The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality original research papers, review articles, technical reports, and short communications. The journal covers all aspects of Science and Technology, with a broad scope that includes, but is not limited to: • Chemistry • Physics • Earth and Atmospheric Sciences • Biological Sciences (Botany, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Agriculture, Zoology, etc.) • Medical Sciences • Pharmaceutical Sciences • Environmental Science • Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Engineering • Mathematics and Statistics • Materials Science, Mechanics, and Polymer Sciences • Nutrition and Food Science • Textile Sciences • Renewable Energy • Biotechnology, Genetics, and Bioinformatics • Geology and Geosciences • Process Modelling, Computational Analysis, and Waste-to-Resource Processes The journal provides a multidisciplinary platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to disseminate cutting-edge scientific knowledge and technological innovations that address contemporary challenges locally, nationally, and globally.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Pollution from Transportation and the Economic Justification for Green Transport Policies in Zaria LGA Kaduna State, Nigeria
This study examined transportation-related pollution and the economic justification for green transport policies in Zaria. Data were collected from 121 transport users through a structured questionnaire. The results show that most respondents are male (83.5%), have higher education, and nearly half do not own personal vehicles. Motorcycles and tricycles are the most frequently used modes of transport, with almost half of respondents using transport more than twice daily. A majority (89.2%) are aware of environmental pollution from vehicle emissions, and most perceive transportation as a significant contributor to air pollution and increased health costs. Respondents also recognize that pollution affects economic productivity and strongly support government investment in green transport options such as electric and CNG-based vehicles. While 64.9% are aware of green transport, 91.9% expressed willingness to adopt these vehicles if available. The main barriers to adoption are lack of awareness, cost, inadequate infrastructure, and limited government support. These findings suggest that promoting public awareness, providing incentives, and improving infrastructure are key to encouraging environmentally sustainable transport in Zaria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Abubakar, Kasimu Abdullahi, Koshe Umar-Farouk Musa, Kabiru Mohammed Barau, Aminu Alhassan Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Two – Step Simpson – Type Hybrid Block Method for the Solution of Differential Equations
This paper presents the development of a Two-Step Simpson-Type Second Derivative Hybrid Block Method (TSSTHBM) for the numerical solution of stiff and non-stiff systems of first-order ordinary differential equations. The method is derived using polynomial interpolation and collocation techniques, incorporating second derivative information and four off-grid (intra-step) points to enhance accuracy and stability. The resulting scheme is implemented in block form, allowing simultaneous computation of solution values without the need for starting procedures. The basic properties of the method, including order, consistency, zero-stability, and convergence, are established, confirming the reliability of the scheme. Numerical experiments are carried out on standard test problems, including nonlinear systems, linear stiff systems, Riccati equations, and a nonlinear biosorption model. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides improved accuracy and better stability when compared with existing methods in the literature, even with relatively larger step sizes. Therefore, the TSSTHBM is an efficient and reliable method for solving stiff differential equations arising in scientific and engineering applications.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 Fahad Suleiman, Umaru Mohammed, Habibah Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimisation of Reaction Vessel Filling Ratio in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles for Solar Cell Applications
The hydrothermal synthesis of copper zinc tin sulphide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles presents a promising low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing absorber materials in solar cell applications. This study focuses on optimizing the reaction vessel filling ratio a critical parameter influencing pressure, temperature uniformity, and reaction kinetics during synthesis. A systematic investigation was conducted to assess the impact of varying filling ratios on nanoparticle size, crystallinity, phase purity, and optical properties. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the structural and optical quality of the synthesized nanoparticles. Results indicate that an optimal filling ratio significantly enhances nucleation and growth control, leading to improved crystallinity and uniform particle size distribution, which are essential for high photovoltaic performance. The findings contribute to filling the research gap in reaction vessel parameter optimization, offering a viable pathway to reproducible and scalable synthesis of CZTS nanoparticles tailored for enhanced solar cell efficiency. This work underlines the importance of fine-tuning hydrothermal parameters to advance sustainable photovoltaic materials development and provides foundational insights for future process enhancements in CZTS nanoparticle synthesis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kasim Ibrahim Mohammed, Kasim Uthman Isah, Mohammed Ahmed, Nafarizal Nayan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative in Vitro Antifungal Activity of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. And Anacardium Occidentale L. Leaf Extracts Against Fungal Pathogens of Amaranthus Hybridus
Fungal pathogens significantly affect the cultivation of Amaranthus hybridus, leading to reduced yield and quality. Environmental and health concerns associated with synthetic fungicides have increased interest in plant-based biofungicides as safer alternatives. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Anacardium occidentale against Fusarium oxysporum, Alternaria tenuissima, and Aspergillus flavus. To obtain the extracts, 100 g of dried leaf powder was macerated in 1000 mL of distilled water. Antifungal activity was assessed using the poisoned food technique at 5%, 10%, and 15%. All treatments were replicated three times. The triplicates were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc test at p ≤ 0.05. Azadirachta indica demonstrated a clear but moderate concentration-dependent antifungal activity with all tested fungi. The highest inhibition was shown against Fusarium oxysporum (28.6 ± 2.5% at 15% concentration). Anacardium occidentale showed mild antifungal activity, with Alternaria tenuissima showing no observable inhibition at the tested concentrations. These findings indicate that A. indica demonstrates moderate but considerable antifungal potential for managing fungal diseases of Amaranthus hybridus. Further in vivo studies are recommended to validate field efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tolulope S. Ewekeye, Damilola R. Adeyemi, Olanrewaju J. Oloyede, Moyosoreoluwa A. Akinyegun, Adewumi Fadiora, Oyedamola A. Oke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of Third Derivatives Falkner-Type for the Solution of Second Order Differential Equations
Second-order ordinary differential equations frequently arise in scientific and engineering applications and efficient numerical methods are often required when analytical solutions are difficult or impossible to obtain. In this paper, a Falkner type method for k = 2 with two off-step point were derived for the numerical solution of second order initial value problems. The idea of collocation and interpolation techniques was adopted in the derivation of the schemes. The basic properties of numerical methods were analysed and the methods were found to be consistent, zero stable and hence convergent. Numerical experiments were carried out on three (3) problems of second order initial value problem (IVP). The results obtained for the proposed methods in comparison with the exact solutions and some existing methods from the literature show the efficiency and reliability of the proposed schemes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Semiyu Akanji, Umaru Mohammed, Habibah Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Elemental and Physico-chemical characterization of farm lands in Matazu and Musawa, Katsina State, Nigeria.
