The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed publication of original research papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications in all aspects in the fields of science and technology such as Chemistry, Earth and atmospheric sciences, Biology in general, Agriculture, Biochemistry, Botany, Microbiology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, Materials Science, Mechanics, Mathematics, Statistics, Nutrition and Food Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Polymer and Textile Sciences, Process Modeling and Computational Analysis, Renewable Energy and waste to resource processes.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAF ESSENTIAL OIL OF ANNONA MURICATA (SOURSOP) FROM ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Annona muricata (Annonaceae) is a fruit-bearing evergreen tree traditionally used in tropical medicine. Commonly known as soursop, graviola, or guanabana, it is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, where its extracts are used for managing ailments such as fever, diabetes, and cancer. Fresh leaves of A. muricata were subjected to modified steam distillation to obtain the essential oil, which was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS analysis revealed thirty-six compounds, accounting for 99.96% of the total oil composition. The major constituents were dehydro-aromadendrene (14.83%), caryophyllene (9.45%), γ-muurolene (7.49%), alloaromadendrene (7.32%), naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a-hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-(1S-cis)- (7.17%), isolongifolene, 9,10-dehydro- (5.17%), bicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene-[1R-(1R*,4Z,9S*)]- (4.20%), 1H-benzocycloheptene, 2,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-(R)- (4.17%), tricosane (4.32%), cyclononasiloxane, octadecamethyl- (3.90%), α-muurolene (3.76%), cis-muurola-3,5-diene (3.08%), and aromadendrene (3.07%). The antioxidant activity assessed using the DPPH assay showed moderate free radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 54.18 µL/mL and percentage inhibition ranging from 50.67% to 57.27%. Antibacterial assays indicated moderate activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with Staphylococcus epidermidis showing the highest inhibition zone (10 mm), followed by Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium (9 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (8 mm). Proteus vulgaris was resistant to the oil. Overall, these findings provide preliminary evidence of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of A. muricata leaf essential oil, partially supporting its traditional use. Further toxicity, mechanistic, and in vivo studies are required to validate its therapeutic potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andrew Bati Emmanuel, Yahaya Galo Sara, Maryam Bappa Maigari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFULGAL ACTIVITIES OF COBAL AND NICKEL COMPLEXEXES OF SHIFF BASE
Schiff base complexes of cobalt and nickel were synthesized through a condensation reaction between salicylaldehyde and 2-amino-3-methylpyridine in the presence of the metal chlorides of Co(II) and Ni(II). The compounds were characterized using melting point/decomposition temperature, solubility, magnetic measurements, conductivity, FT-IR, and elemental analysis. Orange-yellow, dark blue, and brown colours were observed for the Schiff base and its complexes. Melting point/decomposition temperatures of 120°C, 212°C, and 222°C were recorded. Both the Schiff base and the metal complexes were soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, and DMSO, but only slightly soluble in other solvents. The electrical conductivity values obtained were 16.5 and 10.7 Ω⁻¹ cm² mol⁻¹, indicating that the synthesized complexes are non-electrolytes. Effective magnetic moments of 3.9 BM and 1.28 BM suggest an octahedral geometry for the complexes. The IR spectrum revealed a band at 1581 cm⁻¹, indicating the formation of the azomethine (C=N) group and confirming the formation of the Schiff base. This band shifted to higher frequencies, 1610 cm⁻¹ and 1618 cm⁻¹, indicating complex formation. Bands observed at 755 cm⁻¹ for M–N and 618 cm⁻¹ for M–O in the spectra of the complexes support coordination of the Schiff base to the respective metals. The CHN elemental analysis data showed good agreement between the experimental and calculated values, suggesting a 1:2 metal-to-ligand ratio.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bala Uba, Y Tukur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF Alstonia boonei AGAINST ASPIRIN-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN ALBINO RATS
The liver is essential for metabolism and detoxification but is highly vulnerable to drug-induced injury. Aspirin has been reported to induce hepatic alterations, particularly at prolonged or high doses, primarily through oxidative stress mechanisms, while Alstonia boonei possesses documented hepatoprotective properties. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of A. boonei against aspirin-induced hepatic toxicity in albino rats. Thirty rats were assigned into six groups (n = 5). Group I served as control; Group II received aspirin (10 mg/kg); Group III received A. boonei (1000 mg/kg); Groups IV-VI received aspirin (10 mg/kg) combined with A. boonei ethanolic extract (1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/kg), orally for 14 days respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), total and conjugated bilirubin were assessed, and hepatic tissues were examined histologically. Animals were weighed before and after experimentation including organ weight. Aspirin administration produced mild biochemical alterations characterized by reduced serum AST (12.67 ± 2.67 U/L), ALT (11.00 ± 0.58 U/L), and ALP (52.67 ± 15.71 U/L) compared with control values of 36.00 ± 24.00 U/L, 17.50 ± 5.50 U/L, and 56.00 ± 2.00 U/L, respectively. Total bilirubin showed a slight increase (0.37 ± 0.07 mg/dL), while conjugated bilirubin remained unchanged (0.10 ± 0.00 mg/dL). Histology showed mild hepatocellular stress after aspirin, with cytoplasmic granulation and sinusoidal prominence. A. boonei co-treatment improved hepatic structure dose-dependently, with near-normal architecture at the moderate dose and minimal stress at the highest dose, indicating hepatoprotective potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Blessing Emosho Ogeyemhe, Efosa Bolaji Odigie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION DISPLACEMENT AND THE PREVALENCE OF PARASITIC INFECTIONS AMONG IDP HOST COMMUNITIES IN ADAMAWA, BORNO, AND YOBE STATES, NORTHEAST NIGERIA
