWKED WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLIS

Aishatu Mohammed Aliyu — 2025-04-29

Herbal medicine refers to the use of plants for the treatment of illness. The aim of this study was to assess the microbial quality of liquid herbal products hawked within Kaduna metropolis. A total of 28 herbal samples were collected from different markets and were analyzed for the presence of bacteria and fungi using standard method of spread plate method. The isolated bacteria were further tested for antibacterial susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics using disc diffusion technique. The result showed Kawo market had the lowest bacterial count of 3.17±2.16 x10⁶, while Unguwan rimi market had the highest bacterial count of 4.45±2.49 x10⁶. Unguwan Rimi market had the lowest fungal count of 2.27±1.76x10³, while Sabo market had the highest fungal count of 3.18±1.82x10³. Seventeen 17(60.71%) of the products were contaminated with different bacterial species including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas sp with percentage occurrence of 100%, 35.29%, 76.47 and 58.82% respectively. Fifteen 15(53.57) of the products were contaminated with different fungal species including Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A fumigatus, Mucor sp and Rhizopus sp with percentage occurrence of 20.0%, 26.67%, 13.33%, 20.0% and 13.33% respectively. All the bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and ceftazidine, 59% of E. coli were susceptible to gentamicin and nitrrofurantoin. Staphylococcus aureus had a 100% susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. Eighty (80%) of Pseudomonas sp were susceptible to gentamicin, while 83% of Salmonella spp were susceptible to gentamicin.

FACTORS AFFECTING CREDIT ACCESSIBILITY IN THE BANK OF AGRICULTURE, KATSINA STATE IN NIGERIA

Ahmad Muhammad — 2025-04-29

The study analyzes the factors affecting credit accessibility in the Bank of Agriculture Funtua Katsina State of Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to draw data from 176 respondents in the study area using structured questionnaire, also secondary data was collected from the Bank of Agriculture, Funtua in Katsina State. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression. The study revealed that 55% of the respondents were in their youthful ages, also 49% had no formal education, The regression coefficient of age of farmer and household size were significant at 5% probability level but age of farmer is inversely related, access to farm inputs, access to extension information and farmer’s other business were significant at 1% probability level, interest rate subsidies was found to be significant at 10% probability level and limited bank branches, lack of information about the bank and lack of collateral were the problems faced by the respondents in loan acquisition, the study therefore recommends establishment of more bank branches and more efficient extension service on the importance of credits as the solutions to the said problem.

KINETICS OF PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF METHYL ORANGE USING CuO-a-Fe2O3 NANOCOMPOSITE UNDER VISIBLE LIGHT IRRADIATION

Muhammad Suleiman Darma — 2025-04-29

The treatment of textile azo dyes in wastewater has posed a significant challenge for decades due to their remarkable chemical, photolytic, and microbiological stability. This research focuses on developing a CuO--Fe2O4 nanocomposite, which provides an efficient method for converting visible light energy into the breakdown of -N=N- linkages found in azo dyes. This process not only mitigates the hazards associated with these materials but also facilitates the essential color removal required in wastewater treatment. To enhance the optical properties and increase the surface area of the CuO--Fe2O4 nanocomposite, the co-precipitation method was employed during its synthesis. The microstructure, crystallinity and morphology of the nanocomposite were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A photocatalytic activity test was performed using methyl orange as a model azo dye. The results shows that the CuO--Fe2O4 composite exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity, achieving a degradation rate of up to 71.6%. In contrast, the degradation rates for CuO and -Fe2O3 were significantly lower, at 26.4% and 34.8% respectively. Kinetic study of the reaction revealed that the catalytic activity followed pseudo-first-order reaction model. These findings highlight the potential of the CuO--Fe2O4 nanocomposite as an effective solution for azo dye degradation in wastewater treatment. By leveraging its superior photocatalytic activity, this nanocomposite can significantly improve the efficiency of dye removal processes, making it a promising candidate for addressing the environmental challenges posed by textile wastewater.