A good knowledge of the variations of soil physico - chemical properties and its elemental composition as it relates to micronutrient status is essential for good land evaluation which is a pre-requisite for effective land use planning. This work was carried out to determine the Elemental and Physico-chemical characterization farm lands in Matazu and Musawa, Katsina State, Nigeria. Field experiments were carried out during the 2020 and 2021 dry seasons and the equipment used to determine the elemental and physico-chemical characterization was Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). A total of 30 soil composite soil samples were collected from agricultural and non agricultural farm lands and soil erosion areas at 0 – 10 cm soil depth. The results of the study sites were slightly acidic, low to moderate macronutrients. The values for moisture content, porosity, particle density and bulk density were rated as moderate and were considered to favor good aeration, root penetration and free water movement in the soil. The values for the soil pH and available elements (N, P, K, and Cu) indicates the moderate acidity which implied that nutrients are likely to be available for crop uptake and is optimum for the release of plant nutrients and concentration of the available elements is low to moderate which requires the need to apply a fertilizer type for better plant growth, seeds and fruits (reproduction), plant growth of root and stem, leaves and flowers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Matazu Mohammed Bako, Namadi Abdulrahman Zuru, Bello Suleiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Optimization of ZnO Electron Transport Layer and Absorber Properties with Temperature Effects in Germanium-Based Perovskite Solar Cells Using SCAPS-1D Simulation
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have made significant advances in power conversion efficiency (PCE); however, their commercial viability remains hindered by stability concerns with organic transport layers and the environmental toxicity of lead-based absorbers. This study investigates a lead-free germanium-based perovskite solar cell (CH3NH3GeI3) with inorganic charge transport layers of zinc oxide ZnO and copper iodide CuI as electrons and holes transport layers, respectively, using SCAPS-1D simulation. The device design consists of FTO/ZnO/ CH3NH3GeI3/CuI/Au in a standard n-i-p configuration. Key parameters were extensively optimized, including absorber layer thickness (300-800 nm), absorber layer bandgap (1.2-1.6 eV), ZnO electron transport layer (ETL) thickness (10-400 nm), and ZnO bandgap (2.0-4.0 eV). The results show that an optimal absorber thickness of 500-600 nm and an optimal bandgap of 1.4-1.5 eV produce a maximum PCE of about 24.9%. While differences in ZnO thickness have little effect on open-circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF), parasitic absorption causes small reductions in short-circuit current density (Jsc) and PCE. Increasing the ZnO bandgap improves device transparency while modestly improving performance. Temperature analysis (290-360 K) shows a considerable decrease in Voc, FF and PCE as temperature increase, whereas Jsc remains almost constant, indicating recombination dominated thermal degradation in Ge-based PSCs. Overall, this study demonstrates that optimizing inorganic transport layers and absorber layer can significantly increase the efficiency and stability of lead-free PSCs, providing valuable insights for creating environmentally friendly and thermally robust solar systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dahiru M. Sanni, Hadiza H. Ndanusa, Hamza Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Palm Oil Modulates Haematological Profile and ATPase Activities of Wistar Rats
Palm oil is widely consumed globally, yet its effects on health remains a topic of debate. In this study, the effect of palm oil on haematological indices and ATPase activities in Wistar rats was assessed. Thirty-six (36) adult rats were divided into six groups of six rats each made of normal rats (group 1). Group II served as experimental control and was given fresh palm oil of 0.4 % FFA. Groups III-VI were given palm oil that has been stored for sixteen months of varied FFA levels (4.8, 8.4, 21.9, and 42.7 %) respectively. The rats were administered a dosage of 480 mg/kg body weight of CPO orally for four weeks. Haematological parameters, including red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, platelets, white blood cell and differential counts were measured using standard haematology analyzer. ATPase activities were also assessed to determine metabolic and enzymatic activities using standard methods. The results indicate that significant alterations were observed in the haematological profile of stored palm oil-fed rats, including changes in haemoglobin and erythrocyte counts. ATPase activity was also modulated, indicating mild disruptions in cellular energy metabolism. The study suggests that free fatty acids levels in palm oil determine its effects on haematological and ATPase activity in Wistar rats.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uwagboe N. Asiriuwa, Ejiro Dowe, Osaretin P. Osemwenkhae, Osahon D. Abu, Vivien Ezoguan, Paul I. Igbonomi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legendre Least Squares Approach with Perturbation for the Solution of Fractional Order Differential Equations
In this article, we present the Perturbed Shifted Legendre based approach for the solution of fractional order differential equations using Least Squares Method. Here, an assumed solution is substituted into the slightly perturbed fractional order differential equation and the residual equation is minimized to yield a system of equations which are then solved to obtain the constants involved. The required approximate solution is obtained when the constant values are substituted into the assumed solution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ohigweren Airenoni1 Uwaheren, Esther Olakemi Ogunlaran, Temitope Rebecca Omoniyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) Towards Hepatitis B Vaccination Among HIV Patients at Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba – Lagos: A Cross-Sectional Study
