The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed publication of original research papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications in all aspects in the fields of science and technology such as Chemistry, Earth and atmospheric sciences, Biology in general, Agriculture, Biochemistry, Botany, Microbiology, Environmental Science, Computer Science, Engineering, Physics, Materials Science, Mechanics, Mathematics, Statistics, Nutrition and Food Science, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Polymer and Textile Sciences, Process Modeling and Computational Analysis, Renewable Energy and waste to resource processes.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
ASSESSING THE PERCEPTION OF EDUCATORS ON DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN NIGERIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Digital technology in the modern education system has expanded resources, eliminated barriers, improved the pedagogical context, and equipped students with 21st-century digital abilities during the learning process. Numerous studies examined how teachers perceived utilizing digital tools and the benefits and challenges of incorporating them into teaching. However, there is still no in-depth investigation of how educators view HEIs' digital transition. This study empirically examines educators' perceptions of the use of digital technology in teaching and learning activities via a quantitative research approach. The study collected data from educators at Nigerian HEIs using a survey questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariate analyses. The results of the demographic analysis show that there are more male teachers (67%) than female teachers (33%), and 85% of them are between the ages of 18 and 50. Additionally, 44% of the teachers have been in the teaching profession for more than ten years. The results of descriptive analysis show that educators in HEIs support the use of digital technology in research, teaching, and learning. The results of regression analysis show that the main determinants of educators' support for the digital transformation of Nigerian HEIs are educational value, institutional culture, and ease of use. The three factors are statistically significant and explain 45% of the variance.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2025 Faruk Abdulhamid Umar, Aminu Ahmad Muhammad, Ardo Bamanga Muhammad, Ibrahim Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE ON LAND EVALUATION AND SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT AMONG RURAL FARMERS IN MUBI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
The study was carried out to analysed the indigenous knowledge system on land evaluation and soil fertility management among rural farmers in selected communities in Mubi North. Understanding farmers' indigenous knowledge on land evaluation and soil fertility management practices means understanding local realities that are important for sustainable agricultural productivity. This study was conducted in three rural communities in Mubi North to evaluate the perception of rural farmers on traditional land evaluation and soil fertility management practices through direct and indirect interviews. Structured questionnaires were administered to 100 rural farmers in three farm settlements. The major local methods of evaluation adopted by majority of the farmers include the vigour of native vegetation, presence of certain indicator plants and visual appraisal. Fertility ranking of the farmers correlated with values of Organic carbon (r = 603* p < 0.05) and Available P. (r = 647* p < 0.05) obtained from laboratory analysis. Though a large proportion of farmers (72 %) have applied chemical fertilizers (mainly to arable crops) at one time or the other, cultural methods such as multiple cropping (intercropping) and cover cropping are employed to manage soil fertility in their farms. Rural farmers demonstrated significant knowledge of their soils and the environment acquired by experiences that have been tested by many years of living close to the farmland. In view of the importance in applying a holistic approach to study land evaluation, local soil knowledge provides key linkages between ancient and modern soil management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Danjuma Ijudigal Garandi, Saad Tanko Hassan, A. Bukar Hyelnacha, Bashir Abbas, Saadu Dasin Mohammed, I. Chukwu Paulinus, Gabul Peter, Wesley Phelimon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality for Crop Production in Omi (Kampe) Irrigation Field, Yagba West Local Government Area, Kogi State, Nigeria
The Omi Dam irrigation area represents a significant agricultural opportunity in Kogi State, Nigeria. Crop production in this area is heavily reliant on water from Omi reservoir, during the dry season. The purpose of the research was to determine whether this irrigation water is suitable for use for crop production. Sampling was conducted monthly from three sites within the irrigation field from January 2025 to May 2025. A number of physicochemical properties were examined in the water samples, including pH (6.31-6.54), electrical conductivity (Ec) (87.66-105.06 µohms/cm), total dissolved solids (TDS) (73.0-55.20 mg/L), major cations such as sodium (Na+) (1.84-3.68 mg/L), potassium (K+) (4.34-5.17 mg/L), calcium (Ca2+) (2.22-3.70 mg/L) and magnesium (Mg2+) (1.97-2.37 mg/L), and major anions such as carbonate (CO3-) (50.62-97.62 mg/L), bicarbonate (HCO3-) (5.39-10.12 mg/L), phosphate (PO42-) (3.87-4.50 mg/L), sulphate (SO42-) (63.98-78.29 mg/l), chloride (Cl-) (58.14-69.76 mg/L) and nitrate (NO3-) (2.84-5.52 mg/L). The levels of the analyzed samples fall within the standards limits required for irrigation water rating except for phosphate. The water is considered chemically acceptable for irrigation based on the computed chemical index values with respect to SSP (53.73-65.45 %), SAR (1.14-2.72 meq/L), MAR (40.12-48.54 %), PI (61.31-74.08 %), KR (0.36-1.009), SCAR (1.05-2.87 meq/L) and ESP (1.64-3.80 meq/L) except for RSC (51.81-101.68 meq/L), RSBC (3.16-6.42 meq/L) and PS (87.52-92.11 meq/L). The Wilcox diagram suggests that every water samples is in good state. The irrigation water was classified as “low salinity” by the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram, making it appropriate for crop production.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammed Haruna Isah, Stephen Sunday; Tanko Dauda; Kombe Lucas Adang, Udoji Itodo Adams https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS IN PADDY SOILS AND ITS ACCUMULATION IN RICE (Oriza Sativa) GRAINS IN GASHUA, BADE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, YOBE STATE, NIGERIA
Heavy metals are large group of metals having specific density greater than 5 g/cm3 and are known to exist naturally in the earth crust. The study determined the concentration of heavy metals in paddy soil and rice grains in Gashua, Bade local government area, Yobe state. Three sampling stations were selected, Station A (Jabulle), B (Bayan Gada) and C (layin Kwata). The quantities of heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, As, and Ni) were determined in both the soil and paddy rice grains. The mean values of metals found in soil (mg/kg) in station A were as follows: Lead (3.13±0.137), Chromium (2.82±0.65), Cadmium (1.37±0.14), Copper (5.86±0.63), Arsenic (1.33±0.14) and Nickel (2.93±0.32), while station B: Lead (6.10±1.027), Chromium (2.94±0.17), Cadmium (2.67±0.49), Copper (9.38±1.34), Arsenic (2.35±0.10) and Nickel (4.69±0.67) and station C: Lead (1.85± 0.41), Chromium (2.38±0.14), Cadmium (1.49±0.44), Copper (4.58±0.37), Arsenic (1.04±0.08) and Nickel (2.29±0.18). Heavy metals were detected in the order Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd > As and as > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > in the soil and rice samples, respectively. The physico-chemical value obtained in station A were pH (6.7 ± 0.21), Electrical Conductivity (504±430.62), Organic Carbon (3.4±0.66) and Moisture (11.10±1.08), while for station B: pH (6.9±0.31), Electrical Conductivity (545±97.04), Organic Carbon (2.34±1.29) and Moisture (11.49±1.66) and station C: pH (6.4±0.2), Electrical Conductivity (824±27.22), Organic Carbon (2.43±0.37) and Moisture (8.94±1.30).