EFFECT OF WATER FLOW-RATE ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, AND SURVIVAL OF AFRICAN CATFISH FINGERLINGS IN A SEMI-CLOSED SYSTEM

Audu Michael Elaigwu — 2025-04-29

The circulation of water by gravity in fish tank is a strategy to reduce the cost of energy in pumping. Thus, this study assessed different water flow-rates on growth, nutrient utilization, survival and condition factor of Clarias gariepinus in semi-closed system. It involved 15 PVC tanks of 120 L each stocked with first weight of 5.10 ± 0.06 g and fed with a commercial feed for 8 weeks under varied water flow rates of 0 L/m, 0.12 L/m, 0.24 L/m, 0.48 L/m and 0.96 L/m in triplicates. Weight gain was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced from 26.63 ± 0.20 g in the 0 L/m to 121.40 ± 0.25 g in the 0.96 L/m. The highest survival rate of 91.67 ± 4.17 % was noticed in the 0.96 L/m. The feed conversion ratio and condition factor followed the same trend with growth responses. While, the dissolved oxygen was significantly increased from 5.56 ± 0.04 mg.L^-1 in the 0 L/m to 8.57 ± 0.03 mg.L^-1 in the 0.96 L/m. The PCA1 exhibited a positive correlation in growth responses, survival rate and condition factor, while, feed conversion ratio showed a negative correlation. The RDA recorded observed responses of 82 % reliability in the specific growth rate, condition factor and feed conversion ratio. This study established a significant specific growth rate of 5.71 ± 0.01 %.day^-1; condition factor of 1.68 ± 0.02 g.cm^3-1 and feed conversion ratio of 1.34 ± 0.04 in the 0.96 L/m.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DRIVEN AND COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PULMONARY DISEASE PREDICTION EMPLOYING RANDOM FOREST FOR ACCURATE DIAGNOSIS

Rilwan Abdulyekeen — 2025-04-29

Pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, and tuberculosis, continue to be leading contributors to global morbidity and mortality. Accurate and early diagnosis remains critical in improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare burdens. This study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven approach for pulmonary disease prediction using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm, known for its robustness, accuracy, and interpretability. Clinical datasets comprising structured data, including chest X-ray images, patient demographics, symptoms, and medical history, were preprocessed and analyzed using ensemble machine learning techniques. The proposed model achieved a high classification accuracy of 94.8%, outperforming traditional models like Logistic Regression and Support Vector Machine in precision, recall, and F1-score. The integration of AI into pulmonary disease diagnostics has demonstrated promising potential in improving detection rates, especially in resource-constrained environments. The Lung Cancer Dataset comprises 5000 records and 18 attributes, detailing demographic information, lifestyle factors, health indicators, and family history related to lung cancer. It includes data on age, gender, smoking habits, exposure to pollution, mental stress, long-term illness, energy levels, immune weakness, breathing issues, alcohol consumption, throat discomfort, oxygen saturation, chest tightness, and family history of lung cancer and smoking. The dataset was utilised for analyzing risk factors and understanding the impact of various health and lifestyle factors on lung cancer. This research contributes to the growing field of AI-assisted healthcare by providing a reliable and interpretable model capable of assisting clinicians in early and accurate pulmonary disease diagnosis.

BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF NICKEL IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND ITS ANTI-MICROBIAL STUDIES USING NEEM (Azadirachta indica) LEAF EXTRACT

Muhammadu Marwana Yusuf — 2025-04-29

The biosynthesis of nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) nanoparticles is investigated in this work using an aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves as a natural capping agent. The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles are assessed in vitro against Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Active substances including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins were confirmed by phytochemical screening to be present in the neem extract, indicating their possible function in the creation and stability of nanoparticles. Using a green process that involved calcination and metal salt reduction, NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were created, and their structural characteristics were described using SEM, FTIR, and UV-Vis studies. FTIR verified the presence of organic surface functional groups and Ni–Fe–O bonding, while UV-Vis spectroscopy demonstrated distinctive d-d transitions. SEM pictures showed micro-sized crystalline morphology. Using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) experiments, antibacterial activity was evaluated. Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity was demonstrated by both neem extract and NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles, with the nanoparticles showing larger inhibition zones. When compared to neem extract, NiFe₂O₄ showed better potency, with MIC and MBC against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa as low as 25 mg/mL. These results imply that NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles mediated by Neem may be excellent options for antibacterial uses, especially against species of bacteria that are resistant. We make use of neem leaves extract as capping agent to control the synthesis of the NiFe₂O₄nanoparticle and explore significant in vitro potential application against S.epidermidis, P.aeruginosa, E. coli, and salmonella typhi.

HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF Clarias gariepinus (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS TO VARYING LEVELS OF BETAINE/B – GLUCAN FEED ADDITIVE

Mark Eka Ali — 2025-04-29

This study was designed to evaluate the haematological response of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to varying levels of betaine/ glucan feed additive. Combination of betaine/ glucan as feed additive was included into formulated feed with 40% crude protein at; 0.0g/100g (BBG0 i.e. control), 0.325g/100g (BBG1), 0.75g/100g (BBG2), 1.125g/100g (BBG3) and 1.50g/100g (BBG4) in triplicates. Feed was fed to C. gariepinus fingerlings (n = 300, 10.00.00g) in fifteen (15) plastic tanks (n = 20) at a fixed feeding rate of 3% body weight twice daily between the hours of 8:00 9:00am and 4:00 5:00pm at regular interval and adjusted after every two (2) weeks of sampling for a period of twelve (12) weeks. Blood samples were collected from three (3) fish at the commencement and also from three (3) fish from each treatment and the control at the termination of the feeding trial for hematological analysis. Data collected was statistically analysed using one - way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P = 0.05. PCV values (41.33.3 42.71.9 %), RBC (2.560.6 106 2.820.1 106 dL-1), WB (249.814 103 266.5 16 103 dL-1), Hb (12.12.2 13.52.4 gdL-1), platelet (27.751.5 104 29.201.4 104 dL-1), MCV (136.77.9 155.111.0 m-3), MCH (40.72.2 50.12.5 gL-1), MCHC (31.22.1 33.12.6 gdL-1), neutrophil (32.103.2 33.702.0 %), lymphocyte (95.76.4 97.68.3 %) and monocytes (2.850.2 3.700.3 %) respectively were recorded. Combination of betaine/ glucan feed additive at varying levels used in this study did not result in statistically significant changes (p>0.05) in haematological responses of C. gariepinus.

ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT AND ANTI-NUTRIENT CONTENTS OF DIFFERENT LOCAL RICE CULTIVATED IN DANDUME LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KATSINA STATE NIGERIA

Lawal Nura — 2025-04-29

Rice is considered a wholesome cereal grain that is ideal for the many nutritional needs owing to its significance in human nutrition by providing bulk of calories and few micronutrients requirement for more than half of the world's population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional composition and anti-nutritional contents of different local rice varieties cultivated in Dandume Local Government Area, Katsina State. Nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of the rice samples were determined. The percentage moisture contents of Yar yarima and Farar cikin ja were significantly high (p<0.05) than the other rice varieties recorded 12.05-13.55%. But the percentage fat contents of the rice varieties were not significantly different (p>0.05) ranged from 0.89-1.25%. The percentage crude protein contents of the rice varieties were not significantly different (p>0.05) recorded 8.31-9.31%. However, the carbohydrate content was not significantly different (p>0.05) among the rice varieties ranges from 75.36% - 81.18%. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and iron contents among the rice varieties recorded 158.29 - 219.69 (mg/100g), 33.34 - 44.26 (mg/100g), 75.47 - 92.25 (mg/100g), 23.71 - 29.22 mg/100g and 62.70 96.89 (mg/100g) respectively. The total phytate contents of the rice samples recorded 0.91 1.59% which were below the reference range (3.6), while the total oxalate contents ranged from 22.75 - 44.62% and these were above the reference range (<1.25). This study confirmed varietal influence of the nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of different local rice varieties which may contribute to the daily requirement.

SEASONAL ASSESSMENT OF SOME ANIONS IN SOIL FROM DUTSIN-MA IRRIGATION FARMLANDS KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA

Fatima Muhammad — 2025-05-03

The most common sources responsible for the high level of anions in the environment are municipal and industrial wastewaters and runoff or leachate from manured or fertilized agricultural lands. This study was conducted to assess the seasonal variations of Nitrite, Nitrate, and Phosphate in soil sampled obtained from Dutsin-Ma irrigation farmlands, A total of ten (10) soil samples were collected from ten irrigation farmlands during dry and wet season. The samples were ground, sieved, and analysed using standard analytical techiniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted for data interpretations. The concentrations of nitrite, nitrate and phosphate in soil during dry season were 0.24 ± 0.02, 1.06 ± 0.07 and 5.65 ± 0.063 mg/kg respectively while levels during wet season were 1.55 ± 0.03, 2.51 ± 0.04, and 12.3 ± 0.08 mg/kg. There was significant difference in the levels of these anions across the sampling sites (P < 0.05).

ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC ELEMENT CONTAMINATION AND RISK IN SEDIMENTS NEAR A FERTILIZER PLANT IN KANKARA, NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA

Isyaku Saifudeen — 2025-05-03

Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are metallic chemicals with densities that are higher than that of water, its sediments are mainly from two sources, i.e., natural sources such as rock weathering and anthropogenic activities such as mining and agriculture. The composition and concentrations toxic element in sediments in the local fertilizer blending plant at Kankara Local Government Area, Katsina State. Determination of the concentration and elemental composition levels of sediment samples have been simplified by the use of reliable, multi-elemental techniques such as the instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) combined with high-resolution germanium gamma-ray spectrometry. A total of twenty-two (22) elements were determined from the six(6) samples of sediments collected. Five (5) of these elements are As, Co, Cr, V and Zn. The range and average values of the concentration are As (1.43 – 5.03mg/kg, 3.70mg/kg), Co (2.3 – 30.9mg/kg; 14.80 mg/kg), Cr (15.6 – 106 mg/kg, 56.18mg/kg), V (23 – 241mg/kg; 116.63 mg/kg) and Zn (24.5 – 130mg/kg, 78.93mg/kg). This study shows that the potentially toxic elements are not yet at elevated stage, except Co and V which were both above the permissible limit, while others are gradually reaching elevation and may be at a high risk of disease caused from toxic element exposure. Potential health risk is associated with accumulation of potentially toxic metals in tissues including Parkinson disease, arsenicosis, acrodynia, selenoises, Alzheimer’s disease, hair loss, mental imbalance and abortion in women around in the areas. Alternative fertilizer blending techniques and sensitization on the potential health risk are highly...

EVALUATING SOLAR RADIATION POTENTIAL OF NORTH EAST USING ANGSTROM-PRESCOTT MODEL

H. M. A. Ladan — 2025-05-03

In this study, the model for estimating solar energy radiation potential in the north eastern Nigeria using Bauchi (Lat. 10^o 18’ 48N; Lon 90 50’ 36E) as a case study was examined. The data on monthly average temperature, relative humidity, sunshine hours, atmospheric precipitation, hour angle, solar declination, and extra-terrestrial solar radiation were collected and analysed using Angstrom-Prescott model (APM): The metrological parameters were obtained from Bauchi airport between 2001 and 2010 (10 years). It was observed that the regression equation gives the highest values of R²and least values of MBE, RMSE and MPE and provided the best estimate for the monthly mean average temperature, cloud cover (clearness index), and sunshine duration. It indicated a good agreement between the measured and estimated values for Bauchi state. Regression constants a₀, a₁ and R² as 1.88, 0.00193 and 80.30 respectively for 2001-2010. The quantity of solar radiation in the study area is useful to engineers, hydrologists, architects and agriculturists in planning and executing projects.

THE PERCEPTION OF KADUNA AND KATSINA STATES SPORTS COUNCIL ATHLETES ON THE INCLUSION OF TRANSGENDER ATHLETES IN SPORTS

Funke Abosede Olarinoye — 2025-05-03

This study examined the perception of Kaduna and Katsina State Sports Councils Athletes on the inclusion of transgender athletes in sports. The target population was all the Six hundred and twelve (612) registered athletes in both Kaduna and Katsina States. A total of two hundred and thirty-four (234) samples were selected for the study using simple random sampling technique. The instrument used for this study was a researchers’ designed questionnaire. (RDQ) After the face and content validity of the instrument by three (3), two (2) experts in the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education and one (1) in the Department of Psychology and Guidance and counselling all in the Faculty of Education, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, the instrument was pilot-tested using Twenty (20) respondents from the Kaduna State Sports Council who do not take part in the main field work. The collected facts from the pilot-testing was analyze using Cronbach Alpha and the value of 0.8 was the results of the findings. After the administration of the research instrument, the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic of mean, standard deviation and t-test inferential statistics. The decision is taken at 2.50. Mean above 2.50 is accepted while mean below 2.50 is rejected. The findings of the study revealed that transgender individuals referred to people who belong to the third gender, person assigned female at birth that lives full time as male, those who wish to be socially recognized as a gender distinct from assigned sex with...

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF Boswellia dalzielii ON CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Escherichia coli AND Salmonella spp.