Armed conflicts in Northeast Nigeria, driven largely by Boko Haram and ISWAP insurgencies, have led to widespread population displacements, with millions of internally displaced persons (IDPs) settling in host communities. This study assessed the relationship between displacement rates and the prevalence of parasitic infections among IDP host communities in Adamawa, Borno, and Yobe States. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed across 12 host communities, which had a combined population of 243,000, including 45,354 displaced persons. Structured questionnaires and laboratory investigations (stool, urine, and blood smears) were conducted among 1,094 participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results revealed high displacement rates, ranging from 8.0% (Damare, Adamawa) to 28.0% (Dalori, Borno). The prevalence of parasitic infections ranged from 17.5% to 38.0%, with intestinal helminths as the most common. A strong positive correlation was found between displacement rate and parasitic prevalence (r = 0.81, p < 0.01), with the highest associations observed in Borno communities (Dalori r = 0.84, Bama r = 0.82). These findings suggest that increasing displacement intensity is significantly linked with higher parasitic burdens, largely due to overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate health interventions. Integrated WASH, deworming, and malaria prevention programs are recommended to reduce morbidity in these vulnerable populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel T. Pukuma M. S, Augustine L. M https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FARMER-HERDER CONFLICTS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA – A SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY
Farmer-herder conflicts have intensified across Nigeria in recent years, threatening agricultural productivity, food security, and community development, especially in southern regions such as Delta State. Driven by competition over land, water, and grazing resources amid climate change and population growth, these clashes have received limited scholarly attention in the Niger Delta compared to northern and middle-belt areas. This study investigates the socio-economic, infrastructural, and developmental impacts of farmer-herder conflicts on rural communities in Delta State, Nigeria. A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative surveys (N = 400) with qualitative focus group discussions (FGDs; n = 12) and key informant interviews (KIIs; n = 15) across four local government areas: Ughelli North, Ethiope East, Ukwuani, and Ndokwa West. Stratified random sampling ensured demographic representation. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (descriptive/inferential statistics, including chi-square tests and binary logistic regression), while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis in NVivo. Findings show that 68.5% of respondents experienced conflicts in the past five years, mainly triggered by crop destruction (78.0%), unauthorized grazing (65.5%), land encroachment (51.3%), and livestock theft (34.8%). Consequences included reduced agricultural yields (72.1%), income losses (68.0%), food insecurity, displacement, eroded social cohesion (64.7%), and ineffective institutional responses (only 18.0% rated effective). Women suffered disproportionate effects, such as livelihood disruption and violence. Inferential analyses confirmed significant links between conflict exposure and income loss/displacement (p < 0.05), with unauthorized grazing and land encroachment predicting food insecurity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benjamin Idisi, Wekpe Vremudia, Oghovese Ogbereyivwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROCESSING EFFECT ON SOYBEAN NUTRIENTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACT ON CONSUMER HEALTH: REVIEW
Global soybean production and soy product consumption are rising due to their perceived health benefits. However, processing methods can impact soy’s sensory qualities, nutritional value, and consumer health. Processing soy below 100 °C for short durations generally preserves its nutritive value. Beneficial changes include heat-induced inactivation of trypsin inhibitors and denaturation of globulins and haemagglutinins, which enhance protein bioavailability. Excessive heating, however, can degrade essential amino acids like lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. Alkali-catalyzed reactions produce lysinoalanine, a compound linked to toxicity in rats but not shown to harm humans at dietary levels. Alkaline heat treatments also degrade arginine and cysteine, and reduce serine, threonine, and lysine—conditions common in alkali-refined soy oil. The Maillard reaction, involving carbohydrates and proteins, and heat above 200 °C at alkaline pH, causes amino acid isomerization into L and D forms. D-isomers, such as D-proline, have lower bioavailability and potential toxicity. Lipid changes include oxidation, loss of lipid-soluble vitamins, and conversion of cis to trans fatty acids. Autoxidation of unsaturated fats generates free radicals, reducing essential fatty acids and contributing to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Processing also affects vitamins: carotenoids are lost during bleaching, reducing vitamin A potential, and vitamin E diminishes during oil refining. Soy isoflavones remain stable during roasting and toasting but are removed by organic solvents; fermentation boosts their bioavailability. Dehulling lowers mineral content, with sodium and potassium lost in wash water. To preserve soy’s nutritional integrity, recommended practices include minimal washing, fermentation, reduced hydrogenation temperatures, and brief thermal processing below 100 °C.