Copyright (c) 2025 Eliazar Yila, Shafiu M Adamu, Daskum Adullahi, Emmanuel Chigozirim Onyia, Philips Vandi, Cromwell Sakiyo David, Godly Chessed, Wandiyahel Titus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation on the Sustainability of Open Defecation-Free Communities and Sanitation Infrastructure in Ona Ara Local Government Area, Oyo State
Open defecation remains a major public health and environmental challenge in Nigeria, affecting millions of people across rural and urban communities. The problem is largely driven by inadequate sanitation infrastructure, poverty, and entrenched cultural practices. This study assessed the post-implementation impact of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Ona Ara Local Government Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, focusing on the sustainability of Open Defecation-Free (ODF) status and the development of sanitation infrastructure. A cross-sectional survey involving 150 respondents was conducted using structured questionnaires to gather data on sanitation practices and latrine ownership. The findings revealed that 96.0% of respondents no longer practice open defecation, and 74.7% of communities have maintained their ODF status. Latrine ownership was notably high at 98.0%, reflecting substantial improvement in sanitation infrastructure. However, 75.3% of respondents reported challenges in sustaining ODF status, attributed mainly to lack of awareness (30%), poor maintenance (25%), and cultural resistance (24.7%). The study concludes that CLTS has significantly improved sanitation outcomes in Ona Ara LGA by promoting latrine construction and reducing open defecation. Nevertheless, sustaining ODF status requires continued community sensitization, improved facility maintenance, and supportive policy implementation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Adeola, OLADEJO Kabiru, Olawale SAWYERR Henry, Olanrewaju SAKARIYAU Ahmed, Kehinde ADEBAYO Grace https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION AMONG SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN INSABON GARI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE
The study assessed the prevalence of malnutrition among school-age children in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna state, using a multi-stage cross-sectional study design. Two hundred and ninety-seven school-age children of both sexes were selected and standard anthropometric techniques were used as described by WHO. Socio-demographic analysis revealed that 86.2% of the children attend schools. Gender balance was observed, with 49.8% males and 50.2% females. The majority of the school- age children belong to the Hausa ethnic group (73.8%), followed by Fulani (12.4%), Yoruba (4.8%), and Igbo (4.8%) ethnic groups. Fathers of school-age children were primarily civil servants (42.5%), while their mothers were predominantly involvedtrading (46.6%). Anthropometric indicators of Weight-for-Age Z score (WAZ) indicated that 37.1% of the children had normal weight-for-age, 25.2% were moderately underweight (< -2 Z score) and 1.4% were severely underweight (<-3 Z score), Height-for-Age Z score (HAZ) showed that 30.0% had normal height-for-age, while 26.6% were moderately stunted (< -2 Z score) and 11.8% were severely stunted (< -3 Z score). BMI-for-Age Z score (BAZ) revealed that 37.0% had a normal body mass index for age, while 15.5% exhibited moderate thinness (< -2 Z score) and 10.4% were severely thin (< -3 Z score). Malnutrition continues to be a public health concern among school-age children, anthropometric measurements revealed differences in nutritional health, highlighting the importance of combating underweight, stunting and thinness. Thus, findings provided valuable insights for tailored strategies aimed at improving the nutritional outcomes of school-age children in Sabon Gari LGA, Kaduna State.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abbas Olagunju, Sadiya Abdullahi Halimatu, Adeyemi Owolabi Olumuyiwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES BY MOTHERS ATTENDING POST-NATAL CLINIC AT ABUJA MUNICIPAL AREA COUNCIL
Feeding during the first two years of life are important for growth and mental development of a child and the prevention of malnutrition and child mortality. This study aimed at assessing the Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practice by mothers attending postnatal care at Family Health Clinic, Area 2 Garki, Abuja Municipal Area Council. A descriptive cross-sectional study design technique was utilized using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect data from a random sample of selected 100 mothers. Data on sociodemographic and economic characteristics, hygienic practices, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices were collected. Among respondents, 74.4% were married women, mostly aged 26–30 (45.2%), and 57.3% had senior secondary education. Nearly half (46.3%) were traders or businesswomen. Children studied were mostly under 6 months (46.3%), followed by 7–12 months (32.9%) and 13–23 months (20.7%). Most (81.7%) had normal weight-for-height. Breastfeeding was prevalent (87.7%), with 58.3% feeding on demand and 58.0% breastfeeding over 8 times daily. Weaning occurred mainly at 12–23 months, with 80% weaned by mothers and 30% self-weaned. Complementary feeding was initiated by 79.0%, mostly at 6 months (52.5%) due to perceived readiness. Pap was the sole complementary food for 69.5%. Although breastfeeding practices were generally satisfactory, a significant proportion of mothers initiated complementary feeding earlier than the recommended 6 months, reflecting poor compliance with global guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pasuma Garba Mohammed, A Hafsat Muhammed, Muhammad Muhammad, Tukur Muhammad, Abbas Olagunju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH POLYTHENE WASTE DISPOSAL IN POMPOMARI WARD, DAMATURU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA YOBE STATE NIGERIA
The study investigates the impact of polythene waste disposal in Pompomari ward, Damaturu. Polythene waste poses a significant environmental challenge in the urban areas of Yobe State. Today one noticeable trend in Nigerian urban settings in recent years is the gradual takeover of almost every available open space by polythene waste. A total number 60 questionnaires were distributed randomly, aiming to capture the perspectives and experiences of a diverse group of respondents. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics for each research questions. The result of the study revealed among others that; poor solid waste disposal lead to outbreak of diseases as the result shows that majority of the respondent were of the view that poor solid waste disposal lead to outbreak of diseases. It is evident that issues such as inadequate recycling facilities (33.33%), limited awareness (25%), regulatory enforcement (16.67%), and environmental indifference (20%) need immediate attention to establish a solid foundation for informed waste management decisions. The study recommended among others that the community leaders of the ward should be encouraged to enlighten people on the dangers associated with poor solid waste disposal through the public enlightenment to stop dumping of solid waste indiscriminately particularly polythene as this may help to reduce the outbreak of diseases. The study finding also showed that, the majority of the residents practiced improper solid waste management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Umar Mustapha Mohammed, Mohammed Isa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II)-Quercetin Complexes: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity Properties