Nafisa Adamu Abduljalil — 2025-05-03

Humans have used medicinal plants for thousands of years as natural remedies to prevent, treat and manage various health conditions. The fragrant Boswellia dalzielii plant, is primarily found on rocky, arid, and shallow soils in the West African Savannah region. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark were tested against clinical isolates of E.coli and S.Typhi. Phytochemical tests were conducted to identify the classes of compounds present, the idendity, characteristic structures the various compounds were identified using Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis (GC-MS) at the department of Chemistry, ABU, Zaria. Antibacterial activity of the extracts were assessed using agar well diffusion method. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and phenols were detected in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, while GC-MS analysis revealed presence of n-hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid and a trace amount of some lipophilic acids. Antibacterial activity of the extract against the bacterial isolates (Salmonella spp. and E. Coli) revealed varied degrees of antibacterial activity. In contrast to aqueous extracts, the ethanolic extract had a comparatively higher zone of inhibition. , the zone of inhibition ranged from 8.00 mm to 16.0 mm, which was much greater than when utilizing an aqueous extract (6.00 mm to 14.0 mm). Both the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations were also recorded. The findings of this study suggested that Boswellia dalzielii stem bark would serve as an important source of medicinal compound which could be harnessed for antibacterial activity.

ECONOMICS ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO MARKETING IN ANAMBRA AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA

Samuel Emeka Anarah — 2025-05-03

The study examined the economics analysis of bamboo marketing in Anambra Agricultural zone of Anambra State, Nigeria. The study looked at the profitability of bamboo marketing in the study area, ascertain the constraints faced by bamboo marketers and determine the sources of funds, labour and transportation mode in bamboo marketing. Data were collected from 60 respondents, (40 retailers and 20 wholesalers), who were selected purposively from four major markets in Anambra Agricultural zone using snowball sampling method. The four major markets in the zone were Otuocha, Oye-Olisa, Eke-Igwe Nteje and Oye-Farm at Igbariam. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin (GM) and 3 types Likert scale. About 38.6 % of the bamboo marketers in the study area sources fund from co-operative societies, 30% of the marketers sources fund from family members and relatives, 41% of the marketers use their personal bus and truck for transportation of bamboo to either shop or place of request. Majority of respondents were found to utilize hired labour (36.6 %) to harvest bamboo from the forest, 26.6 % use hired and family labour for the harvest. The total revenue generated in bamboo marketing in Anambra Agricultural zone by both wholesalers and retailers are 80,500,300 and 9,674,054 respectively. High cost of bamboo, high cost of transportation, high demand, poor sales, poor storage facility and bad weather are the constraints in bamboo marketing. Bamboo marketers should be encouraged to gain knowledge production through seminars and workshops to increase profit in the area.

TOXIC METALS BIOACCUMULATION IN DIFFERENT ORGANS OF FISH HARVESTED FROM ZOBE DAM, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA USING RELATIVE INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

A. H. Bichi — 2025-05-04

Instrumental neutron activation (INAA) technique has been applied to investigate the concentrations of possibly toxic elements in organs of Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus from Zobe Dam, Katsina State. Consumption of fish offers unique nutritional and health benefits and is considered a key element in a healthy diet. However, despite its nutritional value, fish living in a polluted environment can accumulate the toxic metals at high concentration causing serious risk to human health when consumed. The main goal of this study is to investigate the possible toxic elements concentrations as well as assess the possible health implications they may pose to human via the fish consumption. Six (6) possibly toxic elements As, Br, Co, Cr, V, and Ba were detected by the INAA techniques. The dietary intake of some of the possibly toxic elements was estimated for tissue by considering WHO/FAO tolerable daily intake of adults (TDI/70 kg). Other organs were neglected according to the consumption pattern of the population in the study area. Our result of the estimated dietary intake showed that, the concentration of the detected toxic elements in tissue of both fish species were considerably below the estimated daily tolerable human consumption limits set by the WHO/FAO except for Cobalt which shows concentration higher than the recommended daily intake limit. Therefore, consumption of tissue of the studied fish species harvested from Zobe Dam is considered safe.