The rate of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection among HIV patients is higher than that of the general population. In spite of this challenge, there has been a low vaccination record among HIV patients. The objective of this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of HIV patients towards Hepatitis B. An institutional–based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 309 HIV patients from September to November 2024. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding knowledge, attitude and practice towards hepatitis B vaccination. Non-probability convenience sampling was also used. Descriptive statistics were done by calculating frequencies and percentages of categorical independent variables and categorical dependent variables, using SPSS version 20. Among 309 HIV patients, 59.3% of them had good knowledge about the Hepatitis B virus and vaccination, with an average mean score of 4.21, and 51.6% had, a good attitude, with an average mean score of 4.31. The practice was low, with only 37.4% receiving the complete dose of HB vaccine, with an average mean score of 31. There were a significant association of socio-demographic variables with knowledge, attitude and practice towards Hepatitis B vaccination. Although, the knowledge and attitude towards Hepatitis B vaccination are high, the practice levels are very low. This indicates the need for immunising HIV positive patients against Hepatitis B and focusing more on preventive practices against HBV.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musa Sanni Ladan, Akeem Blessing Lateef, Omolara Arafat Hamzat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MARKOV CHAIN MONTE CARLO MODELLING OF THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GROWTH OF MILLET AND SOYBEAN IN NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA
This study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of rainfall and temperature suitability for soybean and millet production across states in North Central Nigeria using a joint binary Markov model. Monthly rainfall and temperature data obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the period 1984–2022 were classified into favourable (1) and unfavourable (0) crop-growth conditions based on crop-specific requirements. Four joint climatic states, (0,0), (0,1), (1,0), and (1,1), were defined to represent combined rainfall-temperature suitability. Transition probability matrices were estimated to assess climatic persistence and state transitions, while MCMC methods were used for parameter estimation. Convergence and reliability of the posterior estimates were confirmed using the Gelman–Rubin diagnostic.The results revealed marked spatial differences in climatic suitability across the study area. Benue and Kwara exhibited the highest persistence of favourable climatic conditions for millet production, with probabilities of remaining in the favourable state (1,1) of 0.6843 and 0.6661, respectively, while Kogi also showed strong climatic stability (0.5675). In contrast, Plateau displayed the highest persistence of unfavourable conditions, remaining in state (0,0) with probability 0.6668. Niger and the FCT showed greater climatic variability, whereas Nasarawa exhibited mixed persistence in both favourable (0.5483) and unfavourable (0.5345) states. These findings highlight significant regional variations in rainfall–temperature suitability and provide useful information for agricultural planning, climate risk management, and adaptation strategies. The joint binary Markov model estimated using MCMC offers a robust framework for assessing climate variability and its implications for soybean and millet production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Victoria Adah, Jonathan Atsua Ikughur, Depuun Nicholas Temaugee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ecological Risk of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Soil from Selected Residential Dumpsites in Delta State, Nigeria
This study investigated the compositional patterns and ecological risks of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils from selected residential dumpsites in Delta State, Nigeria. Five soil samples were analyzed for 28 PCB congeners using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) after Soxhlet extraction and clean-up with florisil and silica gel. The concentrations of ∑28 PCBs ranged from 6.88 to 21.25 ng/g, indicating contamination mainly associated with anthropogenic activities. The PCB profiles were dominated by penta-, tetra-, and hepta-chlorinated biphenyls, suggesting contributions from mixed waste sources such as domestic, industrial, electrical, and commercial materials. Ecological risk assessment based on Hakanson’s ecological risk index revealed varying degrees of environmental risk among the dumpsites. Dumpsite A showed low ecological risk, whereas dumpsites C and D exhibited considerable ecological risk levels. The toxic equivalency (TEQ) values of dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 0.007 to 0.104 ng TEQ/g and were below international guideline values, including the Threshold Effect Level (TEL), Probable Effect Level (PEL), and Effect Range Medium (ERM), indicating limited ecological effects. The study highlights the influence of poor waste management practices on PCB contamination and recommends regular monitoring, public awareness, and improved waste disposal measures to minimize environmental and psychological health in the affected communities
