FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

THE IMPACT OF 2018 EARTH TREMORS ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY, ABUJA

Ogugua P. Ezisi — 2024-11-15

The impact of 2018 earth tremors on groundwater quality in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Twenty water samples were collected from five locations within the study area: Mpape, Maitama, Gwarinpa, Jahi, Wuse. The methods used in the study included data collection, and data analysis. One and a half EVA cans were used to collect each water sample, ensuring that the equipment was sterilized and samples were properly preserved for analysis. Seismographs were used to measure and record the earthquakes that occurred in 2018. The results showed heavy metal concentrations of Pb (0.013 – 0.050 mg/l; WHO limit 0.01 mg/l), Cd (0.113 – 0.170 mg/l; WHO limit 0.003 mg/l), Hg (0.001 – 0.609 mg/l; WHO limit 0.006 mg/l), Cr (0.001 – 0.065 mg/l; WHO limit 0.05 mg/l), and As (0.016 – 0.064 mg/l; WHO limit 0.01 mg/l respectively, which are slightly higher than the permissible limits set by WHO. Drinking from these water sources poses significant health risks to the people in the study areas. However, the study helps to identify potential high-risk areas and their likely impact on water quality parameters. The findings will support the development of response and mitigation strategies to protect groundwater resources from contamination caused by seismic activity. In conclusion, the concentrations of heavy metals exceeded the limit approved by WHO.

PROXIMATE AND FUEL PROPERTIES OF AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN PULP AND CASSAVA STARCH FLOUR BINDERS FOR FUEL BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION

Surajo Namadi — 2024-11-15

The study investigates the proximate and combustion properties of affordable and locally available briquette binders, namely: African locust bean pulp and cassava starch (flour) using the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods. The findings indicate varying levels of moisture content (4.55% to 6.89%), volatile matter (30.06% to 64.21%), ash content (0.93% to 23.36%), and fixed carbon (7.89% to 62.12%). Elemental composition of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen range from 34.24% to 53.25%, 4.39% to 5.09%, and 32.96% to 33.19%, respectively. The calorific values obtained in the study are 16.85±0.48 MJ/kg for African locust bean pulp and 20.69±0.34 MJ/kg for cassava starch flour. Both binders exhibit properties conducive to producing high-quality briquettes capable of generating sufficient heat for household and small-scale industrial settings.

EVALUATION OF DEPREDATION ACTIVITIES OF RODENT PEST ON MAIZE CULTIVATED IN SASA-AJIBODE FARM, IBADAN, SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA

Hafiz Ayinde Badmus — 2024-11-15

Maize is a staple crop that is cultivated across different agro-ecologies in Nigeria. Maize adaptability and high yield potential, as well as its utility as a food, feed, and forage crop, clearly shows its significance. However, pests like rodent species remain an age-long challenge to its production by causing economic losses and low income for farmers. The study was carried out in Sasa – Ajibode farm. Systematic method of sampling was employed to observe and gather data in the study site. Quantitative data were collected by counting the number of damaged vegetative parts of the maize plant while qualitative data were collected by scoring observable damage signs on the maize. The result of the study revealed no observable signs of damage during the pre-flowering and post-flowering stages of maize cultivation in the study site during the dry and wet season in 2021. However, depredation activities of Ground squirrel (Xerus erythropus) by seed removal were observed during the sowing stage in the wet season. It can be concluded that rodent pest infestation is not the main threat to maize cultivation in the study site. However, environmentally-safe rodent management strategies should be adopted in the study area.

STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CEMENT STABILIZED CLAY SOIL WITH EPS FOOD PACK WASTE

Auwal Dauda — 2024-11-16

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of EPS on geotechnical properties of soil through laboratory test and ANOVA analysis. These tests have been conducted on natural and stabilized soils in accordance with procedure outlined in BS1377 (1990). Four fibre contents (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%) of the dry soil weight and three fibre size (random size, 20 mm x 2mm size and 20 mm x 5 mm) were used. The tests conducted included particle distribution, specific gravity, Atterberg limits, the standard compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS). The laboratory result classifies the soil as A-7-6 (17) according to American Association of States Highway and Transport Officials (AASHTO) classification system and Clay soil of Low plasticity (CL) in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). The Specific gravity decreases from 2.7 to 2.1. MDD results also shows a decrease with increase of EPS waste fibre from 1.46Mg/m³ to 1.32Mg/m³for British Light compaction and from 1.61Mg/m³ to 1.47Mg/m³for British Heavy. The CBR result shows an improvement from 5.33% to a maximum value of 10.5% at 1% EPS waste fibre for unsoaked CBR and from 2.86% to a maximum of 7.73% at 0.5% EPS waste fibre for soaked CBR. The UCS result shows an improvement at 28 days from 2410 kN/m² of Natural soil to a maximum of 5593kN/m² at 0.5% EPS waste fibre. Based on the laboratory experimental result it was suggested that the EPS waste fibre of 0.5% dosage can be...

DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR EDUCATIONAL INNOVATION IN DELTA STATE AND ITS CYBER SECURITY IMPLICATIONS: A POST COVID-19 ASSESSMENT

Abugor Ejaita Okpako — 2024-11-17

Technology is everywhere and it’s changing the way things work, hence it is disruptive depending on its application and context. Disruptive technology introduces new markets and modifies existing ones, providing end users with better access, convenience, empowerment, choice, and value as well as competing with established models and practically transforming products and services. The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a rapid shift to remote learning and the adoption of disruptive technologies in educational institutions worldwide, including Nigeria. Despite this, there is limited evidence investigating how different disruptive technologies and configurations associate with cyber security within the educational sector. This research work examines the association of disruptive technology and cyber security implications in the Delta State educational system during the post COVID 19 pandemic period. A cross sectional approach was used for data collection through questionnaires where 55 responses out of 80 respondents from some selected schools in Delta State were used. The results confirm some cyber threats on using disruptive technology in e-learning as phishing and identity theft. The respondent’s level of online satisfaction, cyber security awareness and performance was significantly associated with various independent variables such as e-learning platforms, online interaction, and privacy concerns. An understanding of these relationships will help educators and other stakeholders to prioritize legislation and regulations that will address such developments. The aim should not to over-regulate and consequently strangle them, but to envisage change, prepare for it, and set up appropriate regulatory frameworks to ensure societal balance.

SEMI-ANALYTIC SOLUTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DISEASE DYNAMICS IN SCHOOL USING HOMOTOPY PERTURBATION METHOD (HPM)

Deborah Bako — 2024-11-27

School is a place where the transmission of diseases is easy, resulting from the interaction between students and instructors. In this study, we consider the application of the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM) to solve a mathematical model of disease dynamics in schools. The model equation consists of five classes: the susceptible class , the infected and careless class , the infected and unhygienic class , the infected and aware class , and the recovered class . The non-linear differential model equations are transformed into a series of linear differential equations, enabling faster derivation of approximate solutions.