Copyright (c) 2026 Timothy Adetula Adewoyin, Olanrewaju Oke Moruf, Odunayo Seyi Ogundana, Stella Oyama Odong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMBRYOGENESIS ON BREEDING OF WILD CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FROM RIVER BENUE
This study technically exposed how embryogenesis on breeding of wild clarias. gariepinus in river Benue was established for future reference. Male and female broodstock was used in making clearity on the reality of hatching.Injection was administered using ovaprim at 0.5ml/kg of body weight and the male was weight 1.2kg and the female were 700g. Embryo development divided into seven stages of zygote, cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula and hatching period. In the final stage of the embryonic development, the growing embryo occupied the entire previtelline space exhibiting a frequent twitching movement by lashing the tail against the egg capsule. Suddenly after a few seconds the larvae free itself through violent whipping movement of the tail which eventually ruptured the egg capsule. The newly hatched larvae were slender, straight, and transparent. Hatching occurred 20 to 24 hours after spawning. Also the new hatchlings were characterized by the presence of an almost round yolk sac and ranged between 2.5 to 3.1. At this development stage the new hatchlings had no vent or mouth, no swim bladder as the breathe by absorbing oxygen through the fine blood capillaries that surround the yolk sac while still attached to the gut. It was therefore, concluded that two days after hatching the larvae swam freely and by the third day, the larvae had almost completed its morphogenesis by absorbing its yolk sac for further feeding.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Y. Kabir, Garba A. Abubakar, Esther E. Ikenga, Juliana E. Mukoro, H Abdul-Azeez, Halimatu A. Rafindadi, Abubakar Y. Galanbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERACTION OF CROSSES AND STOCKING DENSITY ON BREEDING OF Clarias Gariepinus FROM THREE ECO-REGIONS IN NIGERIA: RIVER NIGER (N), RIVER BENUE (B) AND RIVER HADEJIA (H)
This study determined the Interaction of crosses and stocking density on breeding of C. gariepinus from three eco-regions in Nigeria: River Niger (N), River Benue (B) and River hadejia (H). Interaction of cross and stocking density was significant (p<0.05) in determining the MFW of the progenies. Survival rates for progenies from the crosses irrespective of the stocking density was significantly different (p<0.05). The best survival rate (92.08%) was recorded for the cross ♀N×H♂ while the least (73.33%) was recorded for ♀H×H♂. The interaction of cross and stocking density shows that the highest mean breeding value for body depth was recorded from the cross ♀N×N♂ while the maximum breeding value for this trait at low stocking density was observed from the cross ♀H×H♂. The interaction of cross and stocking density indicates that at high stocking density, the highest mean breeding value occurred in the cross ♀B×N♂ while the maximum breeding value for this trait at low stocking density is shared between the cross ♀B×N♂ and its reciprocal ♀N×B♂. The production of fish in captivity necessitates the use of artificial means to propagate fish species. This ensures the continuous production of fish in the farm hence supply is guaranteed at any time. In captivity, fish may behave differently and gonadal development may be impaired or even cease completely. This brings the need for man to exercise some control over the reproductive process of captive fish. Induced maturation and coordinated spawning is a valuable tool for fish culturists
Copyright (c) 2026 Y.Kabir Hassan, Abubakar Garba A., Ikenga Esther.E., Mukoro Juliana E., H Abdul-Azeez, Rafindadi Halimatu.A, Galanbi Abubakar Y. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CUSTOMER CHURN PREDICTION IN MOBILE NETWORKS: A GA-OPTIMIZED K-MEANS AND NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH
Customer churn prediction constitutes a critical computational challenge within Nigeria's telecommunications ecosystem, characterized by substantial economic ramifications exceeding ₦150 billion in annual revenue attrition. This investigation presents a novel algorithmic synthesis integrating Genetic Algorithm optimization protocols, K-means clustering methodologies, and Artificial Neural Network architectures, specifically calibrated to address the distinctive behavioral and infrastructural characteristics inherent within Nigeria's telecommunications marketplace. Empirical validation utilizing comprehensive multi-operator telecommunications datasets (n=17,743) demonstrates that the proposed GA-K-means-ANN computational framework achieves superior predictive performance with 87.3% accuracy and 83.4% F1-score metrics, representing statistically significant improvements of 11.1% relative to baseline methodological approaches (p<0.01, Cohen's d=0.87). The advanced segmentation analysis successfully identified six heterogeneous customer clusters exhibiting churn probability distributions ranging from 8.1% to 62.7%, thereby empirically validating the substantial market heterogeneity characterizing Nigeria's telecommunications landscape (χ²=427.6, p<0.001). The proposed hybrid methodology demonstrates superior probabilistic calibration capabilities (Brier score=0.124) while maintaining enhanced computational efficiency through 10.0% reduction in training temporal requirements (p<0.05). Comprehensive business value analysis indicates potential annual cost savings approximating ₦5.3 million per 10,000 customer cohorts, establishing significant economic relevance for telecommunications infrastructure providers operating within North-Central Nigeria's market constraints. This research contributes methodological advancement in segment-specific churn prediction while providing computationally feasible implementation frameworks designed for deployment within Nigeria's regional telecommunications infrastructure limitations.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Nigerian telecommunications infrastructure
Copyright (c) 2026 Bello Jibril, G. N Obunadike, S. A Nuradeen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CANCER HEALTH RISKS ASSESSMENT FROM SELECTED BOREHOLE AND WELL WATER SAMPLES IN DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Radon being one of the major radioactive elements to human health among those contributing to background radiation. Due to its relatively heavy particles, radon’s alpha radiation can only travel short distances. While it cannot penetrate the skin, it can be inhaled and accumulate in the lungs. Herein, a total of ten borehole and well water samples was collected across five different selected wards in Dutse, the state capital of Jigawa state and analyze for Radon concentration. Liquid scintillation counter located at Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Centre for energy research Zaria, was used to analyzed samples. The mean value of Radon concentration for well and borehole water samples was found to be 22.39 and 22.39 Bql-1 respectively, which exceeded the acceptable range of 10 Bql-1 by WHO (1993), and the world average value of 11.1 Bq/L set by the USEPA (1999); UNSCEAR (1993), and SON (2003). The annual effect tive dose and excess life cancer risk due to inhalation were found to be below the standard recommended value of WHO. However, for the annual effective dose and excess life cancer risk due to ingestion for both well and borehole water samples were found to be above the recommended value set by different standard organization. The finding of this study revealed that water used in these samples location is not safe for drinking and other domestic uses. As such we strongly recommended that the water used in these locations should undergo special treatment before used to avoid any possible health risk associated...