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawson Onojake, Ese Queen Umudi, Innocent Erhieyovwe Obukowho, Blessing Ese Nwakwanogo, Onyekachi Marcelus Odo, Chioma Anthonia Ugwu, Chukwuwuikem Nathanael Ehiedu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Water Quality, Fish Population Health, and Plankton Dynamics in River Yobe, Nigeria: Implications for Fishery Productivity
This study assessed the ecological status of River Yobe, Nigeria, by evaluating its physicochemical water quality, the health of two key fish species (Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus), and the structure of plankton communities across three sites with varying anthropogenic pressures. Water and biological samples were collected monthly over an 18-month period (November 2021 – April 2023). Physicochemical analysis revealed significant seasonal variations; while key parameters like temperature (19.41–29.48°C), pH (5.57–7.71), and dissolved oxygen (2.60–13.67 mg/L) were generally within acceptable ranges, elevated ammonia (up to 0.927 mg/L) and nitrate (up to 0.930 mg/L) levels indicated nutrient loading from agricultural runoff and domestic waste. Length-weight relationship analysis showed negative allometric growth (b < 3) for both fish species, with condition factors ranging from 0.65–4.24 for O. niloticus and 0.82–4.15 for C. gariepinus, reflecting fluctuating wellbeing linked to environmental stress. Plankton analysis identified 17 phytoplankton and 16 zooplankton species, with Chlorophyceae (Cladophora oligoclonus) and Rotifera (Branchionus sp.) dominating, respectively. Highest plankton abundance was recorded at sites with the most intense anthropogenic activities, correlating with elevated nutrient levels. The study concludes that while River Yobe's basic water quality supports aquatic life, it is under significant stress from anthropogenic eutrophication, which impacts fish health and drives shifts in plankton communities, underscoring the need for integrated watershed management for long-term fishery sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Binta Ibrahim Badejo, Hadiza Zumami Waru, Ali Muhammed Cheri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Ready-To-Eat Snacks Sold in Selected Primary Schools in Ovia North-East Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria
Ready-To-Eat (RTE) snacks prepared under unsanitary conditions and sold by unlicensed vendors at improper holding temperatures, without appropriate packaging, poses a health risk to consumers. This study is aimed at evaluating the microbiological quality of RTE snacks sold within the premises of three (3) selected primary schools coded ‘ADPS’, ‘OPS’, and ‘IPS’ in Ovia North-East LGA of Edo State, Nigeria. A total of thirty-nine (39) samples that comprise of 10 buns, 10 doughnuts, 10 sausage roll, and 9 meat pies, were randomly purchased from vendors around the school premises using aseptic techniques. Microbiological analyses of the samples were carried out using culture media, following standard procedures. Identification of the isolates was based on cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates were determined using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Mean percentage occurrences of microbial contaminants in the snacks are Staphylococcus aureus (25.64%), Enterococcus sp. (12.82%), Bacillus sp. (12.82%), Aspergillus sp. (12.82%), Pseudomonas sp. (10.26%), Fusarium sp. (10.26%), Escherichia coli (7.69%), and Penicillium sp. (7.69%). Mean total aerobic plate counts (APC) ranged from 0.8 x 102 - 1.16 x 106 CFU/g. Based on the International Commission for Microbiological Specification for Foods (ICMSF) for APC, the snack samples from ADPS was satisfactory. Lowest percentage of the isolates (48.72%) that demonstrated antibiotic resistance was against ceftazidime, while the highest (71.79%) involved nitrofurantoin. To avert the outbreak of food borne diseases, strict monitoring of hygienic and sanitary practices of snack producers and vendors by the school management and relevant authorities are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henrietta Obueh Obueh, Maduka Ndukwe, Margret Eniola Aletile https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FM Signal Coverage Mapping and Path Loss Model Comparison: A Case Study of Search FM (92.3 MHz) Minna, Niger State
Electric field strength of radio signals decreases with increase in distance from the transmitting antenna. The Electric field strength of Search FM (92.3 MHz) radio signals was measured along four radial routes from the transmitting antenna, using a Digital Signal Level Meter, GE-5499, covering the signal range of 25 – 107dBµV. Geographical coordinates and distance from the transmitting antenna were obtained at every location corresponding to each measured Electric field strength using a Global Positioning System (GPS), GPS-72. The study revealed that Search FM (92.3 MHz), the campus community radio of the Federal University of Technology, Minna, provides targeted coverage primarily within its host institution and surrounding areas. While its broadcast does not extend optimally across Niger State, the station achieves effective service delivery to its intended audience in compliance with National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) regulations. Field measurements revealed that the strongest signal quality, Grade A (signal level ≥ 60 dBμV), is confined to Gidan Kwanu, with Grade B (signal level > 30 dBμV and < 60 dBμV) coverage across most parts of Minna, and Grade C (signal level > 0 dBμV and ≤ 30 dBμV) reception in towns such as Paiko, Gawu, Kacha, Maikunkele, Kuta, and Pawa. Other regions of Niger State fall outside the coverage area. Path loss modelling was conducted to evaluate predictive accuracy of selected established models.