MACHINE LEARNING MODELS FOR CLASSIFICATION AND PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA IN KADUNA, NIGERIA

Agozie Eneh — 2024-11-27

Preeclampsia is a significant complication in pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, posing serious risks to both the mother and fetus. Early prediction and management are crucial for improving outcomes. In Nigeria, where healthcare resources are often limited, and prenatal care access can be uneven, advanced predictive models can enhance early detection and intervention. This paper developed machine learning-based classifiers and predictors of preeclampsia. The data used was collected from general hospital Hunkuyi, Kaduna state, Nigeria. The models were based on Adaboost, Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naïve Bayes (NB) algorithms. In both classification and prediction of preeclampsia among the population studied, SVM has 0 error in MAE, RMSE, RAE and ERSE, with accuracy level of 100%. Adaboost and NB had accuracy levels of 98% and 85%, which are very good. This paper recommends the use of these models for prediction of onset of preeclampsia among pregnant women in Hunkuyi and Kaduna state. Since the data used to develop the models represent impartially the various set of people within the state, it can be used for all women. we believe the models can assist the health personnel to predict onset of preeclampsia and help proper planning and intervention. It will also reduce maternal and child mortality that could result for preëclampsia.

INFLUENCE OF CHROMIUM SULPHATE AND MIMOSA (ACACIA DEALBATA) POWDER ON THE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF LEATHER PRODUCED FROM THE RUMEN OF CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOAT

Hamman J. Jantiku — 2024-11-27

The study was carried out to investigate the feasibility of converting the rumen of ruminant animals into leather. Rumen samples from cattle, sheep and goats where subjected to two tanning methods: chromium sulphate and mimosa powder, with five (5) replicates under controlled conditions. Chromium sulphate tanning procedures involved cleaning, liming, de-liming, degreasing, fleshing, drenching, pickling, tanning, basification, aging, re-tanning, neutralization and fat liquoring while the mimosa powder tanning procedures included: cleaning, liming, de-liming, degreasing, fleshing, drenching, tanning and fat liquoring. The mechanical operation like fixing, staking and toggling were also carried out for both tanning procedures. The resulting leathers underwent a series of tests which included: thickness, tensile strength, percentage elongation, ball burst test, water absorption, shrinkage temperature, stitch and tear, permeability to water vapour and apparent density. The results obtained showed that thickness, tensile strength, percentage elongation, shrinkage temperature and water absorption differed significant (P<0.05) across the treatments. However, it was observed that stitch and tear, ball burst test (maximum load and maximum distention), apparent density and permeability to water vapour were not significantly (P>0.05) affected. The outcome of this study establish that rumen from cattle, sheep and goat can be processed into leather for many end uses. Leather quality is affected by rumen type and tanning agent. Cattle rumen tanned with chromium sulphate exhibited the best performance while mimosa powder tanned rumen leathers offers a sustainable and natural alternative. Due to its unique texture, rumen leather can be crafted into various items including key cases, purses, bracelets and...

IN VIVO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIPLASMODIAL EFFICACY OF MANGIFERA INDICA LEAF EXTRACT IN PLASMODIUM BERGHEI-INFECTED MICE

Obed Yakubu Bassa — 2024-11-28

The menace of malaria has been and is still one of the most devastating in the world. Chemotherapy, the main control strategy, is under threat as the parasite develops resistance to currently available antimalarial drugs. Therefore, the search for new compounds with novel mechanisms of action and targets to treat malaria is inevitable as nature is a constantly evolving source of compounds with medical importance. The present study aims to investigate the toxicological and in vivo antiplasmodial effects of Mangifera indica extract on albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA). Swiss albino mice (15-25g), chloroquine sensitive P. berghei and Fresh M.indica leaves were collected, air dried, ethanol extract obtained and used for the study. The modified Lorke method was adopted to determine acute toxicity, with 3 groups of mice intraperitoneally administered varying doses of the extracts in 2 phases. The malaria parasite plasmodium berghei was inoculated into the apparently healthy Swiss albino mice. The curative evaluation of grouped mice used at various concentrations (150mg/kg, 300mg/kg, and 1200mg/kg) alongside negative (distilled water) and positive (10mg/kg chloroquine) controls were performed. The parameters of body weight, packed cell volume and parasitemia were determined using Ranes’ and Peters test. No toxicity was observed at a maximum dose of 4000mg/Kg. A four-day curative test was performed with mice inoculated intraperitoneally with 1x10⁷ parasitized erythrocytes per mL. Chloroquine (10mg/kg) and distilled water (untreated) were administered as positive and negative controls, respectively, while the plant extract concentrations of 150mg/kg, 300mg/kg and 1200mg/kg were administered orally to the...

PERFORMANCE OF THREE MAIZE VARIETIES AS INFLUENCED BY NPK FERTILIZER RATES AND INTRA-ROW SPACINGS AT SAMARU, NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA, NIGERIA

A. Muhammad — 2024-11-29

A number of studies conducted revealed a number of factors militating against large scale production of maize in the study area to include among other things such as low soil fertility, low and poorly distribution of rainfall, nonuse of optimum plant density, poor implementation of improved Agronomic practices and use of indigenous local and often un improved maize varieties. An experiment comprised of three NPK fertilizer rates, four intra -row spacings and three maize varieties was undertaken. The treatments were arranged in a Split plot design with fertilizer rates and intra row spacings assigned to main plot and varieties in the sub plot using three replications. Results obtained revealed that each increase in NPK fertilizer from 200 to 400 kg ha^-1 significantly produced taller plants, longer ear height, heavier 100- grain weight, and grain yield while number of days to 50% tasseling became reduced with increased in NPK fertilizer rates. Each increase in intra- row spacing from 20 to 50 cm significantly enhanced all the growth and yield attributes of the crop. SAMMAZ 40 maize variety significantly produced taller plants, longer ear height and took longer days to attain days to 50% tasseling, higher 100-grain weight, and grain yield than the other two varieties that were statistically similar. It can be concluded that for good growth and yield, use of SAMMAZ 40 maize variety, use of 400 NPK kg ha^-1 planted at 20 or 25 cm intra row spacings could be recommended to farmers at Samaru.

THE MOTIVATIONAL EFFICACY OF SELF-REGULATED ICT RESOURCES ON INTEREST IN BIOLOGY AMONG HIGH, MEDIUM, AND LOW ACHIEVING SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

Fehintoluwa E. Dada — 2024-11-30

This study examined the impact of technological software on learning from an interactive hypermedia. It explores participants’ learning interest and engagement, analyzing variations based on their score levels. The mixed method study adopted a pretest, posttest, quasi-experimental design using 3x2x3 factorial matrix, a Semi-Structured interview guide, and a Students’ interest inventory, entitled Questionnaire on the effect of ICT Resources on the Interest of Students in Biology (QEIISB) utilized to elicit responses on students’ interest. Post-hoc analysis was used to determine the direction of difference and findings revealed were discussed in the context of perfect understanding across achievement levels, because participants showed better interest and engagement more in the group of medium Scorers. The medium score level students showed significant interest and benefitted most from the software. By evaluating the efficiency of Information and Communication Technological (ICT) tools, influence students with varying performance or achievement levels, the study aims to provide insights into the effective these resources influence achievement and foster better interest in teaching and learning.