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar M. Dankawu, A. Magaji, Tahir Adullahi, Nasiru Bala, Mam Ishaku, Nasiru Yakubu, M. M. Sharfaddeen, Ibrahim M. Musa, Abubakar S. Abdulaziz, Umar Ismail, Amina M. Danmadami, Fatima M. Lariski, Mustaph Shehu, Hassan Haruna, Bunu A. Mele, Adamu A. Kazaure, Salihu M. Abba, Muhammad N. Zakar, Shafiu I. Musa, Adamu G. K. David, Salisu Abdu, Aliyu M. Shaawanatu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POTENTIAL TOXIC METALS (PTMS) POLLUTION OF UNDERGROUND WATER (WELL WATER) IN IJORA - BADIA AREA OF LAGOS STATE, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Inadequate public water supply in Ijora-Badia forces groundwater dependence, raising concerns about potentially toxic metal contamination and public health risks. This study presents Potential Toxic Metals (PTMS) Pollution of Undergroundwater(wellwater) in Ijora - Badia Area of Lagos - State, Southwestern- Nigeria. Ten well - water samples were randomly collected from ten different locations, four times per month from August 2024 to January 2025. Samples were collected using pre-washed, labeled plastic containers, digested, and analyzed for PTMs - Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Hg using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP - OES). Results showed variations in PTMS concentrations across sampling locations whose ranges included Hg - (0.0008 - 0.0139 mg/L), Pb - (0.0244 - 0.9269 mg/L), Cd - (0.0014 -0.0192 mg/L), As - (0.0035 - 0.0809 mg/L), and Cr - (0.0025 - 0.4175 mg/L). Lead-(19.0482 mg/L) recorded the highest concentration whereas mercury - (0.0513 mg/L) showed the lowest. ISIB (9.4056 mg/L; 45.6%) was the most heavily polluted site, while CS (0.0485 mg/L; 0.2%) showed minimal contamination. The distribution trend of PTMs followed the order Pb > Cr > As > Cd > Hg. Principal Component Analysis identified a single dominant component (PC1) accounting for 86.45% of the total variance, suggesting predominantly anthropogenic Sources. Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), Metal Index (MI), and Pollution Index (PI) all confirm severe contamination. Correlation results (p > 0.5) further reinforced the high pollution burden. PTM levels exceeded Nigeria Industrial Standards (NIS) and WHO guidelines, rendering the groundwater unsafe for domestic use.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chukwuwuba Chekwube Ojiodu, Adeyinka Olubunmi Eruola, Emmanuel Gbenga Olumayede, Donatus Ugochukwu Moses, Emmanuel Mmaduabuchi Ikegwu, Abiodun Waidi Ashiru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MINING CLINICAL DATA FOR HYPERTENTION PREDICTION PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SIX SUPERVIVED LEARNING ALGORITHMS
Machine learning classifiers usage in medicine has been on a rise over the years due to increase in available clinical data. Hypertension, one of the cardiovascular heart diseases is a global health concern with several risk factors where early detection could prevent related heart diseases complications. With abundant clinical data piling within our health facilities here in Nigeria, little or non-research on hypertension prediction using local dataset has been done. This research work is aimed at developing models for predicting individuals with likelihood of hypertension even without necessary going through medical procedures. A sample of 294 clinical data from Specialist Hospital Gashua was used. Random Forest, Decision tree, Artificial neural network, Support vector machine, Logistic regression and Naïve bayes algorithms were used for classification. To minimised issues of over-fitting due to the number of available data, ADASYN balancing technique was used for data balancing. Using Root Means Square Error (RMSE), Accuracy, Recall, F1-score and ROC values as parameter matrix for evaluating the models, our results showed that machine learning can be utilised in predicting hypertension diseases for quick preventive measures. Furthermore, this research work further illustrate that Random Forest has proven to be the most efficient and best algorithms for hypertension prediction having performance supremacy over all others five algorithms with 92% prediction accuracy, 100% Precision, Recall values of 91%, 91% F1-score value, RMSE of 29% and AUC value of 97%. Thereby, stressing the significant of balancing dataset for enhanced model accuracy (and all other metrics).
Copyright (c) 2026 Awuza Abdulrashid Egwa, Abdullahi Musa Bello, Sikirat Kehinde Aina, Saadatu Gimba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC) AGAINST NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE AND TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum, the causative agents of gonorrhea and syphilis, necessitates the search for novel therapeutic agents . Allium sativum (garlic) has a long history of use in traditional medicine for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of garlic extracts against clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae and T. pallidum. Fresh garlic juice was extracted and its phytochemical constituents were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method (6 mm well diameter) to determine the zones of inhibition, and the broth dilution method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL were tested. GC-MS analysis revealed 27 bioactive compounds. The major constituents were n-Hexadecanoic acid (25.72%), Oleic Acid (21.56%), and Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (10.87%). The garlic extract demonstrated significant dose-dependent antibacterial activity against both pathogens. The highest zone of inhibition (16 mm) was observed at 100 mg/mL for N. gonorrhoeae. The MIC results indicated that the extract completely inhibited the growth of N. gonorrhoeae at 75 mg/mL and T. pallidum at 100 mg/mL. The findings confirm that Allium sativum possesses potent antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Treponema pallidum. It represents a promising candidate for developing alternative or adjunctive therapies against these antibiotic-resistant sexually transmitted infections.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Nawaf, Surajo Sandamu Hafiz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HAUSA HATE SPEECH DETECTION USING LOGISTIC REGRESSION