Copyright (c) 2026 Julia Ofure Eichie, Chuwuma Friday Chukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Radiological Hazards of Natural Radionuclides in Building Materials in Katsina State, Nigeria: A Systematic Review
Trace amounts of radioactive elements are naturally present in building materials and may contribute to human exposure to ionizing radiation. This systematic review evaluates the concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides including 226Ra, 232Th, 40K<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>in</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:9.6pt; height:12pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> commonly used construction materials in Katsina State, Nigeria, and comparable geological environments. This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework. A total of 345 records were initially identified from major scientific databases and institutional reports published between 2010 and 2025. After screening and eligibility assessment, 30 relevant studies were included for qualitative synthesis, while 20 studies containing detailed radiological parameters were selected for comparative analysis. Only peer-reviewed studies reporting activity concentrations of radionuclides and radiological hazard indices in building materials, particularly within Nigeria and similar geolo gical environments, were included in the review. Reported activity concentration values ranged from 4.41–93.00 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 16.71–320.00 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 68.03–673.00 Bq/kg for 40K across reviewed studies. Most evaluated radiological hazard indices, including radium equivalent activity and external hazard index, remained below internationally recommended safety limits. Gamma-ray spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were the major analytical methods employed. However, regional variations linked to geological formations, inadequate monitoring facilities, weak regulatory implementation, and limited integration of mineralogical analysis remain significant challenges in Nigeria. The review highlights the importance of continuous radiological monitoring, improved regulatory control, and standardized assessment procedures to ensure the safe and sustainable use of building materials.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nura Gambo, Dahiru Dahuwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heavy Metals Concentration and Health Risks Assessment of Drinking Water Sources from Jibia Town, Katsina State, Nigeria
The domestic and agricultural application of chemicals made from heavy metals has led to their contamination of our environments, raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. People that consume high levels of heavy metals risk acute and chronic toxicity, intestinal damage, anemia, and cancer. This study aimed to analyzed the concentrations of the heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Pb) and assess human exposure risks via drinking water pathway from Jibia Town, Katsina State. Twenty samples were collected from Jibia, Kagadama, and Magama Communities and analyzed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The overall mean concentrations of the heavy metals for the entire study area were 0.0066 mg/L, 0.0029 mg/L, 0.0287 mg/L, 0.0500 mg/L and 0.0073 mg/L for As, Cd, Cr, Co and Pb, respectively. These values were all recorded to be within the permissible limits set by WHO for the quality of drinking water. The hazard indices were 0.430 and 0.123 for adult and children, respectively. These values are less than USEPA (2011) limit of 1.000 as threshold value. Similarly, the excess lifetime cancer risks revealed that the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks respectively in the drinking water sources in both adults and children were 4.05×10-5 (4 people/ hundred thousand may be affected) for adult and 6.12×10-5 (6 people/hundred thousand may be affected) for children. These values are within the WHO limit. Conclusively, within the restrictions of the study, the current level of heavy metals does not suggest significant non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salisu Khaleed, Gaddafi, Sulaiman Bello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Aquatic Macrophyte Diversity, Distribution and Community Structure Along River Ethiope, Delta State, Nigeria
Aquatic macrophytes are important components of freshwater ecosystems, contributing to biodiversity conservation, habitat provision, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning. This study assessed the diversity, distribution, and community structure of aquatic macrophytes along River Ethiope, Delta State, Nigeria. Ten sampling stations were surveyed using a 0.5 × 0.5 m quadrat, supplemented with snorkelling and free-diving observations to document submerged vegetation. Physicochemical parameters were measured in situ, aquatic macrophyte abundance was estimated using diversity indices. About 22 taxa were identified across the study area. The genus Nymphaea was the most represented group, while Nymphaea lotus (Maroon Morph) was the most widely distributed taxon, occurring at all sampling stations (100%). Species richness varied from 2 taxa at Sapele to 17 taxa at Oria. Shannon diversity (H’) ranged from 0.524 at Sapele to 2.595 at Oria, while Simpson diversity (1 − D) ranged from 0.340 to 0.938. Evenness values were generally high (0.755–1.000), indicating relatively balanced species distributions across most stations. Stations within the Abraka axis and Oria supported the highest diversity and vegetation cover, whereas Sapele exhibited reduced richness and diversity. Variations in macrophyte distribution and diversity appeared to correspond with differences in habitat characteristics, hydrological conditions, and levels of anthropogenic disturbance, including dredging, agriculture, waste disposal, and recreational activities. The findings demonstrate that River Ethiope supports a relatively diverse aquatic macrophyte community with considerable spatial variation in composition and distribution. This study provides baseline ecological information that will be useful for biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management and monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Esther Kadiene, Daniel Biaoku, Favour Akponine, Precious Nwachukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Drought Impacts and Adaptation Strategies Of Smallholder Crop Farmers In Southern Kaduna, NigeriaAnalysis of Drought Impacts and Adaptation Strategies Of Smallholder Crop Farmers In Southern Kaduna, Nigeria
This study examines drought impacts and adaptation strategies among smallholder crop farmers in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria. The region, a major producer of ginger, maize, sorghum, and soybean, has experienced increasingly erratic rainfall over the past decade. Data were collected from 400 farmers across four Local Government Areas (Zangon Kataf, Kachia, Jema'a, and Kagarko) using structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, alongside historical meteorological data (2014–2023) from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency. Results show severe drought spells significantly reduced crop yields: maize and ginger fell by 44% and 36%, sorghum and soybean by 31% and 28%. These losses pushed 67% of surveyed households below the poverty line during drought years, with estimated annual economic losses of ₦12.4 billion across the four LGAs. Farmers adopted various coping mechanisms, including altering planting dates (82%), using early-maturing varieties (78%), crop diversification (65%), mulching (58%), and soil and water conservation (45%). However, capital-intensive adaptations like irrigation remained low (35%) due to financial constraints and poor institutional support. Social networks and cooperatives (52%) played significant roles in facilitating adaptation. The study concludes that indigenous strategies are insufficient to buffer severe drought shocks. It recommends increased government investment in small-scale irrigation, improved access to climate-resilient seeds, timely weather information dissemination, crop insurance schemes, and strengthened farmer cooperatives to enhance resilience against climate change
Copyright (c) 2026 Akinrinshola Dare, Donatus Obiajulu Onwuegbunam, Samson Maikano, Olusegun William Bolaji, Samson Owunebe Okechalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quantitative Investigation of Groundwater Contamination at the Afaka Open Dumpsite, Kaduna State, Nigeria: An Integrated Geophysical, Hydrochemical, and Numerical Modeling Approach
Open dumpsites without protective liners are a massive groundwater pollution problem across the developing world. This study quantifies exactly how the Afaka dumpsite in Kaduna State, Nigeria, is destroying the local water supply. The research team used Vertical Electrical Sounding at ten stations and 2D Electrical Resistivity Tomography along four 200-meter profiles to map groundwater contamination. They also ran numerical models with MODFLOW for groundwater flow and MT3DMS for solute transport. The geophysical data revealed a clear low-resistivity zone (under 25 Ωm) running from 1.2 meters down to 18 meters below the surface. That means toxic leachate has punched straight through the lateritic topsoil and fully saturated the weathered basement aquifer underneath. Water tests from three boreholes backed this up. Wells closest to the dumpsite showed Total Dissolved Solids hitting 1,840 mg/L and Electrical Conductivity at 2,450 μS/cm—more than triple the WHO limits. Heavy metal contamination was severe: Lead at 0.120 mg/L (12× the WHO limit) and Cadmium at 0.015 mg/L (5× the limit).The transient numerical simulations calibrated well, with an RMSE of 0.42 m and R² of 0.98. The models show the contaminant mass spreading steadily down-gradient. Over a 20-year projection, the >250 mg/L isochlor plume will migrate 1.25 kilometers from the dumpsite putting domestic wells directly in harm's way. To protect public health, this was recommended: capping the dumpsite with an impermeable barrier immediately; installing a pump-and-treat well network to intercept the plume; and banning groundwater pumping within a 500-meter radius.