In this study, metal (II)- quercetin complexes are synthesized and characterized by using FT-IR, water of hydration, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility and elemental analysis. The metal(II) complexes of manganese, cobalt, nickel, and copper with the ligand were synthesized by refluxing respective metal ions with the corresponding ligand in a 1:2 mole ratio. The FT-IR spectra of the quercetin showed a broad band at 3248 cm-1, assignable to phenolic (OH) stretching vibrations. Another sharp absorbance band seen at 1666 cm-1 assigned to aromatic C=O stretch in the ligands were shifted to lower frequency range of 1596 – 1633 cm-1, suggesting coordination through oxygen of the C=O of the ligands respectively. New bands at the lower region in the range of 530 – 616 cm-1 which were not observed in the ligand, further confirmed M–O chelation in the complexes, which confirmed the deprotonation of phenolic (OH) in the ligands. Molar conductivity values obtained for the complexes were found to be low (5.18 – 11.00 Ω -1 cm2mol-1) indicating non-electrolytic nature. Magnetic moments determined were in the range 1.69 – 5.92 BM, indicating that all the complexes are paramagnetic suggesting a tetrahedral geometry for the complexes. The relative percentages of the constituent elements from CHN analysis showed strong agreement with theoretical percentages for all the respective complexes. The antimicrobial activity of quercetin and its complexes was evaluated using the well diffusion method against three bacterial and fungal isolates each.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haruna Mukhtar, Nuhu Aliyu Habu, Yahaya Musbahu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHALLENGES FACED SMALLSCALE COOPERATIVE POULTRY EGG FARMERS IN IWO ZONE OF OSUN STATE, NIGERIA
This research analyzed challenges encountered by cooperative small scale poultry egg farmers in Iwo Zone of Osun State, Nigeria. Data were collected through the use of a well structured questionnaire for interviews from One hundred and five (105) poultry egg farmers using two-stage sampling techniques. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the data obtained. The results of the descriptive statistics analysis revealed that 71.4% of poultry egg farmers had an average age of 46.5 years, indicating that they are within their economically productive age bracket. Moreover, 81.9% of poultry business operators were males, the majority of whom had received formal education, with an average household size of 5 members. The findings also revealed that majority of farmers sourced funds through personal savings. The results of linear regression showed that coefficient associated with feed cost is negative and statistically significant at 1% level. This indicated inverse relationship between feed expenditure and profitability aligns, implying that as cost of feed per bird escalates, the prospective profit diminishes. The main challenges impeding farmers' profitability included inadequate funds, high feed costs, and marketing complexities, among others. Poultry farmers should strive to alleviate the exorbitant cost of feed, by exploring the use of locally compounded feeds for rearing poultry birds and reducing overall production costs. The government should provide support to farmers to alleviate the constraints faced by poultry farmers, thereby enhancing profitability and raising farmers' income and standards of living.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shittu K. Adesina, Friday Nweke Gabriel, Bashiru Oladayo Jimoh, Nwamaka Chinyere Moore https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF HARMATTAN DUST ON ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRIC FIELD VARIABILITY IN NIGERIA’S MIDDLE BELT
The Harmattan season presents a unique natural laboratory for investigating aerosol-electricity interactions under extreme mineral dust loading conditions. We quantify the relationship between Saharan dust transport and atmospheric electric field enhancement using 30 months (Jan 2022–Jun 2024) of hourly electric field (field mill), PM2.5/PM10 (optical particle counter), and HYSPLIT back-trajectory measurements from Lokoja, Nigeria <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(7°49’</m:r><m:r>N</m:r><m:r>, 6°44’</m:r><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Harmattan episodes demonstrate exceptional coupling between aerosol loading and electric field strength, following the power law relationship <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>E</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>z</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>= 2150 ×</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>V</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>0.62</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>with an unprecedented correlation coefficient r = -0.89 (n=2,847, p<0.001)</m:r><m:r>.</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> Fine-mode particles <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(<2.5</m:r><m:r>μ</m:r><m:r> </m:r><m:r>m</m:r><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> exhibit the strongest correlation with field enhancement <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> = 0.84),</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> while coarse particles show weaker associations<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>(</m:r><m:r>r</m:r><m:r> = 0.52)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> . Source region analysis using HYSPLIT back-trajectories reveals systematic differences: dust events originating from the Bodélé Depression produce electric field peaks of<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>3847±380 </m:r><m:r>Vm</m:r><m:r>⁻</m:r><m:r>¹</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , compared to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>2650±290 </m:r><m:r>Vm</m:r><m:r>⁻</m:r><m:r>¹</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> , compared to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>2200-2800 </m:r><m:r>V</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>m</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r> </m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> for Western Saharan sources, reflecting variations in particle size distribution and mineralogical composition. Case studies of three major Harmattan events reveal characteristic temporal patterns with rapid onset <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>180</m:r><m:r>V</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>m</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>h</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> and gradual recovery<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:d><m:dPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:dPr><m:e><m:r>45</m:r><m:r>V</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>m</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>h</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:e></m:d></m:oMath><![endif]--> , indicating asymmetric dust mobilization and removal processes. Results indicate Lokoja observations robustly capture source-dependent dust-electricity coupling across the sampled transport corridors. This is the first multi-season, size-resolved demonstration that surface electric field can serve as a near-real-time proxy for fine dust transport and source attribution in the Sahel.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jude Durojaiye Koffa, Ogunjobi Olakunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHENOTYPIC CORRELATIONS AMONG GROWTH, FLORAL, AND YIELD TRAITS IN OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus) UNDER Aspergillus niger INFECTION