A HYBRID MACHINE LEARNING MODEL FOR CRIME RATE PREDICTION

Abdulladeef Abubakar Ibrahim — 2024-12-02

Crime prediction is vital for public safety and resource management. This study developed a hybrid machine learning model integrating Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and K-means clustering for crime rate prediction. Historical crime data from Mubi and Yola from the year 2015 to 2023 yielded training and testing accuracies exceeding 90%, surpassing traditional models (Random Forest and Decision Tree Classifiers). Results underscore the effectiveness of CNN and K-means integration in recognizing spatial patterns and clustering data, demonstrating improved predictive accuracy and forecasting capabilities of predicting crimes up to 2030. This research contributes to advanced crime prediction systems, informing law enforcement agencies' proactive crime prevention and resource allocation.

OCCURRENCE OF MICROPLASTICS IN THE BURROWING CRABS C. armatum and C. amnicola FROM MANGROVE TIDAL MUDFLATS IN LAGOS, NIGERIA

Oluwatosin M. Olarinmoye — 2024-12-02

EFFECTS OF POULTRY LITTER ON SOIL PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES FOR CROP PRODUCTION IN KAURU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Matthias I. Ochai — 2024-12-02

Poultry litter is an important source of soil nutrients that supports beneficial soil bacteria by serving as a substrate, however, its excessive have adverse effects that lead to soil pollution, contamination and acidification of soil and groundwater. This study analyzed the effects of poultry litter on soil physico-chemical properties for crop production in Kauru Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Data on soil properties at the control and poultry littered sites were collected by sampling four farmlands in Barwa, Ungwan Noma, Kurmin-Shado and Dan-Daura and analyzed in the laboratory. Results were subjected to ANOVA and Correlation analyses tools. The findings revealed significant changes in soil physico-chemical properties due to excessive poultry litter application. Compared to the control site, treated soil showed increased pH (6.26 to 6.89), decreased organic carbon (4.29 to 3.63), increased organic matter (5.92 to 6.99), increased total nitrogen (0.49 to 0.58), altered particle size distribution (clay, silt, sand), reduced aggregate, stability (0.818 to 0.715) and increased CO₂ (64.8 to 65.88%). Also, Correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between poultry litter application and soil physico-chemical properties (Sig. value >0.05), indicating that poultry manure significantly alters soil parameters. The study concludes that while some of the soil properties identified were within safe limits, application of poultry manure altered other properties of the soil. Thus, the study recommends that farmers should use poultry litter in conjunction with other fertilizers and soil amendments to balance nutrient inputs.

CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT TO NIGERIA’S CONSTANT BASIC PRICE GDP: A PANEL DATA REGRESSION APPROACH

Samuel Olorunfemi Adams — 2024-12-02

This study focuses on contribution of agricultural output from crop production, livestock, fishing and forestry on Nigeria’s GDP contact basic prices. The study aimed to conduct a panel data analysis of Agricultural outputs and the constant basic prices of selected economic sectors in Nigeria. This study examined the impact of crop output, livestock, fisheries, and forestry on Nigeria’s constant price GDP, using numerous components of Nigeria’s GDP as cross-sectional data. To achieve these goals, secondary data for crop output, livestock, fishery, forestry, and GDP constant basic price were gathered from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) website from Q1 2010 to Q4 2023. This study utilized panel data estimating, which clearly accounts for variation and examines the parameter’s dynamic behavior. The research results show that crop output has a considerable positive effect on GDP, whereas additional agricultural goods such as farm animals, forest products, and fishery have a minor beneficial effect on GDP with correlations. The results also revealed that cereal production and livestock comprise approximately 40.62% and 35.66% of Nigeria’s GDP, respectively, with the remaining proportion unexplainable due to the presence of a stochastic error factor. It is proposed that sub-sectors that contribute insignificantly to GDP at constant basic prices be enhanced in order to have a substantial impact on GDP and encourage the development and expansion of the Nigerian economy.

COMPARATIVE ANTI-DIABETIC EFFECTS OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS FROM LEAVES, SEEDS and PODS OF Moringa oleifera ON ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS

Kingsley O. Adebayo — 2024-12-02

The anti-diabetic activity of 30 % ethanol extract of seeds, pods, leaves of Moringa oleifera was evaluated on induced diabetic rats for 4 weeks. After the treatment with extracts, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation for the histopathological examination of their pancreas. Saponin and volatile oil were high in pod extract whereas high alkaloids, flavonoids, flavanols and anthraquinones were detected in all extracts. For bioassay, the animals were grouped into A, B, C, D, E, and F corresponding to treatment with 200 mg leave extract per kg body weight, 4 mL seed extract per kg body weight, 300 mg pod extract per kg body weight, 1.0 mL normal saline (diabetic control), 10 mg of metformin per kg body weight, 1.0 mL normal saline (Normal control) respectively. At the end of the treatment, it was found that 300 mg pod extract per kg body weight reduced the blood glucose level from 492.80 mg/dL to 128.30 mg/dL while 200 mg of leave extract per kg body weight reduced blood glucose level from 423.00 to 212.30 mg/dL. It was found that the antihyperglycaemic activity of 300 mg/kg pod extract is comparable to the standard drug. Also the observed activity was more for 300 mg/kg pod extract than 200 mg/kg leave extracts. Moreover at p > 0.005, there is a statistically significant difference between the blood glucose of the animals before and after they were treated for 28 days with both pod and leave extracts. Both leaves and pod extracts indicated antidiabetic activity,...

THE EFFICACY OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA AGAINST PLASMODIUM BERGHEI INFECTION IN MICE

Danlami Elisha Akafyi — 2024-12-03

The prevalence of malaria remains a significant threat in Sub-Saharan Africa. The occurrence of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium in Nigeria underscores the urgent need for novel antimalarial medications. This research aims to assess the effectiveness of Adansonia digitata fruit pod extract against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice; determining the oral median lethal dose (LD50) and identifying phytochemical components using Lorke's and Evan's methodologies. The extract was assessed for its antiplasmodial activities against P. berghei-berghei in two murine malaria replicas using both suppressive and curative assays. Statistical analysis was conducted using one-way ANOVA. The LD50 of the extract through oral administration exceeded 5000 mg/kg. The extract contains alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and anthraquinones. The aqueous fruit pulp extract of A. digitata, when administered at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg of doses, exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of parasitemia by 25.70%, 42.57%, and 49.39% respectively compared to the control group, parasitaemia clearance rates was 31.76%, 43.34%, and 56.65% respectively. The parasitaemia clearance with a dosage of 1000 mg/kg was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).The reference drug (Chloroquine) administering a dosage of 5 mg/kg yielded a significant result (p < 0.05) parasitaemia clearance of 74.76%. Analysis of the Packed Cell Volume (PCV) levels revealed that those treated with the aqueous fruit pulp extracts of A. digitata at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg maintained normal PCV values throughout suppressive and curative experiments. However, the PCV in the control groups was markedly diminished (p < 0.05) after both trials.

STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF METALS CONCENTRATION ON BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS OF WARWADE RESERVOIR, DUTSE, JIGAWA STATE-NIGERIA

I. U. Samira — 2024-12-03

Warwade water Reservoir and Oreochromis niloticus’s tissues (gills and liver) were evaluated by analyzing heavy metals concentrations and their effects on the oxidative stress enzyme from January to August 2022. Both field and laboratory assessments were conducted following established scientific protocols. Monthly sampling occurred between 6:00 – 7:00 am. Four stations denoted as A, B, C, and D, were chosen based on the diversity of anthropogenic activities surrounding the reservoir. The findings showed that heavy metals concentrations in the water ranked as follows: Chromium at 1.96mg/L, followed by Lead (1.74mg/L), Nickel (1.36mg/L), and Cadmium (1.03mg/L). Heavy metals values in fish tissues exhibited a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the following order for gill tissues (Pb > Cr > Ni > Cd) and liver (Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni). The recorded vlaues exceeded the recommended limits set by WHO (2021). Enzyme activities serving as oxidative stress biomarkers demonstrated a significant reduction (P<0.05) for Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione Transferase (GST), with higher mean activity observed in the gills with SOD (16.57 ±0.43), CAT (23.61±2.11) and GST (84.40±1.03) compared to liver samples of GST (81.10±0.51), SOD (14.32 ±1.08) and CAT (20.51±0.17) respectively. It may be inferred that the presence of metals in Oreochromis niloticus is a consequence of the discharge of pollutants into the water body, attributable to urbanization and the discharge of agrochemicals, which adversely impacted the water quality. Consequently, it is imperative to regulate uncontrolled discharges from human activities within the reservoir to mitigate the long-term degradation...

NUTRITIVE AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF SKINNED EDIBLE BULLFROG PYXICEPHALUS ADSPERSUS FOR AQUAFEED

L. O. Udeh — 2024-12-05

An investigation on proximate, mineral and anti-nutrition properties of Pyxicephalus adspersus was conducted with the view to evaluating its appropriateness as aquafeed source and food source. Standard analytical methods were used to determine proximate, minerals (macro and micro nutrients) and selected anti-nutrients. Pyxicephalus adspersus samples were purchased and treated to skinning and oven drying at 60^oC. Triplicate samples were analysed. The proximate composition showed crude protein content of 34.29%, ash 8.18%, while dry matter, moisture, crude fibre, crude lipid, and NFE were 93.12%, 5.60%, 11.82%, 16.79% and 22.04%, respectively. Pyxicephalus adspersus was found to have values (mg/100g) of phosphorus 29.20, calcium 10.60, potassium 4.52, sodium 1.50, and magnesium 1.28. Anti-nutritional compositions (mg/100g) were 5.40, 2.68, 2.06, and 3.05 for tannin, oxalate, saponin and alkaloid, respectively. This result shows that Pyxicephalus adspersus could be used as protein source in meeting aquafeed standard without adverse effects. The crude protein (34.20%) content can be used to substitute the most expensive fishmeal in aquafeed and livestock. Also, the carbohydrate content of 22.04% suggests that it is a good source of energy.

RECENT REVIEW OF THE QUECHERS SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD FOR FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE ANALYSIS

Isah Yusuf Shinkafi — 2024-12-05

Creating reliable, environmentally responsible, and effective processes that ensure the traceability, safety, and caliber of their results is one of the main challenges facing researchers doing multi-residue analysis. The QuEChERS which stands for Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe method has shown itself to be highly adaptable, yielding positive outcomes with a range of analytes. This method allows for versatility in the choice of solvents, salts, and buffers for salting-out partitioning, as well as the use of various sorbents throughout the cleanup process. QuEChERS is a more environmentally friendly sample preparation technique that fits perfectly with analytical chemistry's rising emphasis on sustainability. This review paper's goal is to illustrate the primary applications of the QuEChERS sample preparation method, with a focus on food and environmental investigations. It also covers important improvements in the history of sample preparation methods and offers insights into the classes of substances that have been effectively evaluated with this methodology.

MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS FOR TELEGRAM SPAM FILTERING

Abubakar Hassan — 2024-12-05

With unprecedented usage of social media applications to interact in virtual communities, bad entities can now use these platforms to spread their malicious activities such as spam, hate speech, and even phishing to a very large population. Especially, Telegram is suitable for these kinds of activities because it is a new cloud-messenger that is highly popular among bloggers and media around the world, established by Pavel Durov in 2013. As a result, it is necessary for social media platforms to develop algorithms to filter these malicious contents. This paper employs Machine learning algorithms to filter spam messages in Telegram. Dataset obtained from Kaggle was used for the experiments in this paper. Five machine learning models were applied, namely, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LGBM), CatBoosting, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN). Experimental results showed that SVM outperforms other machine learning models used for the study with a classification accuracy of 94%. This is an indication that SVM is a promising algorithm for Spam filtering in Telegram if adopted.

TOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDE 2, 4-D DIMETHYL AMINE SALT ON BEHAVIORAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS OF AFRICAN CATFISH CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS

Y. Hamisu — 2024-12-05

The aim of this paper was to assess the toxicological impacts of the Herbicide 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. The fishes were exposed to lethal concentration of 0.00, 1.34, 1.42, 1.48, 1.54 and 1.60ml/L for 96 hours as well as sub-lethal concentrations of 0.00, 0.069, 0.138 and 0.276ml/l of 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt for 8 weeks. The value of 96 hours LC₅₀ was 1.385ml/L. Respiratory disturbance, loss of equilibrium, and sudden fish death were observed in 96hrs of exposed fish, and these varied greatly with increase in concentration of the toxicant, with a trend of significant (p<0.05) increase in mortality with increasing concentrations. As the concentration of 2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt increased the beats of the tail and opercular ventilation increased at 12 and 24 but decreased at 72 and 96 hours. The lethal exposure of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to 2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt indicate significant changes in enzymes activity of liver for SOD and CAT. at 1.36, 1.42, 1.48, 1.54 and 1.6ml/L while sub-lethal show no significant changes. The changes for lethal and sub-lethal in gills were characterized by, inflammation of primary and secondary lamella, vacuolation, filament atropy. The liver showed, necrosis, adipocyte infiltration, and lymphocyte hyperplasia in fish exposed lethal and sub lethal concentrations of 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt.