Extraction, Characterization, and Comparative Evaluation of Natural Colourants from Carrot (Daucus Carota) and Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) for Potential Applications in Food, Cosmetic, and Textile Industries
Natural colourants are increasingly being investigated as sustainable alternatives to synthetic dyes for applications in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. This study comparatively extracted and evaluated pigments from carrot (Daucus carota) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) to assess their industrial potential. Carotenoid-rich pigments from carrot were obtained using an acetone–ethanol system followed by petroleum ether partitioning, while chlorophyll-rich pigments from spinach were extracted with ethanol under light-protected conditions. Carrot extract exhibited higher extraction yield (8.42 ± 0.11%) and pigment concentration (118.6 ± 3.4 mg/g extract) than spinach extract (5.66 ± 0.09% and 87.4 ± 2.7 mg/g extract, respectively). UV–Visible spectroscopy confirmed characteristic absorption maxima of carotenoids (425, 450, and 474 nm) and chlorophylls (430, 645, and 663 nm). Carrot pigments showed greater pH, thermal, and photostability and stronger antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 54.8 μg/mL) than spinach pigments (IC₅₀ = 69.2 μg/mL). In textile dyeing, carrot extracts produced higher colour strength and superior fastness properties on cotton, silk, and wool. They also exhibited better colour retention and consumer acceptance in model food and cosmetic formulations. Overall performance scores were 89.6% for carrot and 69.8% for spinach, indicating that carrot-derived carotenoid pigments possess greater potential for broad industrial applications, while spinach-derived chlorophyll pigments remain valuable where natural green coloration is desired.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yasir Albashir, Hauwa Yahaya Umar, Mahmud Khalifa Shuaibu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geophysical Evaluation of Cemetries for Groundwater Contamination in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State
The increasing reliance on shallow groundwater sources in Dutsinma, Katsina State, has raised concerns about contamination risks from nearby cemeteries. This study applied 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) to investigate groundwater contamination around Dutsinma cemeteries. A total of six survey profiles were established using the dipole dipole electrode configuration with 5 m interelectrode spacing covering a total spread length of 200 m. ABEM SAS4000 terrameter was used for this survey, and inversion was performed using RES2DINV software to produce 2D resistivity models of the subsurface. All 2D resistivity models showed resistivity varying from 9.99 Ωm to 4226.0 Ωm to a maximum depth of about 21.5 m, interpreted as leachate plumes originating from the decomposition of buried remains. Regions with resistivity values < 20 Ωm suggest regions contaminated with leachate. These conductive anomalies extended beyond some of the cemetery boundary indicating lateral migration of contaminants controlled by the permeable weathered basement underlying the area. The findings demonstrates that 2D ERI is an effective, non-invasive geophysical tool for mapping cemetery-related leachate migration and assessing potential threats to shallow aquifers. The result revealed that the subsurface is composed of distinct lithological layers with the low resistivity values observed suggesting the presence of possibly contaminated materials influenced by decomposed remains and also provides valuable insights into the extent and possible pathways of contamination within the study area, which can support sustainable groundwater management and burial ground sighting in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ubaidullah Ahmad, Abubakar Abdullahi Hamza, Usman Abdulwahab, Anwaru Atiku, Tajuddeen Batsari Yusuf, Idris Usman Aminu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Particle Size on Material Recovery and Elemental Distribution in the Recycling of End-of-Life Polycrystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules
The rapid deployment of photovoltaic (PV) systems has raised concerns regarding the management of end-of-life (EoL) solar modules. This study investigates the recovery efficiency of polycrystalline silicon PV panels subjected to sequential mechanical and thermal treatments, with emphasis on the influence of particle size distribution on downstream chemical and structural characterization. Disassembled PV modules (≈2 kg per test) were crushed using mortar-and-pestle and hammer-impact methods, followed by sieving into coarse (>5 mm), medium (1–5 mm), and fine (0.08–0.40 mm) fractions. Thermal treatment at 650 °C facilitated the removal of encapsulant materials, after which the recovered fractions were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses. Results indicated improved recovery efficiency in finer fractions, with glass yields increasing from 71.3% in the coarse fraction to 83.4% in the fine fraction. XRD analysis revealed dominant phases of quartz (SiO₂), albite (NaAlSi₃O₈), and lime (CaO), while XRF analysis confirmed enrichment of silicon (Si) and antimony (Sb) in finer fractions. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) showed significant differences among particle size fractions in terms of recovery yield and elemental composition, indicating the practical importance of particle size optimization in PV recycling processes. The findings demonstrate that particle size engineering plays a critical role in improving material recovery efficiency and supports the development of sustainable circular photovoltaic recycling strategies. This study investigates the recovery efficiency of polycrystalline silicon PV panels subjected to sequential mechanical and thermal treatments, with emphasis on the influence of particle size distribution on downstream chemical.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yasir Albashir, Waheed Islamiyat, Tahir Ibrahim, Ndagi Mohammad, Erten Ela Sule, Hauwa yahaya Umar, S.M Gume https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants and Constraints to Farm Record-keeping Practice among Small-scale Millet Farmers in Bauchi State, Nigeria