Hate speech on social media poses serious risks to social cohesion, particularly in multilingual and politically sensitive regions such as West Africa. While Natural Language Processing techniques have achieved strong performance for high-resource languages, African languages remain under-represented due to limited annotated data and linguistic complexity. This study investigates hate speech detection in Hausa using traditional machine learning approaches, focusing on interpretability and efficiency in low-resource settings. Experiments are conducted on the AFRIHATE Hausa corpus using Logistic Regression as the primary classifier and Random Forest as a comparative model. Text is represented using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) and Bag-of-Words features. Model performance is evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score under stratified cross-validation. Results show that Logistic Regression with TF-IDF features achieves the best overall performance, with an accuracy of 94% and an F1-score of 93%, outperforming Random Forest across feature representations. The findings indicate that simple, interpretable models remain strong baselines for Hausa hate speech detection and offer practical value for content moderation in low-resource African language contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idris Sulaiman Bashir, Aminu Ahmad Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GEOSPATIAL MODELLING AND SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILING OF FUELWOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN DOROK DISTRICT, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA
Household reliance on biomass energy is a major driver of land-cover change in rural Nigeria. This study used socio-economic surveys (n = 150), statistical analyses, and NDVI-based Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) assessment from multi-temporal Landsat imagery (1990–2025) to examine fuelwood consumption and vegetation dynamics in Dorok District, Plateau State. Results show high fuelwood use, with mean daily consumption of 14.27 kg per household (1.78 kg per capita). Female-headed households consumed more than male-headed households, and consumption increased with household size, while education had minimal effect. NDVI analysis revealed that vegetation loss was not significantly driven by fuelwood harvesting, with broader land-use changes as the dominant factor. The 2025 LULC classification showed high reliability: water bodies and built-up areas were mapped most accurately, while vegetation classes had moderate accuracy due to heterogeneous landscapes. Overall Accuracy (85%) and Kappa (0.77) confirm the dataset’s robustness for spatial and ecological analysis. These findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive energy interventions, adoption of alternative household fuels, and community-based conservation. The study demonstrates the value of validated LULC datasets for monitoring landscape change, understanding vegetation dynamics, and informing sustainable land management in rural Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vincent Choji, Kyalak Yakubu, Barnabas David, Magnus Chris, Ayodeji Ifegbesan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD AND NANOPARTICLE TRANSPORT ON BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW: A NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION
A study of magnetic field and nanoparticle transport on boundary layer flow of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid over a stretching vertical surface has been analyses numerically. By introducing appropriate similarity variables, the governing partial differential equations describing momentum, energy and concentration were reduced to nonlinear coupled Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE). Utilizing the shooting technique along exponentially fitted Simpson type block method is used to solve the Boundary value problems using computational software MAPLE 16. Numerical results for velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are presented and the effect of key parameters including magnetic field strength, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, internal heat generation and thermal radiation was analyzed. The computed Nusselt number and Sherwood number demonstrate excellent agreement with existing literature, confirming the stability and accuracy of the method used. The results reveal that magnetic effects reduce fluid velocity while thickening thermal and concentration boundary layers, whereas buoyancy forces, radiation and internal heat generation enhance momentum and heat transport. Nanoparticle diffusion is significantly influenced by thermophoresis and Brownian motion effects
Copyright (c) 2026 Odunayo M Adekoya, Olusheye A Akinfenwa, Olugbenga J. Fenuga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF NON-FIBER CARBOHYDRATES, Β-GLUCANS, PECTIN, AND ANTINUTRIENTS IN INDIGENOUS NIGERIAN EDIBLE CROPS FOR FUNCTIONAL FOOD APPLICATIONS
Dietary fibers such as soluble fiber, beta-glucan, and pectin play crucial roles in gut health and glycemic regulation, offering potential benefits for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite this, many indigenous Nigerian crops remain underexplored for their fiber composition and antinutrient contents. By employing standard biochemical assays, this study quantified soluble fiber, beta-glucan, and pectin levels, alongside saponin, tannin, and oxalate contents, in nineteen selected crops. It further assessed total short-chain fatty acid (TSCFA) production following fermentation with Lactobacillus species to evaluate fermentability and functional value. The highest non-fiber carbohydrates content was observed in Monodora myristica (20.28%), Piper nigrum (19.21%), and Moringa oleifera (13.14%). Helianthus annuus showed the highest beta-glucan (3.14%) and pectin (10.32%) levels, followed by Sorghum spontanea and Monodora myristica. Antinutrient analysis revealed Moringa oleifera contained the highest saponin (2.48 mg/100 g), tannin (1.12 mg/100 g), and oxalate (1.98 mg/100 g) levels. Fermentation results indicated significant TSCFA production in Hibiscus sabdariffa (0.09 M), Cyperus esculentus (large seed) (0.08 M), and Piper guineense (0.078 M), demonstrating good fermentability and prebiotic potential, whereas Sorghum durra and Eleusine coracana produced lower values. In conclusion, several underutilized Nigerian crops possess high levels of beneficial dietary fibers with promising fermentability, highlighting their potential as functional foods for glycemic control and gut microbiota modulation. However, their elevated antinutrient levels underscore the need for effective processing and detoxification strategies. Future research should investigate in vivo effects, microbial interactions, and crop improvement to optimize health benefits.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maimuna Muhammad Salihu, Emmanuel Haruna, Hassan Bala Salihu, Agu Perpetual Nkemdilim, Amos Alvan, Samson Baranzan Wayah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DISTRIBUTIONAL PROPERTIES OF NAIRA EXCHANGE RATE VOLATILITY: AN INVERSE GAMMA PERSPECTIVE