KUMARASWAMY TYPE II GENERALIZED TOPP-LEONE-G FAMILY OF DISTRIBUTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS

Kolawole Ismail Adekunle — 2024-12-07

In the field of reliability theory, practitioners have been working assiduously in recent years to propose new families of continuous probability distributions that extend the standard theoretical distribution that is currently in use. They have done this by hybridizing two or more probability models or by introducing one or more parameters to get more flexibility in fitting data from a variety of fields, including the environmental, economics, finance, and medical sciences. The T-X approach was used to establish the Kumaraswamy Type II Generalized Topp-Leone-G (K_wT₂GTL-G) family, which extends the Type II Generalized Topp-Leone-G family of distributions with extra shape parameters. A few statistical characteristics of the novel family were determined and examined. A sub-model emerged and MLE was used to estimate the model parameters. To demonstrate the value of the new family, two real-life data sets were used: a set that related to the relief times (in minutes) of patients taking an analgesic, and the other that related to the failure and service times for a windshield. The superior goodness-of-fits and empirical flexibility of the K_wT₂GTL-G distribution are demonstrated by comparisons with other distributions, including the Kumaraswamy Extension Exponential (K_wEEx), Kumaraswamy Exponential (KEx), Exponential Generalized Exponentiated Exponential (EGEEx), and Exponentiated Weibull-Exponential (EWEx) distributions.. In the second dataset, the K_wT₂GTLEx distribution achieved an AIC value of 38.0489, outperforming the EGEEx distribution which had an AIC value of 39.6708 next to it. These findings highlight the K_wT₂GTL-G family's potential to enhance lifetime data modeling, which would have a substantial impact on engineering,...

CHARACTERIZATION OF Citrillus colocynthis (MELON) SEED OIL AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF COSMETICS

O. P. Omozuwa — 2024-12-12

The study focused on the extraction, storage, and characterization of Citrillus colocynthis (melon) seed oil, as well as the production of perfume, soap, hair cream, and lip gloss using the extracted oil. The physicochemical characteristics of Citrillus colocynthis seed oil were investigated for a period of 0 to 2 months. We evaluated specific gravity, viscosity, volatile matter, appearance, and odor as physical parameters in the oil analysis and evaluated iodine value, saponification value, percentage free fatty acid (FFA), acid value, and peroxide value as chemical parameters. The results showed that the acid value was 1.04–1.05 mg KOH/g, the saponification value was 212.05–214.14 mg KOH/g, and the iodine value was 117.42–117.28 mg I²/100 g. It contained 0.45–0.58 mg KOH/g percent free fatty acid. The value of peroxide was 1.14–1.22 meq/kg. The appearance was golden-yellow and odorless. It had a volatile matter within the range of 0.06 and 0.07. The results also showed that the viscosity was between 39.01 and 39.88 mm²/s and the specific gravity was 0.90 and 0.85. The physiochemical characterization of the stored Citrillus colocynthis (melon) seed oil for a while conformed to Nigerian and international standards; hence, the plant seed oil may be edible and suitable for the formulation of various cosmetic products.

INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COW BONE AND POULTRY FEATHER REINFORCED rLDPE COMPOSITES FOR SUSTAINABLE MATERIAL APPLICATIONS

Patrick Ushie Adah — 2024-12-12

Materials with an unusual mix of properties which cannot be satisfied by traditional polymeric materials are increasingly researched alongside the conversion of waste to wealth, promoting the sustainability of engineering materials. This study investigated the mechanical properties of cow bone (CB) and pyrolyzed poultry feather (PF) reinforced recycled low-density polyethene (rLDPE) composites to assess their suitability as substitutes for conventional polymers in industrial applications. CB was crushed and blended at different ratios with PF in an rLDPE matrix obtained from waste sachet water packs. The composites were developed and tested for hardness, tensile, flexural and impact strength as well as moisture absorption. Results obtained from the mechanical tests showed that the composite with 70% rLDPE and 30% PF resulted in the highest tensile strength and Shore-D hardness of 6.42 MPa and 94 respectively. The composite having 70% rLDPE and 30% CB resulted in the highest flexural strength of 10.81 MPa while the composite with 80% rLDPE and 20% CB absorbed the highest impact energy of 3.07 J. All samples except the composite having 70% rLDPE, 20% CB and 10% PF absorbed less than 5% moisture. The developed composites showed good lightweight characteristics with density values ranging from 0.74 g/cm³ to 1.07 g/cm³. Compared to traditional polymers, these composites offer improved sustainability and moderate mechanical properties but may have lower durability unless treated for moisture resistance. They can serve as cheap substitutes for synthetic polymers used in the manufacture of casings and packaging materials in the electronics, beverage and automobile industries.

GEOLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY OF ILUKE, NORTH CENTRAL BASEMENT COMPLEX, KIRI SHEET 226, (SW OF NIGERIA)

M. P. Alfa — 2024-12-12

A systematic geological mapping of Iluke, Kiri sheet 226 SW, (Nigeria) was carried out on a scale of 1:50,000.The study shows Migmatite-gneiss complex, Schist, Quartzite and the granitoids, as the major rocks, the minor rocks observed are the amphibolite, pegmatite dykes and veins, while the superficial deposits mapped include laterite and alluvial sands. The schist and amphibolite were subjected to thin section where the petrography of Schist and amphibolite was carried out under Plane Polarized Light (PPL) and Cross Polarized Light (XPL) which revealed mineral assemblages which correspond to the metamorphic facies of the upper greeenschist (Quartz, Chlorite, Sericite, muscovite and plagioclase) and the lower amphibolite facies (Hornblende or amphibole, plagioclase, Quartz, Biotite) that indicates a regional metamorphism. An ultramylonites with less than 10% porhyroblast was observed in the studied area which indicates a dislocation metamorphism. These was done to understand the occurrence of rocks and to determine the metamorphic grade of the study area.

IMPACT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION ON PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES IN MARINE CRUSTACEANS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF Farfantepenaeus notialis AND Macrobrachium vollenhovenii

Oluwadamilola A. Ayanniyi — 2024-12-12

Heavy metal contamination poses significant risks to marine ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the impact of heavy metal contamination on the phytochemical profiles of two marine crustacean species, Farfantepenaeus notialis and Macrobrachium vollenhovenii. Samples of these crustaceans were collected from Bodija Market, Ibadan, Nigeria, and analyzed for heavy metal content (Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, As) and phytochemical constituents including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and phenols. The heavy metal analysis revealed that Farfantepenaeus notialis had concentrations of Cu at 0.592 ± 0.03 mg/g and Pb at 0.080 ± 0.06 mg/g, while Macrobrachium vollenhovenii had lower concentrations of Cu (0.331 ± 0.07 mg/g) and Pb (0.061 ± 0.02 mg/g). Phytochemical screening showed that Farfantepenaeus notialis had higher levels of alkaloids (1.65 ± 0.004% w/w), flavonoids (0.35 ± 0.17% w/w), and saponins (0.80 ± 0.002% w/w) compared to Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, which had lower concentrations of these compounds (alkaloids: 0.75 ± 0.002% w/w, flavonoids: 0.12 ± 0.10% w/w, saponins: 0.75 ± 0.001% w/w). Both species were positive for steroids and cardiac glycosides but lacked detectable levels of tannins and phenols. These results indicate that heavy metal contamination significantly influences the phytochemical composition of marine crustaceans. The higher heavy metal levels in Farfantepenaeus notialis correlated with higher phytochemical concentrations, whereas Macrobrachium vollenhovenii showed lower phytochemical levels, possibly due to its lower heavy metal accumulation. This comparative analysis underscores the need for ongoing monitoring of heavy metal pollution in marine environments and its effects on aquatic organisms' biochemical profiles.