This study examined the determinants and constraints of farm record-keeping among small-scale millet farmers in Bauchi State, where millet production remains vital to rural livelihoods, but is characterized by low productivity and weak farm management practices. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 318 respondents from a population of 1,542 registered farmers, out of which 307 valid responses were analyzed. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression and the Problem Confrontation Index (PCI). The results revealed that demographic factors such as age, education, farm size, and farming experience did not significantly influence record-keeping practices. In contrast, institutional and financial factors played a decisive role. Specifically, cooperative membership and access to credit significantly increased the likelihood of farmers keeping records, highlighting the importance of organized support systems and financial accountability in promoting better farm management. Regarding constraints, the study found that inaccessibility of digital tools and lacks of knowledge/skills were the most severe barriers to effective record-keeping. Other factors such as illiteracy, cost of materials, time constraints, and lack of interest were perceived as less severe. Overall, constraints were moderate, suggesting that farmers are not opposed to record-keeping but are limited by inadequate capacity and access to necessary tools. The study concludes that improving farm record-keeping requires strengthening institutional support through cooperatives, enhancing access to credit, and providing targeted training and digital tools. Such interventions are essential for improving farm management, increasing productivity, and enhancing the livelihoods of small-scale millet farmers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul-Wahab Ahmad Musa, Ado Garba, Gabriel Ternenge Ahungwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Economic Assessment of Fishers, Processors, and Market Dynamics in the River Yobe Fishery Value Chain, Nigeria
The fishery of River Yobe is a critical source of livelihood, protein, and income for communities in northeastern Nigeria. However, the socio-economic conditions of its value chain actors and the system's profitability are poorly documented, hindering targeted development interventions. This study assessed the socio-economic status of fishers in relation to their gear and craft, evaluated processors in relation to their methods, and analyzed the marketing profitability and distribution channels. Data were collected for 18 months from three sites (Mashayan Bade, Usur, Nguru) using structured questionnaires administered to 1,395 fishers, 263 processors, and 354 marketers, alongside observational surveys. Results indicate a predominantly young, male fisher population with low formal education (35.91% with none), relying on personal savings (89.32%) and traditional gears (cast nets, drag nets, gill nets). Processors, including a significant proportion of women (30.04%), primarily use traditional methods (smoking, drying), with all funding sourced from personal savings (83.65%) or friends. Fish marketers operate through informal channels, selling in baskets (75.67%) and directly to consumers (52.47%). Profitability analysis reveals a mean profit margin of approximately ₦2,334 per small carton ("Zarma") and ₦2,083 per large carton ("Gwarzo") after accounting for transportation costs. Key constraints include limited access to capital, obsolete technology, inefficient distribution, and a complete lack of government support or regulation. The study concludes that the River Yobe fishery, while economically viable, operates far below its potential due to structural socio-economic and institutional challenges.
Analysis of Food Security Status Among Farming Households in Kurfi Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria
The study analyzed food security status among rural farming households in Kurfi Local Government Area, of Katsina State. Using a two-stage sampling procedure, 100 farming households were selected for the study. Relevant data were collected from the selected households with the aid of structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, household food security index and binary logistics regression model. The findings show that most of the household heads are in their active age with an average age of 37.7 years, with most of them (75%) being males and majority (72%) of them are married with an average household size of 9 persons. The main occupation among the respondents is farming (44%) with an average years of farming experience of 11.70 years and most (81%) of them having formal education ranging between primary and tertiary education. The mean annual income of the household heads was ₦446,439.46. The Results equally showed that 58% of the households were food secure and 42% were food insecure. Results further revealed that the variables that significantly influenced household food security status in the study area include age (p<0.01) and household size (p<0.001). Buying less quality food to feed the family ranked top (68%) among the coping strategies used to ameliorate food insecurity. The study concluded that many households are still food insecure in the study area and recommends that government should subsidize agricultural inputs to encourage more food production in the area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Segun Solomon Adeola, Okome Bright https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Wind Energy Potential across Different Köppen Climatic Zones of Nigeria Using RETScreen Expert
The increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy has intensified the need to evaluate Nigeria’s wind energy resources across different climatic regions. This study assessed the wind energy potential of selected stations within Nigeria’s Köppen climatic zones using Weibull statistical modelling and the RETScreen (Renewable Energy Technologies Screen) Expert platform. Weibull shape and scale parameters were estimated to determine Wind Power Density (WPD) and extrapolated hub-height wind characteristics. The computed WPD values were subsequently used in RETScreen simulations to estimate Annual Energy Generation (AEG), Capacity Factor (CF), and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reduction potential using the Vestas V90. The results revealed significant climatic variability in wind energy potential across Nigeria. Stations located within the northern arid and semi-arid climatic zones (BWh and BSh) generally exhibited stronger wind resources and better turbine performance than stations within the humid southern climatic zones. Baga recorded the highest WPD of 181.8 W/m², corresponding to an AEG of 3220 MWh/year, CF of 18.38%, and GHG reduction potential of 3330 tCO₂/year, indicating moderate suitability for wind power development. In contrast, Aba and Port Harcourt exhibited extremely low wind resource conditions that resulted in non-feasible turbine outputs. The climatic suitability ranking followed the order: BWh > BSh > Aw > Am, confirming northern Nigeria as the most promising region for utility-scale wind energy development. The study demonstrates that integrating Weibull modelling with RETScreen Expert provides a reliable approach for regional wind energy assessment and sustainable energy planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chidozie Okpala https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHOLERA RESEARCH LANDSCAPE IN NIGERIA, 2010-2025: A SCOPING REVIEW