This study investigates the distributional properties of monthly exchange rate volatility of the Nigerian Naira, with particular emphasis on inverse gamma behavior. Monthly exchange rate data for the Naira against the US Dollar (USD), Euro (EUR), and Pounds Sterling (GBP) from January 2020 to December 2024 are analyzed. Exchange rate volatility is proxied using squared logarithmic returns. Descriptive statistics indicate that the volatility series are strictly positive, highly right-skewed, and extremely leptokurtic, with skewness values exceeding 5 and kurtosis values above 30 for all currencies, confirming pronounced heavy-tailed behavior. The inverse gamma distribution is estimated using maximum likelihood techniques, and goodness-of-fit is assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and graphical diagnostics. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test rejects the null hypothesis of an exact inverse gamma distribution for all currency pairs; however, quantile–quantile plots show strong alignment between empirical and theoretical quantiles in the upper tail. Comparative volatility analysis reveals that the Naira–Pounds Sterling exchange rate exhibits the highest volatility, followed by the Naira–Euro and the Naira–US Dollar exchange rates. Although alternative distributions such as the gamma and lognormal achieve higher log-likelihood values, the inverse gamma distribution remains useful for capturing extreme exchange rate volatility, which is of primary interest in financial risk analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babatunde Sunday Elijah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF FM RADIO SIGNAL STRENGTH VARIATIONSWITH DISTANCE AND WEATHER CONDITIONS IN WARRI, NIGERIA
Reliable frequency modulation (FM) broadcast coverage depends significantly on signal strength variations with distance and short-term environmental conditions. This study presents an exploratory field investigation of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) variations from four FM radio stations - Mega FM, Crown FM, Current FM, and DBS Warri - in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Observational field measurements were obtained at distances between 1 km and 10 km during morning, afternoon, and evening periods in a one-day pilot campaign conducted in June 2024. Alongside RSSI, temperature and humidity were recorded to examine their associations with short-term signal propagation. The results show a clear decay of RSSI with increasing distance and consistent diurnal variability across all stations. Correlation analysis indicates that humidity exhibits a stronger negative association with RSSI (–0.45 to –0.61) than temperature (+0.12 to –0.22). To further quantify these relationships, a pooled ordinary least squares regression incorporating station-specific effects was performed. Distance emerged as a statistically significant predictor of RSSI, while humidity showed a weak negative influence and temperature was not statistically significant within the short observation window. Station-dependent differences in RSSI were also evident, reflecting variations in transmitter characteristics. As a temporally limited pilot study, the findings indicate associations rather than causal relationships, but they demonstrate the value of combining distance-based measurements with environmental parameters and station-specific effects in FM propagation analysis within tropical urban environments. The study provides a foundation for extended multi-day measurements and future predictive modelling of FM broadcast signal behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akpevwe Ejiro Ohworho, Jude Oruaode Vwavware, Ezekiel Onoriode Abriku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF ENHANCED IRIS AUTHENTICATION BASED BIOMETRIC SYSTEM
The use of biometric authentication, which uses a person's fingerprint, face, iris, handwriting, or other distinctive physical or behavioural characteristics to identify them, is becoming more and more common. When using traditional authentication methods, password protection and memory loss become challenges. This is where biometric authentication steps in to help. The Iris provides the highest degree of uniqueness, universality, precision, and reliability of all the biometrics now in use. The proposed system aims to enhance the security and accuracy of biometric identification through the integration of advanced image processing techniques. The methodology consists of multiple steps: pre-processing (histogram equalization), segmentation (Canny edge and Hough transform), normalizing (Daugman's rubber sheet model), feature extraction (Gabor filter), and matching (Hamming Distance). While segmentation makes it easier to isolate pertinent iris information, histogram equalization attempts to improve image contrast. Normalization guarantees that features are represented consistently, and the process of feature extraction that follows, extracts discriminative data that is essential for precise authentication. In order to compare retrieved features and assess how similar Genuine and Imposter iris patterns are, the matching stage uses a strong algorithm. The average performance metrics obtained reveal promising results, with Recall, Specificity, FAR (False Acceptance Rate), FRR (False Rejection Rate), Precision, F-measure, and Accuracy are reported as 85.20%, 58.87%, 38.11%, 21.97%, 63.33%, 64.80%, and 99.57%, respectively. These results highlight how well the suggested method works to achieve high accuracy and reliability levels, with a focus on how well it can reduce the rates of false acceptance and rejection...
Copyright (c) 2026 Naja’atu Kabir Mustapha, Ado Dan-Isa, Habibu Rabiu, Muhammad Baballe Ahmad, Kabiru Dahiru Ibrahim, Yusuf Idris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF BIVARIATE INVERTED NADARAJAH HAGHIGHI DISTRIBUTIONS: COPULA APPROACH
Bivariate lifetime models are crucial in reliability analysis and survival research, necessitating flexible marginal distributions and dependence structures to accurately depict real-world data. This paper introduces a family of five-parameter bivariate distributions derived from the Inverted Nadarajah–Haghighi distribution by the use of copula functions, motivated by the inadequacies of current bivariate models in representing varied dependence structures. The Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM) and Plackett copulas are utilized to model the dependent structure.The primary objective of this work is to develop these new bivariate models, investigate their statistical properties, and assess the efficiency of parameter estimation methods. Parameters are estimated using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and the Inference Function for Margins (IFM) approach, and the efficiency of the two methods is compared. The results indicate that MLE provides more efficient estimation of the copula parameter for both the FGM and Plackett copulas.To illustrate the applicability of the proposed models, two real data sets are analyzed. The findings show that the Bivariate Inverted Nadarajah–Haghighi distribution based on the Plackett copula offers a better fit than the corresponding model based on the FGM copula. Further comparison with the Bivariate Generalized Exponential Distribution reveals that while the latter performs better under the FGM copula, the proposed model under the Plackett copula outperforms it, yielding lower AIC and BIC values. These results demonstrate the flexibility and practical relevance of the proposed models for analyzing dependent lifetime data.