Effective breeding for stress resilience and high yield in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) requires a clear understanding of the phenotypic correlations among key agronomic traits under Aspergillus niger (Asp) infection. This study investigates the interrelationships among growth, floral, and yield traits under Asp stress, with the aim of identifying morphological indicators that can support indirect selection for improved performance. Twenty okra germplasm lines of diverse genetic backgrounds were obtained from the National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology and evaluated in a screen house experiment using a completely randomized design with three replicates. Asp inoculation was conducted at sunset to ensure effective infection, while a common regional landrace of okra was maintained as the uninfected control. Morphological data on growth, flowering, and yield traits were collected using standard descriptors, and phenotypic correlations among traits were analyzed using SPSS. Strong positive correlations among growth (leaf length-width r=0.98, stem diameter-leaf length r=0.91), flowering (number of petals-sepals r=1.00, flower count-petal length r=0.80), and yield traits (fruit length-weight r=0.91, peduncle length-fruit length r=0.87) were identified in okra under Asp infection. These key morphological indicators can guide effective selection for disease resistance and improved yield. These relationships provide a basis for efficient indirect selection and marker-assisted breeding to develop high yielding, disease resilient okra varieties adaptable to diverse environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moses Anakaa Tavershima, Alexander Adi Bem, Ahmed Abdullahi Imam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN ANALYSES OF THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICITY AVAILABILITY ON RENTAL VALUES IN BAUCHI METROPOLIS
Access to reliable electricity is not only essential for basic household functions, such as lighting, heating, and powering appliances, but it also enhances the overall livability and attractiveness of residential properties. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap empirically, by investigating how electricity availability and reliability on residential property affects rental values in Bauchi. The study adopted the quantitative research design and used appropriate procedure to obtained the data from 124 respondents through a structured questionnaire administration. The findings indicated that; the electricity supply is neither consistently reliable nor severely unreliable; highly reliable electricity is rare in the study area, likely limited to well-developed areas probably GRA considering the low density nature of the residence; correlation coefficient of 0.977 indicates a near-perfect linear relationship between residential property rental value and electricity availability, the significance level (p = 0.000) confirms this relationship is statistically significant; and the results further indicates that approximately 95.5% of the variance in rental value is explained by electricity availability and reliability, which aligns with the Pearson correlation (r = 0.977, since r² = 0.977² ≈ 0.954, nearly matching the R² from ANOVA). The study concluded that available and reliable energy supply significantly influences rental value and housing choices. Therefore, the study recommends that Estate Surveyors and Valuers should incorporate electricity availability and reliability in their valuations because the strong correlation between electricity availability and residential property rental value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayuba Bitrus, Ethel Asinya Mendie, Sani Adamu, Usman Yahaya Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING WATER SANITATION AND HYGIENE STANDARDS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This systematic review analyzed 50 peer-reviewed studies (2020–2025) to evaluate Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) conditions in public secondary schools across developing countries. Guided by PRISMA standards, the review examined infrastructure adequacy, behavioral practices, gender inclusiveness, and health impacts. Findings reveal persistent infrastructural deficits, poor maintenance, limited hygiene education, and inadequate menstrual and disability-inclusive facilities, all contributing to illness, absenteeism, and gender inequity. Behavioral gaps remain widespread, reflecting weak institutional oversight and unsustained hygiene promotion. A conceptual framework was developed to integrate infrastructure provision, behavior change, inclusiveness, and policy enforcement, emphasizing multi-sectoral collaboration and long-term sustainability. The framework provides a strategic model for strengthening WASH interventions in resource-constrained educational environments. Overall, the review reinforces WASH's essential role in health, equity, and learning, directly supporting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3, 4, 5, and 6.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasiru Lawal , Dadan-Garba Aliyu, Matthew Ibrahim Habila, Abubakar Shehu Aliyu, Barki Khotimatul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrated Geological and Aeromagnetic Investigation of Barite Mineralization in Didango Area, Muri-Lau Sub-Basin Upper Benue Trough NE Nigeria
Barite (BaSO4) is a critical industrial mineral primarily used as a weighting agent in drilling fluids for oil and gas exploration due to its high specific gravity and chemical inertness. Despite the abundance of barite mineralization in Nigeria, many deposits in the Upper Benue Trough, particularly within the Muri-Lau Sub-Basin, remain poorly studied and their structural controls inadequately understood. This study integrates detailed geological mapping and high-resolution aeromagnetic analysis to investigate the mode of occurrence, structural controls, and economic potential of barite mineralization in the Didango area. Field observations revealed that barite occurs in hydrothermal veins associated with fault zones and fractures within sedimentary rocks. Aeromagnetic data, including Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI), Analytical Signal, Source Parameter Imaging (SPI), and Vertical Derivative maps, highlight E-W and N-S trending lineaments indicative of structurally controlled mineralization. High-intensity magnetic anomalies and shallow depth estimates correlate with known mineralized zones, suggesting potential for near-surface barite and base metal deposits. The results emphasize the role of tectonic structures in controlling fluid pathways and mineral deposition. This integrated approach enhances understanding of hydrothermal mineralization processes in the Muri-Lau Sub-Basin and fills an existing knowledge gap on the structural evolution of the area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ishaku Kamale Hamman, Clement Akan Joseph, Mohammed Zakari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTILEVEL LOGISTIC ANALYSIS OF INFANT MORTALITY IN NIGERIA ACROSS THE GEOPOLITICAL ZONES