BASELINE STUDY OF DIVERSITY AND INSECT SPECIES RICHNESS RECORDED IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA TAKE -OFF CAMPUS, KATSINA, NIGERIA

A. Muhammad — 2025-05-04

Worldwide, University campuses are increasingly mandating ecosystem preservation and conservation into their practices. The study investigated the diversity and species richness of insects at the Take-off Campus of Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State. Two sites, the Clinic and ICT complex were chosen to reflect the level of anthropogenic disturbance. Insects were collected using the light trap methodology. Data collected was analyzed using the Shannon-Weiner diversity index, Simpson index of diversity, and Equitability Index on the PAST Program. Results showed that both locations had an identical insect species richness of 13. However, the clinic hosted a higher number of individual insects (101) compared to the ICT Complex (67). Diversity indices revealed that the ICT Complex had slightly higher values for the Simpson index (0.91) and Shannon index (2.50), indicating greater diversity and more ecosystem services. The equitability index was also higher at the ICT Complex (0.97). The findings highlighted the ecological health of the study area and underscore the importance of adopting Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to manage pests while preserving beneficial insects to ensure ecological sustainability and promote a balanced campus environment.

EFFECT OF PHOTON ENERGY ON THE RADIATION SENSITIVITY OF HEMA POLYMER GEL DOSIMETER BASED ON NEAR INFRARED EVALUATION

Muhammad Alhassan — 2025-05-04

This study investigates the photon energy dependence of HEMA polymer gel dosimeters (PGDs) with maltose additive, evaluated using near-infrared (IR) spectrophotometry. Two batches of PGDs with varying maltose concentrations (0–520 mM) were irradiated using 6 MV and 10 MV photon beams. Absorbance-dose response curves were plotted, and sensitivities were compared using regression analysis and ANOVA. Results indicated a significant difference in sensitivity between the two photon energies (p < 0.05), suggesting photon energy dependence in the evaluated HEMA PGDs. These findings emphasize the need for energy-specific calibration when using HEMA PGDs in clinical applications.

INFLUENCE OF PROCESSING METHODS ON THE PHYTOCHEMICAL, MINERAL AND FIBRE FRACTION OF JUJUBE FRUIT MEAL AS A POTENTIAL FISH FEED INGREDIENT

Hadiza B. Yakubu — 2025-04-30

Most of the ingredients used in fish feed preparation are extremely competitive since they are eaten by man and utilized in agro allied industry, hence costly. Consequently, effort concerning using plant materials that are not used by man received less attention. Ziziphus mauritiana is a common fruit that is found widely in numerous regions of the world. Hence this study examined some nutritional characteristics of raw and differently processed Z. mauritiana fruit meal as a potential ingredient in fish feed preparation. The fruit meal was processed by boiling, toasting, soaking and fermenting using standard methods. The processed meals were examined in triplicates for phytochemicals, minerals and fibre fractions. The results revealed that alkaloid was reduced significantly in boiling by 66.22% while toasting reduced the tannin level significantly (P<0.05) compared to fermenting. Flavonoid was increased significantly in boiling and fermenting. Toasting also showed superior performance in mineral content by significantly (P<0.05) reduced sodium and increased calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron. The fibre fractions were also varied among the processing methods. The highest Ndf (41.43±0.89%) was observed in toasting, so also the highest Ivomd (71.55±0.09%) and they were different significantly from other treatments. The least Adl (lignin) was also recorded in toasting (2.41±0.33%) and it was different significantly from all other treatments. The study established that all the processing methods influenced the Jujube fruit meal, however, toasting conferred the highest positivity. A feeding trial with inclusion of the processed Jujube fruit meal is therefore recommended.

DETERMINATION OF MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE (LD50) OF BITIS ARIETANS VENOM AND ANTILETHALITY OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA AND SECURIDACA LONGEPEDUNCULATA LEAVES EXTRACTS

D. Danladi Musa — 2025-05-21

Traditional medicine had become the oldest form of health care system in many countries of the world including Nigeria. The present study aimed at documenting ethnomedicinal plants for the treatment of snakebites in Katsina State, Nigeria. The target group of the population includes herbalists and snakebite victims; ethnobotanical information was obtained through an oral interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 300 respondents were interviewed in this study. The respondents exposed the use of 25 medicinal plants for the treatment of snakebites in the study area. The most commonly used plant family includes Adansonia digitata and Securidaca longepedunculata. Leaves were the most frequently reported plant parts by the respondents. The methods of preparation were usually by decoction or pounding the plants part into powder. Administration of the preparations is usually via topical (51%), topical/oral (26%) and oral (23%) routes. Preference ranking in this study revealed that Adansonia digitata and Securidaca longepedunculata were effective in neutralizing the venom of Bitis arientans this validates the claim of the traditional medical practictioners.