Inverted Nadarajah-Haghighi Distribution
Copyright (c) 2026 Najmuddeen Muhammad Sani, Hussaini Garba Dikko, Yakubu Aliyu, Tasi’u Musa, Abubakar Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF HONEY ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS
This study investigated the antimicrobial properties of honey and the role of honey’s botanical origin on its antimicrobial efficacy at varying concentrations (12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) against five pathogenic microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A ciprofloxacin control was used. Honey samples from Bauchi, Gombe, Plateau, and Kaduna States were tested via agar well diffusion. Results revealed significant (p<0.05) variation in antimicrobial activity across concentrations and microbial strains. All honey samples were ineffective against Candida albicans. Honey’s effectiveness was dose-dependent, with maximum inhibition seen at 100% concentration. Pollen analysis identified key phytoecological plant families contributing to honey's bioactivity. Pollen analysis identified plant families, with Combretaceae/Melastomataceae common across all samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. A. Ibegbulem, S. K. Musa, S. S. Idoko, Dahiru Baba, H. A. Abuh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADOPTION OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES AMONG SMALLHOLDER ROSELLE FARMERS IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
A 2025 study in Jigawa State, Nigeria, profiled 256 smallholder roselle farmers to understand why they do or do not adopt Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs). Most farmers are male (95 %), married (78 %), 39 years old on average, and cultivate 3 ha inherited mainly through inheritance; 69 % have tertiary education, yet 73 % lack extension contact and 66 % belong to no cooperative. Awareness of SAPs is high: 88 % know crop rotation, 82 % optimum spacing, and 82 % organic manuring. However, actual adoption is driven by four significant factors: household size, farm size, roselle farming experience, and whether farming is the primary income source. The chief barriers are high input costs, limited credit, poor extension reach, and unstable roselle prices. To accelerate uptake, researchers recommend that the Jigawa State government introduce targeted incentives—subsidised improved seed, organic fertiliser, and low-interest loans—while recruiting and training more extension agents to deliver continuous technical backstopping and capacity building, ensuring roselle production becomes environmentally and economically sustainable for smallholders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sule Isah, Muhammad Musa., B., Yarima Mamman, B., Kabir Usman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POST-HARVEST FUNGAL PATHOGENS OF ONION BULBS SOLD IN MARKETS IN JOS METROPOLIS, NIGERIA
Onions (Allium cepa L.) are an important vegetable crop in Nigeria, contributing substantially to food security and economic sustainability. However, post-harvest fungal spoilage remains a major constraint, resulting in considerable losses. This study investigated the fungal pathogens associated with onion bulb deterioration in markets within the Jos metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of 180 onion bulbs were sampled from four major markets, including 120 visibly spoiled bulbs collected directly from vendors and cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar. In addition, 120 apparently healthy bulbs from the same markets were monitored for fungal infection and spoilage progression over a three-week period, while 40 bulbs (10 per market) served as controls. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequencies and percentages. Four fungal species were isolated and identified: Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, and Penicillium citrinium. Aspergillus niger was the predominant pathogen, recording the highest frequency of occurrence, spoilage rate (99.9%), disease incidence, and associated weight loss. This was followed by C. cladosporioides (40%), F. oxysporum (33.33%), and P. citrinium (19.97%). The results confirm that these fungi are key contributors to post-harvest onion bulb decay in the study area. Some of the isolated fungi are also of public health concern, while others accelerate product deterioration. Effective control of contamination during harvesting, handling, storage, and distribution is therefore essential to reduce spoilage, minimize economic losses, and lower the risk of food-borne illnesses associated with raw onion consumption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Telzin Dinchi P., Damdam Nanven A., Iro Ibrahim I., Obidola Shakirdeen M., Dogun Ojochogu, Habib Lawal I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF PLACENTAL MALARIA ON MATERNAL, AND FETAL CORD RESPONSES AND ITS ROLE IN PREGNANCY IN HADEJIA GENERAL HOSPITAL, JIGAWA STATE
Placental malaria remains a significant public health problem in malaria-endemic regions, posing serious risks to pregnant women and their newborns. This study investigated the prevalence, associated risk factors, and immunological impact of PM among pregnant women attending Hadejia General Hospital in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 356 participants. Maternal and Foetal cord samples were collected and examined for malaria parasitaemia using microscopy. Cytokine levels (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, and IFN-γ) were measured using ELISA. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The prevalence of placental malaria was 30.1%. Placental Malaria was significantly associated with younger maternal age (15-35 years), low educational attainment, primigravidity, rural residence, non-use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and fewer than four antenatal care (ANC) visits. Use of ITNs and adequate ANC attendance were identified as protective factors. Cytokine analysis revealed that IL-4 and IL-10 levels in both maternal and fetal cord blood among malaria-positive women, indicating a predominant anti-inflammatory immune response. In contrast, IL-6 and IFN-γ levels were significantly reduced, suggesting suppression of pro-inflammatory responses, while IL-17A showed no significant difference. Correlation analysis demonstrated that IL-4 and IL-10 were positively associated with placental malaria and low birth weight, whereas IL-6 was inversely associated with malaria infection and linked to improved birth outcomes. These findings highlight the need to strengthen malaria prevention strategies during pregnancy through improved ANC coverage, increased ITN use, and targeted health education. The observed immune response patterns also suggest the potential role of cytokines as biomarkers for...
Copyright (c) 2026 Kabir Muhammad, Orpin James, Alhaji Bulama Alhassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYTOCHEMISTRY, PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND SOME ESSENTIALS MINERALS PRESENCE IN AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF AZANZA GARCKEANA FRUIT PULP
The research was conducted to evaluate the proximate composition and Phytochemistry of aqueous extract of Azanza garckeana fruit pulp. The qualitative and quantitative Phytochemistry was determine using standard procedures as describe by Evans and Trease and proximate composition was determine using Association of Analytical Chemist procedures. The result of phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Azanza garckeana fruit pulp revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, flavonoids, while terpenoids and steroids were absent. Saponins of 3.16%. Alkaloids revealed a value of 2.51% Tannins 1.27% while Terpenoids and Steroids were absent both qualitatively and quantitatively; the following anti nutrients were present: Phenols (4.81%), Glycosides (0.41%) and Flavonoids (1.18%) respectively. The proximate composition revealed 2.67± 0.45 Moisture, 3.86± 0.12 Ash, 7.21± 0.56 Crude fibre, 9.29± 0.18 Crude Protein and 71.71± 0.68 Carbohydrate. However, essential minerals result shows Potassium having the highest value of mean plus standard error mean of 56.10 ± 0.09 followed by Sodium 20.10 ± 0.64, Magnesium 8.84 ± 0.02, Zinc 7.58 ± 0.14, and the least is Iron having 5.11 ± 0.01 and Calcium was absent. In conclusion the pulp Revealed the presence of secondary metabolites, proximate composition and some essential minerals will have a numerous applications Particularly in the Feed mill pharmaceutical industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. Hassan, H. Y. Aliyara, H. D. Nyako, A. G. Bobbo, M. Drambi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRADITIONAL METHODS OF BEEKEEPING AND HONEY PRODUCTION AMONG SMALL HOLDER FAMERS IN NASARAWA STATE NIGERIA