Nigeria faces high child mortality rates, with an under-five mortality rate of 110 per 1,000 live births and an infant mortality rate of 63 per 1,000 in 2023, down from 64.7 in 2020, yet among the highest globally. Regional disparities persist, with 140 deaths per 1,000 in the North West versus 42 in the South West, driven by socioeconomic inequalities (142 per 1,000 in poorest households vs. 49 in wealthiest, 2022). Key causes include neonatal disorders, respiratory infections, malaria, and diarrhea, linked to limited healthcare access, low maternal education, and rural-urban divides. This study examines individual and group-level factors influencing infant mortality from 2020-2025, focusing on regional variations across Nigeria’s geopolitical zones. Using multilevel logistic regression on 2023-24 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data (39,050 women aged 15-49 and children, nested in states), three models were analyzed: an intercept-only model, one with individual factors (child’s sex, birth size, mother’s education and age, postnatal checks, antenatal visits, delivery place, residence), and a full model adding state-level zones. Results show rural residence (OR=1.45), male sex, younger maternal age, low education, low birth weight, and no postnatal checks increase risks. North West and North East zones show significant effects, with state-level variance explaining 9-12% of differences. These findings highlight the interplay of individual and contextual factors, urging policymakers to invest in zone-specific health infrastructure, education, and training under the Nigeria Child Survival Action Plan 2025-2029 to address inequalities and reduce preventable deaths.
Copyright (c) 2025 Joshua Anche, Lawrence Ani Chukwuemeka, Kabiru Hassan Abduljalal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COST AND RETURNS STRUCTURE OF GARRI PROCESSING AMONG COOPERATIVE WOMEN IN IJEBU-DIVISION OF OGUN-STATE, NIGERIA
The study examined cost and returns structure of Garri processing among cooperative women Ijebu-Division of Ogun State, Nigeria. A two-stage sampling technique was used to select sample size of 120 respondents using structured questionnaire to generate required information from respondents. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive and inferential statistics.The result revealed that majority (98.3%) of the respondents had formal education. Garri processors had much years experience in their business with a mean of households' size of 5 persons. Majority (82.5%) of Garri processors were married with an average age of 38 years old. The budgetary analysis result revealed that garri processing was found to be highly profitable at net income of N14,167.74 and gross margin N27,298.35 per annum. Likewise, benefit-cost B/C of 1.46 also revealed that for every one naira spent on Garri processing there was a return of N0:46k, this showed that Garri processing is a highly viable and profitable business. Bad road, lack of capital, poor and instable price of garri, high cost of transportation were major constraints militating against garri processing. Therefore, the study recommended that, problems confronting Garri processors should be addressed properly. Government should help garri processors by providing agricultural loans with no or low interest rates with comfortable loan repayment period. People who are jobless can also engage themselves in Garri processing to create job for themselves. Garri producers should form themselves into cooperative groups and pool their resources together for easy access of Garri processing inputs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shittu K. Adesina, Omowunmi Mercy Adebayo, Bashiru Oladayo Jimoh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Moringa (Moringa oleifera) bio-pesticides in the control of field insect pests of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Ilorin, Nigeria
A field experiment evaluated the effectiveness of aqueous leaf extracts of neem and moringa against insect pests affecting okra. The study included five treatments: aqueous leaf extracts of neem, moringa, a 1:1 mixture of both, cypermethrin, and a control group. A Randomized Complete Block Design was employed, consisting of three blocks and three replicates. In total, fifteen plots were established, each containing twelve plants, using the okra variety NH47-4. The plots were treated with various extracts to assess their efficacy against field insect pests. The initial spraying took place two weeks after germination, followed by additional applications at ten-day intervals. Insects on the tag plant were sampled, counted, and recorded starting from the seedling stage (four weeks after planting) until harvest. The findings revealed that All aqueous extracts demonstrated a significant reduction in insect pest infestation on okra compared to the control group; however, the aqueous leaf extract of neem exhibited the highest efficacy among the treatments. Farmers are advised to use neem aqueous extract as an eco-friendly and affordable alternative to chemical pesticides for sustainable okra production
Copyright (c) 2025 Memunat Abike Zubairu, I.O Yusuf, Alagbe A.V Alagbe, S.F Babatunde, R.O Uddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONS OF SOILS AROUND HOSTELS IN BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY, MAKURDI, NIGERIA
The physicochemical properties and heavy metal concentrations of soil samples collected behind various hostels in Benue State University, Makurdi were analyzed and results compared to FAO standards. The hostels used for the study were boys’ hostel (First Camp), girls’ hostel (First Camp), girls’ hostel (Second Camp) and boys’ hostel (Second Camp). The physicochemical parameters analyzed were pH, temperature, nitrate concentration, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, phosphate levels, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) while the heavy metals were Pb, Cu, As and Cd. Results of these analyses showed that pH was in the range of 6.90 - 8.25, temperature (30.20–30.30 oC), conductivity (174.00–795.50 µScm-1), organic matter (72.66–89.12 %), CEC (23.82–37.14 cmol/kg), <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>PO</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:16pt; height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> (0.069–0.281 mg/L), <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>NO</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>3</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>-</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:17pt;height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/USER/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> (0.89–0.92 mg/L). The concentrations of the heavy metals (in mg/kg) were: Pb (23.7250 - 23.7250), Cd (27.6600 - 29.0200), As (0.7750-0.8450), Cu (62.1200 -78.3300). These results proved that the soils around these hostels are not contaminated as all the parameters measured were found to be within the permissible limit set by FAO. The results of this study showed that the soil around the hostels were not contaminated since most the studied parameters were within the accepted limit set by the FAO/WHO hence does not pose health risk.