BREUSCH-PAGAN TEST: A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF ITS PERFORMANCE IN DETECTING HETEROSCEDASTICITY ACROSS LINEAR, EXPONENTIAL, QUADRATIC, AND SQUARE ROOT STRUCTURES USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS

Habeebullah O. Akewugberu — 2024-12-13

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the Breusch-Pagan test's performance in detecting heteroscedasticity across various structures and levels, addressing a significant gap in existing literature. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the test's power, Type II errors ( = 0), and Type I errors ( 0) in confirming homoscedasticity assumptions at different sample sizes (100, 250, and 500). Our objectives include assessing the test's ability to detect heteroscedasticity at various levels and structures, examining the impact of sample size on its performance, comparing its performance across different structures, and identifying its limitations and potential biases. Our findings reveal that the Breusch-Pagan test's performance varies across different heteroscedasticity structures and levels, with poor detection of low-level heteroscedasticity but improved performance at higher levels, particularly for exponential heteroscedasticity structures (EHS). While increased sample size enhances the test's performance, it remains inadequate for linear heteroscedasticity structures (LHS) and square root heteroscedasticity structures (SQRTHS). Based on our results, we recommend cautious use of the Breusch-Pagan test, especially when dealing with low-level heteroscedasticity or specific structures like LHS and SQRTHS. We suggest using the test with moderate to high sample sizes for improved performance, particularly for EHS and quadratic heteroscedasticity structures (QHS). For researchers with limited sample sizes or dealing with LHS and SQRTHS, alternative tests for heteroscedasticity may be considered. Finally, we emphasize the importance of assessing the underlying structure of heteroscedasticity in the dataset to choose the most suitable test and interpretation.

In vitro IN VITRO EVALUATION OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF DATURA STRAMONIUM LEAF AGAINST HELICOBACTER PYLORI

Ayobami E. Ajadi — 2024-12-13

The rise in antimicrobial resistance has spurred the search for plant-based alternatives due to their therapeutic properties. This study evaluates the in vitro efficacies of Datura stramonium leaves extracts against Helicobacter pylori. Leaves were extracted using selected polar and non-polar solvents, and antibacterial activity were assessed through the agar well diffusion method at varying concentrations with H.pylori as test bacteria. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using standard methods. Results showed that at 500 mg/ml, ethanolic extracts of Datura stramonium showed the highest zone of inhibition (22.02 ± 0.02 mm), followed by n-Hexane (17.03 ± 0.03 mm) and aqueous extracts (15.03 ± 0.03 mm). Ethanolic and n-Hexane of Datura stramonium extracts had high MIC values (125 mg/ml), while the aqueous extract had 250 mg/ml. Ethanolic extract and n-Hexane extracts of Datura stramonium also had bactericidal activity at 500 mg/ml, unlike the aqueous extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence glycosides (74.4± 0.04) mg/ml, phenols (131.8±0.03) mg/ml, alkaloids (100.5±0.00) mg/ml flavonoids (2.6±0.02) mg/ml, tannins (124.2±0.02) mg/ml, saponins (14.1±0.02) mg/ml, triterpenoids (37.9±0.00) mg/ml, and steroids (31.9±0.01) mg/ml in the extracts. The results showed that Datura stramonium leaf ethanolic extracts had strong antibacterial activity against H. pylori, suggesting that they could be used as an alternative to conventional therapies for H. pylori infections.

FERTILITY PATTERNS AND MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS ACROSS NIGERIA'S GEOPOLITICAL ZONES: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY FROM 2003 TO 2018

Lawal Olumuyiwa Mashood — 2024-12-13

This study examines the reproductive and demographic traits of mothers in Nigeria while utilizing secondary data from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status, reproductive behaviour, and geo-cultural factors affecting fertility patterns in Nigeria. The results show that the average age of mothers at first birth has gradually increased, while the proportion of mothers with no formal education remains significant. The model reveals significant insights into how these latent constructs interact. The model indicates that higher SES leads to fewer children, while reproductive behaviours like age at first birth and marital status positively influence the total number of children ever born. The model fit indices: RMSEA of 0.072; TLI of 0.903; and CFI of 0.947, demonstrate a reasonable fit, suggesting that the model adequately captures the underlying relationships, but some coefficients suggest measurement issues. The study emphasizes the importance of cultural norms and socioeconomic conditions in shaping reproductive choices.

HYPERTENSION PREDICTION USING DEEP LEARNING WITH TRANSFER LEARNING TECHNIQUES

Abubakar Bello Bada — 2024-12-13

Hypertension or high blood pressure is a chronic condition of consistent rise in blood pressure above the identified normal. It significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases when identified at an advanced stage, but when diagnosed and treated early, it reduces the occurrence of life-threatening complications. This research proposes a prediction model using Deep Learning (DL) with Transfer Learning (TL) techniques for early prediction of hypertension. A pre-trained Feed-Forward Deep Neural Network model, initially developed for diabetes prediction using the PIMA diabetes dataset, is fine-tuned for hypertension prediction using the PPG-BP dataset. This approach utilizes the model's ability to transfer learned knowledge, improving accuracy while reducing computational time. The performance of the model is evaluated using accuracy, precision, and recall. It achieved an accuracy of 81.34%.

FRACTIONAL MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HIV/AIDS

Philip James — 2024-12-14

This paper investigates various epidemiological aspects of HIV/AIDS through a fractional-order mathematical model, emphasizing the role of treatment in the disease's transmission dynamics. Given the ongoing global impact of HIV/AIDS, with millions of people affected and significant mortality rates, understanding the complexities of its transmission and control is crucial for effective public health strategies. We establish conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the model’s solutions within the fractional framework and perform a stability analysis of the endemic equilibrium using the Lyapunov function method. Numerical simulations, executed via the fractional Adams–Bashforth–Moulton method, demonstrate the effects of model parameters and fractional-order values on HIV/AIDS dynamics and control. Additional simulations employing surface and contour plots reveal that higher contact rates and reduced treatment efficacy correlate with increased HIV/AIDS prevalence. Our findings suggest that optimizing treatment strategies can significantly lower the prevalence of HIV/AIDS within the population, ultimately contributing to enhanced health outcomes and resource allocation in combating this critical public health issue.