Beekeeping is the art of rearing, breeding and managing honeybee colonies in artificial hives for economic gains leading to the production of valuable materials such as honey, bee wax, bee pollen, bee venom and royal jelly. Unfortunately, these enormous potentials are bedeviled with complicated constraints including the use of traditional bee hives, fire as a traditional practice in honey collection (harvesting) technique which reduces the quality and the quantity of honey and its products. This study assessed the traditional beekeeping methods in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, focusing on socio-economic characteristics, practices, constraints, and productivity. A survey of 150 beekeepers across five Local Government Areas (LGAs)—Nasarawa Eggon, Doma, Lafia, Kokona, and Wamba—revealed that beekeeping is predominantly male-dominated, with most practitioners aged 21–30 years. Log hive was dominant in Wamba, 90%, followed by Kokona, 80% and 56.7% in Doma while skep was higher in Lafia, 56.7%. The findings further indicate that Wamba produced the highest honey yields (21–25 litters/hive). Major constraints included theft, diseases, deforestation, and capital limitations, while government policies were perceived to be neutral. Beekeeping significantly enhanced livelihoods, with 76.7–86.7% of respondents reporting improved living standards. The study concludes that there is considerable potential to enhance beekeeping productivity and sustainability through interventions such as the introduction of improved beehive technologies, access to credit, training in modern apiculture practices, and stronger institutional support. Such measures could strengthen beekeeping as a viable and sustainable income source for rural communities in Nasarawa State and similar regions in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 F. A Danlami, S Nasiru, T. Z Egbewale, S. M Sa’aondo, M. B Oyun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS PROFESSION AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF BAZE UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL (BUTH) ABUJA, NIGERIA
The aim of this study is to examine the place of Surveying and Geoinformatics in the construction industry with BAZE University Teaching Hospital (BUTH) as a case study. The study adopts a practice-based case study approach drawing on Engineering Survey data, construction records, and site operations at BUTH. The major First Order Survey instruments used for the execution of the project are Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), Leica 307 Total Station and Automatic Level. The angular misclosure recorded for the entire survey is 00o 01’ 30” while the linear accuracy for the survey is 1:12,281. The findings show that Surveying was involved from the planning to the completion and maintenance stages. Surveying input proved most critical at setting out or construction layout, foundation and construction stages. The scale of height variation was properly managed. The BUTH project shows that the early control establishment reduced the setting-out errors; and the continuous monitoring helped detect column deflections before they became structural issues. BUTH project show that Surveying is required to ensure the integrity and efficiency of any construction project is ascertained. Hence, it can be concluded that this study reinforces or illustrates the centrality of Surveying in the construction and building industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Morakinyo Barnabas O., Jideofor Anselm Akubue https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ABOVE GROUND BIOMASS AND CARBON STOCK SEQUESTRATION POTENTIALS AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF FOREST PLANTATION ESTABLISHED IN NASARAWA
Forest plantations serve as vital carbon sinks for climate change mitigation and provide economic opportunities via carbon credit trading. This study evaluated the aboveground biomass (AGB), carbon sequestration potential, and economic value of a 10-year-old plantation integrated with native tree species at Nasarawa State University, Shabu-Lafia Campus, Nigeria. In the 1.90-hectare site, seven plots were randomly selected, measuring tree DBH and height for all the species. AGB was calculated using allometric model incorporating wood density. Total aboveground carbon stock was 15.49 tonnes, equating to 56.80 tonnes of CO2, primarily from large native trees like Parkia biglobosa (1314.9kg) on average and abundant species such as Khaya senegalensis (73.23kg), Gmelina arborea (51.795kg), and Tectona grandis (60.96kg). This shows that the rate of AGB accumulation is higher in K. senegalensis with lower numbers of trees, 66 compare to G. arborea with higher number of trees,117 lower in AGB, all planted within the same period. Economic valuation estimated US $930 (NGN 1.42 million) in potential revenue. The plantation represents a significant carbon sink with economic benefits, highlighting the value of conserving native species alongside exotic management for optimal sequestration. It is therefore recommended that pursuing carbon credit certification, silvicultural planning with thinning and enrichment, and long-term monitoring for climate finance and research.
Copyright (c) 2026 S Nasiru, P. B Balogun, F. A Danlami, T. Z Egbewale, S. M Sa’aondo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTI-MEDIA ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL ELEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS IN SOILS, WATER, AND FOOD CROPS FROM DERELICT MINING LANDS IN JOS AND BARKIN-LADI, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA
Abandoned tin-columbite mining on the Jos Plateau has left extensive mine dumps and water-filled pits that continue to contaminate surrounding soils, surface waters, and food crops with potentially harmful elements (PHEs). This study integrates concentration analysis, pollution indices, chemical speciation, and human health risk assessment across dump soils, farm soils, mine pond waters, and edible vegetables from Jos and Barkin-Ladi, North-Central Nigeria. A total of seventy-one soil samples, thirty-seven water samples, and representative vegetable samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pollution indices, including the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and contamination factor (CF), were applied, while human health risks were evaluated using United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) exposure models for adults and children. Metal speciation was assessed using thermodynamic equilibrium modeling (WATEQ4F). Results indicate elevated concentrations of Mn, Ba, Ag, Zn, Pb, As, and Cr across all environmental media, with pollution indices revealing moderate to extreme contamination factors linked to legacy tin mining, particularly for Ag and Ba. Speciation modeling indicates that many metals occur predominantly as free ionic species under prevailing pond-water chemistry, enhancing mobility and transfer into agricultural soils and crops irrigated with mine water. Non-carcinogenic risks (HI > 1) are substantial, particularly for Mn and Zn, with children facing disproportionately higher risks. Arsenic carcinogenic risk exceeds acceptable limits for both age groups. These findings highlight an active soil-water-plant contamination continuum and underscore urgent needs for restricting mine-pond irrigation, targeted soil remediation, and routine monitoring of food crops in mining-impacted communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ridwan Muhammad Abubakar, Usman Dibal Hyeladi, I. Daspan Raymond, Dalha Auwalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0