Copyright (c) 2025 Isaac Terungwa Iorkpiligh, Kumawuese K. Maakura, Dyondun A. Aondoakaa, Comfort Agbo, Gillian O. Igbum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF USING BIOMETRIC AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM IN KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT (KSTIM) LIBRARY
This research investigates the feasibility and benefits of implementing biometric authentication in the Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KSITM) Library, emphasizing its potential to enhance security and safeguard sensitive information. Traditional methods, like passwords and tokens, are vulnerable as they can be easily shared or compromised, often leading to security lapses. Biometrics, however, provide a more secure solution by using unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints, hand geometry, palm veins, retina and iris patterns, facial recognition, signature, and voice analysis, to accurately verify individual identities. The study reviews these biometric methods, assessing their usability, advantages, and potential drawbacks. A questionnaire-based approach was used to gauge the satisfaction and receptiveness of KSITM’s staff and students toward biometric systems. Findings show that 85% of respondents consider biometric authentication an essential improvement for the library, demonstrating a strong preference for it over traditional methods. Respondents showed the highest preference for fingerprint recognition, favoring its balance of convenience, security, and reliability. This feedback suggests that implementing a biometric system could enhance the library’s security infrastructure and reduce the risks associated with traditional access methods. Overall, the positive response indicates that biometric authentication is both a viable and beneficial security measure for KSITM, fostering a more secure and controlled environment for students and staff.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Sani, Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BASELINE ASSESSMENT OF PROGRAMMING PERCEPTION AND READINESS AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN EDO STATE
The study examined secondary school students’ readiness for programming in education in Edo State, Nigeria, with emphasis on curriculum gaps and students’ preparedness before full implementation of programming in the national curriculum. A descriptive survey design was adopted, and data were collected from 185 validly completed questionnaires distributed across public and private secondary schools. The instrument measured students’ perceptions, factors influencing readiness, and expectations toward programming education. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential tests (t-tests) were used for data analysis. Findings revealed that students’ perception of programming was neutral (Mean = 3.27), influenced by limited practical exposure and teacher engagement. Factors influencing readiness included personal confidence, teacher competence, and availability of ICT resources, with a moderate overall readiness level (Mean = 3.46). Students’ expectations were high (Mean = 3.71), showing enthusiasm toward learning programming and engaging in coding-related activities. Significant differences were found in perceptions across gender (p < 0.05), but not across school type. However, expectations differed significantly between public and private school students (p < 0.05). The study concluded that Edo State students demonstrated readiness for programming education but require improved teacher capacity, gender inclusion, and infrastructure to support effective curriculum delivery. Recommendations include enhanced teacher training, provision of ICT resources, and establishment of coding clubs to foster engagement and digital competence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eric Osemwegie, Amadin, Uduehi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A PYTHON-BASED ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND AGE ON ADMISSION OF STUDENTS IN SOME SELECTED UNIVERSITIES IN SOUTH-WESTERN PART OF NIGERIA
Understanding the influence of admission age on students’ academic performance remains a persistent concern in higher education, particularly in developing contexts where entry standards are inconsistently enforced. This study investigates the relationship between students’ age at admission and their academic outcomes using a Python-based data analytics approach. A dataset comprising 1,401 undergraduate records from Fountain University, Osogbo, and the Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta located in the South-West region of Nigeria, spanning 2014–2024, was analyzed. Python libraries such as pandas, matplotlib, and scipy.stats were employed for data cleaning, visualization, and statistical testing. Descriptive analysis revealed that most students were admitted between ages 16 and 20, with a near-equal gender distribution. Inferential results indicated no statistically significant difference in academic performance across age groups (ANOVA, p = 0.1077), suggesting that admission age exerts minimal effect on cumulative grade point average (CGPA). However, gender-based comparison showed a significant difference (t-test, p < 0.001), with female students outperforming their male counterparts. These findings imply that cognitive maturity associated with age is less decisive for academic success than factors such as motivation and discipline, which may explain the observed gender disparity. The study underscores the potential of Python-driven analytics for evidence-based educational evaluation and advocates for gender-responsive academic support policies rather than rigid age-based admission criteria.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Lawal, Adeyemo, Komolafe, Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRENDS AND GROWTH RATES IN NIGERIA’S SESAME SEED PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL POLICY
This study explored how sesame seed production and exports have evolved in Nigeria over the past five decades (1972–2022). Data were sourced from FAOSTAT, the National Bureau of Statistics, and other trade reports, and growth rates were assessed using tools such as the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) and coefficient of variation (CV). The results show that sesame production grew strongly, particularly between 2012 and 2022, when output increased by nearly 400%. Yet, this growth was unstable, affected by climate shocks, weak policies, and poor infrastructure. Exports, on the other hand, recorded a steadier rise, with an overall CAGR of 9.63%. The fastest growth came in the 1990s, when rising demand from Asia and the Middle East pushed exports up by more than 1,500%. Still, the export boom did not always match production growth. This mismatch points to deeper structural issues such as post-harvest losses, weak storage and processing capacity, and the lack of value addition. Most exports leave the country as raw seeds, which reduce potential earnings and job creation. In addition, informal cross-border trade continues to blur the true picture of Nigeria’s sesame performance. Overall, the findings confirm sesame seeds in Nigeria’s non-oil export drive but also underline the urgent need for investment in the value chain, stronger quality control, and better compliance with international standards. These steps are crucial for Nigeria to remain competitive and achieve sustainable growth in the global sesame market