Nigeria is one of the countries most affected by cholera in sub-Saharan Africa, experiencing recurrent outbreaks despite ongoing prevention and control efforts. Although numerous studies have examined various aspects of cholera in Nigeria, no study has systematically examined the characteristics, evolution, and gaps in the national cholera research landscape. This research aimed to fill this gap. A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Literature searches were performed across Web of Science, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Medline, PubMed and African Journals Online (AJOL) between January 2010 and July 2025. Eligibility was defined as a primary focus on cholera or Vibrio cholerae in Nigeria. Data extraction was performed in Covidence and analysed descriptively. One hundred and fifty-two (152) records met the predefined inclusion criteria. Of these, the majority were original research articles (83.6%), and over half (57.6%) were published between 2020 and 2025, suggesting significant growth in cholera research activity. Epidemiology (surveillance and laboratory) (11.8%; 18/152), bacteriology/molecular/genomics (5.9%; 9/152), and cross-cutting (61.8%; 94/152) were the most frequently represented thematic areas. However, descriptive and cross-sectional studies dominated the evidence-base. Nearly half of the included studies did not report funding sources. In conclusion, cholera research in Nigeria has expanded considerably over the past 15 years, reflecting national research capacity and scientific attention to the disease; however, there is a dearth of evidence in intervention, implementation, and policy-relevant research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kelly Elimian, Stephen Ohize https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF CYTOLOGICAL VARIATIONS IN HYDROXYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE AND X-RAY-INDUCED M1 AND M2 GENERATIONS OF GROUNDNUT (Arachis hypogea L.) GENOTYPES
It is pertinent to concede the transmissible portion of polymorphism as it provides heterogeneity component measure for the transmission of traits to next generation. The research is aim at evaluating cytological variations in Hydroxylamine hydrochloride and X-ray-induced M1 and M2 generations of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) genotypes. Groundnut production in Nigeria is constrained by multiple factors including low genetic variability. Pot trials were carried out during 2024/2025 dry seasons at the teaching and research field, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Bayero University, Kano. Two improved groundnut genotypes (SAMNUT-24, SAMNUT-25) were collected from Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KNARDA) and the two Local varieties (’YAR-GINGO and ’YAR-FARA) were collected from Dawanau Market, Dawakin Tofa Local Government Kano State. The experimental design used was Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with a total of nine hundred seeds of each variety. The seeds were soaked in different concentrations of Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.00mM, 1.0mM, 2.0mM, 3.0mM and 4.0mM) for three (3) hours. Seed irradiation was carried out at Radiography department, Specialist Hospital Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State at 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy, with non-irradiated bag as the control. The results revealed significant variation among the genotypes. YARGINZO treated with maximal dose of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride at 3.0 Mm and SAMNUT-25 at 4.0mM produced highest frequency of severely aneuploidy cells when compared to control and the remaining treatments. It is recommended that, farmers should adopt the use of genotypes with mild hyper-aneuploidy and near-aneuploidy best for genetic improvement due to relative stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar, Musa, Kutawa, Yakubu, Banani, Mubarak, Sani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE SUB-CHRONIC TOXICITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF URARIA PICTA (LEAVES) AND LEPTODERRIS TRIFOLIOLATA (ROOT) IN WISTAR RATS
Medicinal plants are important sources of bioactive compounds used in the treatment of several diseases, although their traditional use may present safety concerns. This study evaluated the sub-chronic toxicity of methanol extracts of Leptoderris trifoliolata and Uraria picta in female Wistar rats. Forty-five (45) rats weighing 100 ± 20 g were divided into nine groups and orally administered 50, 300, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight of the extracts for 28 days, while the control group received no extract. Biochemical, haematological, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and histopathological parameters were evaluated. No major treatment related alterations were observed in body weight, organ/body weight ratio, oxidative stress indices, haematological parameters, or histopathology of the liver, kidney, and uterus. However, significant (p < 0.05) increases in creatinine levels were observed in Uraria picta 50 mg/kg (2.17±0.16 mg/dL), 300 mg/kg (2.67±0.17 mg/dL), and Leptoderris trifoliolata 1000 mg/kg (1.17±0.17 mg/dL) groups compared with the control (1.00±0.06). Total cholesterol increased significantly (p < 0.05) at L. trifoliolata 1000 mg/kg (74.33 mg/dL), while triacylglycerol decreased significantly across all treated groups compared with the control (103.33±0.33). Alterations were also observed in HDL-C, LDL-C, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin levels at specific doses. Despite these changes, histopathological examination revealed no tissue abnormalities. Overall, both extracts appeared relatively safe following sub-chronic administration, although prolonged use at certain doses may cause metabolic disturbances, warranting further chronic toxicity studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oluwadamilola Kolawole, Ehimwenma Sheena Omoregie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0