A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH TO OPTIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN URBAN AREAS

Benjamin E. Idisi — 2024-12-14

This study investigates the optimization of environmental resource management in urban settings using a linear programming approach, focusing on ammonia production and wastewater management. The model addresses uncertainties in resource allocation by evaluating the cost implications of wastewater discharge during production. Key variables include water drawn from rivers, sludge discharge, and energy consumption. The study explores scenarios where zero-discharge policies are implemented, resulting in reduced water usage but increased energy consumption and higher production costs. The methodology employed linear programming to minimize the cost of ammonia production while ensuring water quality through regulated waste disposal. The findings indicate that minimizing river impurities through controlled waste discharge reduces water usage but escalates energy consumption, complicating cost management. Results from the numerical example show that under optimal conditions, 6,666.7 liters of water and 555.6 kg of sludge are needed to produce 41,666.7 kg of ammonia, with zero energy consumption in the process. The significance of these results lies in their potential to inform sustainable urban resource management policies that balance economic and environmental priorities. The study concludes that while achieving high water quality increases costs, it is crucial for sustainable ammonia production and environmental conservation, particularly in minimizing the ecological impact of industrial activities on water resources.

PERFORMANCE EVALLUATION OF IMPUTATION-BASED ESTIMATORS FOR NON-RESPONSE AND MEASUREMENT ERROR CHALLENGES

O. A. Joseph — 2024-12-14

This study aims to develop a robust class of estimators designed to address non-response and measurement erros, which frequently complicate data collection in mdeical and social science research. By employing call-back and imputation schemes, the proposed estimators enhance efficiency and accuracy. We derived properties such as bias and mean squared error using Taylor's series explansion and testes their consistenct. An empirical study with simulated data rfom vaious distributions revealed that the proposed estimators outperform existing ones. Thus, these modified classes are recommended for practical application in data analysis, especially in the presence of non-reponse and measurement errors.

GLOBAL CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS OF A MODIFIED CONJUGATE GRADIENT METHOD FOR UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

Omachi Eleojo Alilu — 2024-12-14

In this paper, the global convergence analysis of a modified conjugate gradient method for solving unconstrained optimization problems was considered. We proposed a modified conjugate gradient method for solving unconstrained optimization problems that incorporates an adaptive step size selection scheme. We analyze the method’s global convergence properties theoretically, demonstrating that it satisfies the sufficient descent and global convergence conditions under various assumptions. And we provide numerical experiments to illustrate its effectiveness and efficiency in solving unconstrained optimization problems. We also compare the numerical performance of the proposed method against three existing methods namely, FR, HS and PR using MATLAB simulations. The proposed method was found to perform better than FR and HS, and in competition with PR with respect to computation time, number of iteration and function evaluation.

LINEAR-THETA METHOD FOR THE DISCRETIZATION AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITH MULTIPLE RETARDATIONS

Kazeem Adebowale Dawodu — 2024-12-14

This study presents a special case of proximal point algorithm for solving linear programming problem (LPP). This method, also known as the Alternating Direction Method of multipliers (ADMM), was deployed because of its strong convergence properties of the method of multipliers, the decomposability property of dual ascent and the potential to solve large- scale structured optimization problems. The update formulas for the LPP were derived from the associated augmented Lagrangian with the primal and dual residuals also derived for the convergence of the algorithm. The Game theory was re-structured into a LPP amenable to the ADMM. Prisoner’s Dilemma in Game theory was tested with the ADMM provided the matrix operator is invertible to guarantee its convergence. Other Numerical examples were also tested and it was discovered that the developed algorithm performs faster than the conventional simplex method.

COMPARING THE HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A STANDARD AND A 3D-PRINTED PACKING IN A ROTATING PACKED BED

Usman Garba — 2024-12-14

As rotating packed beds (RPBs) gain prominence in intensified mass transfer operations, efficient packing design is critical for optimizing performance. Traditional packing structures often face limitations in terms of pressure drop, wetting efficiency, and fluid distribution. 3D-printed packings offer new possibilities by allowing complex geometries tailored to specific fluid dynamics. This study presents a detailed comparison of the performance of standard wire mesh packings and an anisotropic 3D-printed packing, focusing on pressure drop variations under varying operational conditions. Compared to the standard packing, the hydrodynamic performance of the 3D printed packing showed a lower pressure drop of about 0.7kPa at the combination of maximum operating conditions investigated of 300Nm³/h, 1000 rpm, and 0.72m³/h in the gas flow, rotation speed, and liquid glow rate respectively. The wet pressure drop per unit packing length of the 3D packing compared favourably with the standard wire mesh packing. The 3D-printed RPB packings proved to be a promising way that has the potential to enhance the separation performance of RPBs.

SPEECH-TO-TEXT: A SECURED REAL-TIME LANGUAGE TRANSLATION PLATFORM FOR STUDENTS

Eluemunor Kizito Anazia — 2024-12-14

In order to establish effective communication and understanding among students regardless of language background, there is need to develop a common platform that will support this motive. This necessity has led to the emergence of Speech-to-Text (S-to-T) translation framework that enabling students with diverse languages to communicate directly without relying on intermediaries. English has become the foremost lingua franca in Nigeria, spoken widely across various ethnic groups. However, this continuous use of English language has affected the subsistence of indigenous Nigerian languages, leading to many children growing up unable to speak their native language. In modern, civilized societies, speech remains a primary and essential means of communication, allowing individuals to express a range of ideas from their minds through organized words, phrases, and sentences that follow grammatical rules. This work, Speech-to-Text: A secure real-time language translation platform for students, translates speech to English and Yoruba languages during chat. It was developed using ASP.Net with C# as the base technology. The model was developed with CSS, Bootstrap, JQuery, and JavaScript, ensuring responsiveness, while a secure SQL Server database repository supports data storage. The software is structured using the Object-Oriented Methodology (OOM). This platform presents a user-friendly and intuitive web interface that allows students of both English and Yoruba speakers to easily access and interact with other in real-time thereby bridging the communication gap between them.

EVALUATION OF INHIBITORY AND TOXICITY EFFECTS OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA FRUIT EXTRACT AGAINST ESBL-PRODUCING BACTERIAL STRAINS

S. Musbau — 2024-12-16

This study investigated the inhibitory and toxicity effects of Xylopia aethiopica, widely utilized in traditional medicine, particularly in Nigeria and West Africa. The clinical isolates obtained from Department of Pathology, Federal Medical Center in Nguru, Yobe State which includes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella boydii and Klebsiella oxytoca were identified and confirmed to produce Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) through standard microbiological methods, followed by genotyping via conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The bioactivity of Xylopia aethiopica fruit extract against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase producing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method. The quantitative phytochemical analysis carried out through Soxhlet extraction revealed a range of bioactive compounds in varying amounts such as flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins and steroids, while alkaloids were not detected in the chloroform extract. Both ethanol and chloroform extracts displayed significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones of 27.50 mm at 100% concentration, surpassing the reference drug, Amikacin (18.03 mm). Additionally, in vitro toxicity assessment indicated an LD50 of 3,807.9 mg/kg, indicating a slight toxicity level. These findings suggest that Xylopia aethiopica not only has promising antibacterial properties against ESBL-producing bacteria but also warrants caution due to its potential toxicity. The study emphasizes the need for careful consideration when incorporating Xylopia aethiopica into medicinal practices.