Copyright (c) 2025 Adedapo Abayomi Afolabi, Oloniyo Roseline Boluwaji, Oladele Charles Ajewole, Akintola Akindele James https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESPONSES OF MAIZE VARIETIES TO VARYING UREA FERTILIZER REGIMES IN THE SOUTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH AGROECOLOGICAL ZONE OF NIGERIA
Maize is a vital crop in Nigeria, requiring optimal plant density and good agronomic practices to achieve enhanced yields. A two-year field trial (2023-2024) was conducted at the University of Abuja's farm in the Southern Guinea Savannah agroecological zone to evaluate maize response to varying urea application rates. A 4 × 5 factorial experiment was conducted using a Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, combining four maize varieties (Sammaz-43, 44, 57, and 58) and five urea (46% N) application ranges (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha) with a uniform application of 45 kg/ha of phosphorus and potassium using NPK 15:15:15. Plant height, leaf count, leaf area, shelling percentage, thousand-seed weight, and grain yield were among the data collected. The results indicated that crop performance was significantly influenced by both maize cultivars and urea applications (p≤0.05). Higher urea rates improved yield parameters, with Sammaz-57 achieving top yields (3.8 t/ha in 2023 and 5.5 t/ha in 2024) with 200 kg/ha, showing unique varietal responses to urea rates. The study found a significant interaction (P≤0.05) between fertilizer application and maize variety, indicating that maize varieties responded differently to urea application. However, there was no significant difference in grain yield among the varieties, suggesting that none consistently outperformed the others across fertilizer treatments. The study recommends that farmers in the region use Sammaz-57 with 100 kg/ha urea or Sammaz-58 with 200 kg/ha urea to optimize maize growth and yield.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ilozobhie E. Nicholas, Agha U. Agha, Usman B. Ejura, Chorio P. Timothy, Azzuwut P. Andrew, Baba N. Mohammed, Sani Adamu, Mustapha Abdul, Aliyu Suleiman, Ojekunle Fatimoh, Aihebhoria O. Daniel, Okorie M. Joseph https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Weibull Survival Regression for Predicting Hospital Length of Stay Among Hepatitis B patients in Maiduguri, Nigeria
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to pose major challenges for global health systems, particularly in resource-limited areas where hospital congestion and prolonged hospital stays strain available services. This study aims to model and identify the predictors of hospital length of stay (LOS) among HBV patients using a Weibull survival regression approach. Retrospective clinical and demographic data from 60 HBV patients managed in Maiduguri, Nigeria, were analyzed. Key variables included age, gender, comorbidity status, and antiviral treatment, and the Weibull model was specified to estimate time-to-discharge while accounting for the skewed distribution of LOS. The results show that antiviral therapy significantly reduces LOS, whereas older age, comorbid conditions, and male gender were associated with increased LOS. The model demonstrated strong statistical adequacy (log-likelihood = –148.264), supported by residual diagnostics and goodness-of-fit plots. Only 5% of patients remained hospitalized beyond 14.8 days, with an average LOS of 10.4 days. In conclusion, the Weibull regression model effectively captured LOS dynamics and highlighted key risk factors influencing hospitalization duration. These findings provide evidence useful not only for hospital management but also for public health planning, optimized clinical decision-making, and resource allocation strategies for high-risk HBV patients.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Ali Ibrahim Ali, Mohammed Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Evaluation of Locally Formulated Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) for Treating Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 6–59 Months in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Abstract Malnutrition occurs when individuals do not consume or absorb sufficient nutrients, contributing to nearly half of global child deaths, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It impairs growth, cognitive development, and productivity, creating significant economic burdens. Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Foods (RUTFs) are essential for treating severe acute malnutrition (SAM). The study aims to develop and evaluate maize- and sorghum-based ready-to-use therapeutic foods for treating acute malnutrition in children (6-59 months) in Nasarawa State. Diverse ingredients including maize/sorghum, groundnuts, soybeans, sesame seeds, dates, cashew nut, crayfish, moringa leaves, vegetable oil, and sugar were sourced and processed, and mixed in defined ratios. Nutrients analysis was conducted using standard methods. Sensory evaluation was conducted with 35 panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale. Results showed energy values of 521.09 kcal/100g (MB-RUTF) and 527.44 kcal/100g (SB-RUTF). Protein contents were 15.70 g/100g (MB-RUTF) and 17.08 g/100g (SB-RUTF), while fat contents were 35.25 g/100g and 34.76 g/100g, respectively. Vitamin analysis indicated levels, respectively of vitamin A (526.40 and 622.00 mg/100g) and vitamin C (8.72 and 9.82 mg/100g). Others include vitamin D, E, K, and B-complex, demonstrating substantial contribution to micronutrient requirements. Mineral contents (Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, P, Na, Cl, I) were within appreciable ranges. Sensory evaluation shows high acceptability, with SB-RUTF slightly preferred across all attributes. Findings demonstrate that locally produced, plant-based RUTF can meet nutritional requirements, reduce dependence on imported products, and enhance accessibility and affordability of SAM treatment in Nigeria. Incorporation of premixed micronutrients is recommended to ensure full nutritional adequacy.