KAOLINITE CLAY AS GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE RAW MATERIAL FOR ZEOLITES PRODUCTION: A REVIEW

Adikwu Gowon Jacob — 2025-04-26

This review explored the potential of kaolinite clay as a green and sustainable raw material for the production of zeolites. Clay is a naturally abundant and inexpensive mineral, with unique properties that make it an ideal precursor for zeolite synthesis. The review discussed the properties and applications of clay minerals, as well as the preparations and applications of metakaolin, the thermally activated form of kaolinite clay. Furthermore, the review delved into the properties, structures, types, and methods of preparation of zeolites from metakaolin. Applications of zeolites in various fields, including catalysis, adsorption, and environmental remediation were highlighted. Moreover, the various characterization methods for zeolites including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis were also discussed. Obviously, the review have provided a comprehensive understanding of the potential of kaolinite clay as a sustainable raw material for zeolite production. Findings of the study will not only advance the understanding of zeolite production from kaolinite clay, but will also promote their industrial applications.

EVALUATION OF SEASONAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY CHANGES ON BLOOD METABOLITES OF KANO BROWN BUCKS

M. Nasir — 2025-04-28

Small and large ruminants are often negatively affected by heat stress when the environmental temperature exceeds the upper critical level of 48°C. This condition can lead to decreased production and weight gain in the animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of seasonal temperature and humidity changes on blood metabolites of Kano Brown bucks. Small and large ruminants are often be affected negatively by heat stress when the environmental temperature exceeds the upper critical level of 48 ⁰C, it is also result in decrease in production and weight gain of the animals. The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of seasonal temperature and humidity changes on blood metabolites of Kano brown bucks during the periods of dry season (March to June, 2016) in Sudan Savannah region of Nigeria. Sixteen bucks were allotted to four treatments in complete randomized block design with four animals each per treatment. Baseline data was obtained at the end of experiment. The result obtained for Hb, PCV, MCHC, MCH, WBC, lymphocytes and monocytes mean values did not differed statistically (P > 0.05) whereas RBC, Neutrophils and Basophils differed significantly (p < 0.05). Blood serum chemistry and cortisol hormone differed (P > 0.05). The result indicates that temperature between 28⁰C – 46⁰C doesn’t have any detrimental effect on hematological parameters, blood serum chemistry and cortisol hormone of Kano brown bucks.

SURVEYING TERRESTRIAL FOREST CARBON STORAGE AND ECOSYSTEM BENEFITS IN NIGERIA

Armaya’u H. Bichi — 2025-04-29

This review paper explores the potential of open-source remote sensing-based measurement techniques to improve forest data collection and support Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) monitoring, reporting, and verification framework in Nigeria's terrestrial forests. This study conducts a systematic analysis of four key areas: tropical deforestation and forest degradation, uncertainty in national forest health data, high costs of remote sensing data, and limited adoption of open-source remote sensing tools for Forest Reference Level (FREL) development. The findings suggest that open-source remote sensing technologies can enhance forest data collection, reduce costs, and support sustainable forest management and REDD+ initiatives. The study recommends developing an integrated open-source remote sensing framework for incorporating terrestrial forest carbon storage and ecosystem benefits data into Nigeria's national forest information system. This research contributes to the development of effective forest monitoring systems and supports Nigeria's efforts to achieve sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation goals.

RECENT ADVANCES IN CEMENT CHEMISTRY AND APPLICATIONS: A REVIEW

Ikechkwu O. Alisi — 2025-05-03

This study provides a survey of the chemistry and applications of the various kinds of cement produced by various industries in recent times. Cement-based products are widely used in the construction of buildings, roads, bridges and oil well drilling. The primary components of cement are limestone, clay and shale. Cement forms a composite known as mortar when mixed with water and sand. When mixed with water, sand and gravel it forms concrete. There are various types of cement produced and marketed worldwide. Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement in various construction works. This cement is a fine grey/white powder consisting of a mixture of calcium silicates, aluminates, and aluminoferrites. It is a mixture of different inorganic oxides such as CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃, The ability to understand the different properties of the various types of cement helps one to make informed decision when selecting materials for a particular application.