Severe Acute Malnutrition, Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food, Maize, Sorghum, premixed micronutrients
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Sa'eedu, Auwal Magaji, Dr. G.M. Saidu, Mrs. Hauwa Haruna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLAINABLE AI IN HEALTHCARE: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN MODEL ACCURACY AND INTERPRETABILITY
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by enabling highly accurate diagnostics, personalised treatment planning, and efficient clinical operations. Yet the opacity of advanced machine-learning models remains a barrier to trust and widespread adoption. This paper provides a structured review of explainable AI (XAI) techniques that reconcile predictive strength with interpretability. We examine model-agnostic methods, including Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME) and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), and model-specific approaches such as attention mechanisms and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM). Empirical evidence drawn from recent clinical studies demonstrates that XAI significantly enhances decision-making. In radiology, Grad-CAM visualisations increased clinician confidence by 30%, while SHAP explanations in electronic health record diagnostics improved trust by 25%. Large-scale chest X-ray experiments (10,000 images) showed that SHAP and LIME maintained high predictive accuracy of 90 % and 89 %, respectively, compared with 92 % for a baseline deep neural network, while providing markedly higher interpretability scores. Patient-centred trials further revealed a 25% improvement in diabetes treatment adherence when AI recommendations were accompanied by high-quality explanations, with compliance rising 5% for every one-point increase in explanation quality (<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>β</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>1</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>=0.05</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 4.0pt; mso-text-raise: -4.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:49.5pt; height:15pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\hp\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> ). These results confirm that XAI can strengthen clinician trust and patient engagement with only minimal loss in accuracy. Remaining challenges include computational cost, absence of standardised interpretability metrics, and evolving regulatory requirements. We recommend the development of hybrid models with intrinsic interpretability, co-designed evaluation frameworks, and educational initiatives to prepare clinicians and patients to act on XAI outputs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayanlowo Emmanuel A., Olawale Olalekan Onalaja, Obadina O. Gabiel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TOWARDS EVALUATING PAYMENT DISPUTE RESOLUTION MECHANISMS IN NIGERIAN BRANCHLESS BANKS
Branchless banking has expanded financial access in Nigeria by enabling millions of users to complete transfers, airtime purchases, bill payments, and merchant transactions without visiting traditional bank branches. While this innovation advances financial inclusion, it also creates recurring challenges such as failed transfers, duplicate debits, delayed reversals, and weak dispute management that undermine user trust. This study evaluates dispute resolution in three leading branchless banks Opay, Palmpay, and Moniepoint focusing on effectiveness, responsiveness, and user satisfaction. A purposive sample of fifty users with experience of payment disputes was surveyed to capture dispute types, reporting channels, resolution timelines, and perceptions of service quality. Expectation Confirmation Theory and SERVQUAL dimensions of responsiveness and reliability provided the analytical framing. Findings indicate that disputes were usually resolved within three days, though experiences varied across platforms. Palmpay recorded the highest satisfaction levels, Opay was rated most responsive, while Moniepoint performed weakest overall. The study highlights gaps in communication and transparency, recommending harmonised resolution timelines and stronger regulatory oversight to sustain trust in Nigeria’s digital financial services
Copyright (c) 2025 Ejaita A. Okpako, Boyce E. Iyamah, Deborah V. Ojie, Samuel U. Okperigho, Stella C. Chiemeke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF INDIGENOUS COMPLEMENTARY FOODS IN KANO STATE
Locally (Indigenous) prepared complementary foods are widely consumed by infants in Nigeria because of their affordability and accessibility; however, their microbiological safety remains a major public health concern. This study evaluated the microbiological quality of three locally prepared complementary food samples (Samples A, B, and C) sold in Tarauni Local Government Area, Kano State, in comparison with a laboratory-prepared counterpart (Sample D). The market samples were unbranded, powdered formula, and sold under open conditions, potentially exposing them to contamination. Standard microbiological methods were employed: Nutrient Agar for aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts, Potato Dextrose Agar for fungal isolation, and the Most Probable Number (MPN) method for coliform estimation, while pathogens were identified through biochemical tests. The aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts of the locally prepared foods ranged from 2.45 × 10⁶ to 1.08 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, exceeding the WHO permissible limit of 1.0 × 10³ CFU/mL. Fungal contaminants detected included Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, and A. flavus. Coliform counts reached up to 150 MPN/100 mL, and pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella spp were present in the market samples but absent in the laboratory-prepared food, which remained within safety limits. These findings reveal significant microbiological risks associated with locally prepared complementary foods. Strengthening vendor hygiene practices, enforcing regulatory surveillance, and promoting laboratory-standard local formulations are recommended to safeguard infant health.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ruqayyah A. Usman, Saddika M. Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF NAPHTALENE ACETIC ACID (NAA) ON VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF ARAUCARIA (ARAUCARIA ANGUSTIFOLIA) AT AFAKA KADUNA, NIGERIA
This research is on effects of Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), on vegetative propagation of araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) at Federal College of Forestry Mechanization, Afaka Kaduna. The experimental design used was completely Randomized Block Design (BRBD) with sixteen (16) treatments, replicated three times. In this research, specific objectives were highlighted with the aim of assessing the effects plant hormone used at two different concentrations (500ppm and 1000ppm), on the sprouting and rooting of Araucaria angustifolia in Forestry, Kaduna. Survival count, Number of leaves per cutting, and Num ber of roots per plant were recorded. The results showed that plant hormone at lower concentration significantly affect percentage survival count, Number of leaves per cutting, Number of root per plant. In survival count, Number of leaves per cutting, and Number of root per plant, (A1B4): NAA a\t 500ppm concentration + pure River Sand gave the highest value of mean compared to other treatments. The findings showed that it is possible to propagate Araucaria angustifolia vegetatively using Pure River Sand + 500ppm of Naphthalene Acetic Acid for mass production. It is suggested from the study that propagation of the Araucaria angustifolia should be carried out using low concentration (500PPM) of NAA with a rooting medium.
Copyright (c) 2025 A. E. Olachene, J. K. Aremu, S. O. Okechalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0