GC-MS PROFILING AND In vitro ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF Ocimum gratissimum Linn. AND Vernonia amygdalina Del

Olajide J. Akinjogunla — 2024-12-16

The increasing spread, persistence, and prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains has become a significant global public health challenge, necessitating the need for novel, potent, and alternative antimicrobial agents, particularly from medicinal plants. The study determined the bioactive phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activities of the aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (ALEVA) and Ocimum gratissimum (ALEOG). In ALEVA using the agar-well diffusion method. The ALEVA contained 35 identified compounds, with cis-thujopsene (20.99%), acetic acid (20.77%), and butanoic acid, 2-methyl (12.87%) being the most abundant. Ethosuximide and cyclohexane, 1, 3-butadienylidene were detected in small amounts. The ALEOG had 44 compounds, with butanoic acid, 3-methyl (13.89%), thymol (12.43%), and butanoic acid, 2-methyl (7.22%) in the highest concentrations, while 1H-cyclopenta[a] pentalen-7-ol and 9-octadecynoic acid methyl ester were present in small amounts. The ALEOG and ALEVA showed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition at 40 mg/mL against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial isolates, with a highest mean (x S.D.) inhibition zone diameter of 17.5 0.5 mm and 18.2 1.1 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values of ALEVA and ALEOG for the isolates ranged between 5 g/mL and 40 g/mL; the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) values of ALEVA and ALEOG for the isolates ranged between 5 g/mL and 80 g/mL, with an MBC/MIC of 4. The study has demonstrated that aqueous leaf extracts from O. gratissimum and V. amygdalina possess significant antibacterial activity, supporting their traditional medicinal uses.

SOIL POLLUTION AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION: INSIGHT FROM EFFLUENT DISCHARGED FROM CHALLAWA INDUSTRIAL AREA, NIGERIA

Aminu Inuwa Darma — 2024-12-16

The discharge of industrial wastewater represents a significant source of environmental pollution, particularly in developing regions where regulatory enforcement is often insufficient. This study examined the chemical characteristics of effluent discharged from three locations (LA, LB, and LC) close to the Challawa Industrial Area in Kano, Nigeria, and determined their effects on nearby soil. Effluent samples were analysed for pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), phosphates (PO), nitrates (NO-N) and critical toxic heavy metals (HMs) such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd). Simultaneously, soil samples from three locations near the discharge point were evaluated for pH, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The results revealed that effluent concentrations of HMs and nutrients far exceeded the permissible limits of the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency. The Pb (90.79 mg/L), Cd (10.06 g/L), Zn (33.43 mg/L), Cr (4.49 mg/L), and Cu (12.76 mg/L) concentrations were well above the regulatory limits of 0.05 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L, and 0.02 mg/L, respectively. The Phosphate (299.74 mg/L) and nitrate (381.97 mg/L) levels also exceeded NESREA standards, indicating a significant risk of eutrophication in nearby water bodies. Regression analysis revealed that higher pH tended to increase the concentration of both nutrients, with P showing a more consistent and stronger association (p<0.05) than nitrogen. This study, therefore, highlight that HMs contamination is evident in the soils around the study area, posing risks to soil fertility and agricultural productivity.

VALIDATION OF CORROSION STATUS OF SOME ROOFING SHEETS UTILIZED IN GOMBE METROPOLIS

Y. M. Usman — 2024-12-16

The study was aim at investigation the level of corrosion on roofing sheets utilized in Gombe where acid and alkaline medium immersion test of 25 days showed that light zinc (0.15 mm) sample decreased in weight from 0.03g to 0.04 g while the 2.0mm zinc decreased in weight range of 0.01g to 0.04 g in the alkaline solution. Samples of thick aluminum (5.5 mm) and light aluminium(4.5mm) showed insignificant weight range 0.0g to 0.03 g after immersion in alkaline. In acidic medium both light and thick zinc showed greater weight lost 0.05g to 0.08g. However both the thick and light aluminium showed loss of their shiny appearance only with no renowned significant corrosion throughout the twenty-five days of immersion. XRF analysis of the oxides on the corrosion samples of 0.15mm zinc showed decreasing pattern of: Fe2O3 > SiO2.> Na2O >Al2O3 > MnO > CaO respectively. The decreasing order of the percentage of oxides on 2.0mm zinc: Fe2O3 > SiO2 .>Al2O3 > CaO > MnO oxides on 4. 5mm. Aluminium is in decreasing order of; Al2O3 > SiO2.> Fe2O3 > CaO > K2O . On the other side percentage of the oxides of 5.0mm Aluminium is Al2O3 > SiO2 > MnO respectively. Aluminium samples are more durable and resistant which indicates suitability for roofing than zinc sheets.

SEISMIC ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS FOR HYDROCARBON PROSPECTING IN THE AGBADA FORMATION OF 'ZEE' FIELD, NIGER DELTA BASIN

Olawale Johnson Allo — 2024-12-16

The unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs of the Tertiary Nigeria Delta basin are prone to anomalous high amplitude seismic reflections from both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon sources. In order to identify anomalous zone due to hydrocarbon presence, seismic attribute analysis was used to investigate the reservoirs and to detect Direct Hydrocarbon Indicators (DHIs) due to hydrocarbon saturation in the ‘Zee’ field reservoirs. The 3D seismic, well logs and checkshot data were used for structural interpretation which helped to identify the sandstone and hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs. Faults planes and horizon were mapped to highlight the structural geometry and reservoir surface detection respectively. Five different seismic attributes were used to qualitatively evaluate hydrocarbon prospect from seismic amplitudes. Seismic attributes revealed three (3) major normal growth faults across the field while two (2) reservoirs (shallow seated reservoir A and deep reservoir B) showed zones that contain hydrocarbon anomalies. Seismic amplitude responses and fault styles from the reservoir tops reveal structurally controlled fault dependent closure across the field. High seismic amplitude anomalies from RMS, Average Energy and Maximum Magnitude attributes significantly characterize the drilled parts of the field. This implies that the high amplitude anomaly is a DHIs in ‘Zee’ Field. Moreover, apart from the already producing zone in the field's central area, two (2) more areas marked X and Y situated on anticlinal structure at the North East corner of the field has similar high amplitude responses (bright spots). It suggests new hydrocarbon prospects that should further be investigated for more hydrocarbon discoveries.

ASSESSMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL IN FARMLANDS OF BIRNIN YERO, IGABI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Zainab Yusuf — 2024-12-16

Globally, soil degradation is widely recognized as a major agricultural and environmental problem. This study assess the physicochemical properties of soil in farmlands in Birnin Yero, Igabi LGA, Kaduna State. Soil samples were collected from different farmlands and analyzed for particle size (sand, silt, and clay), pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Organic Matter (OM), Exchangeable Acidity (EA), Available phosphate (AP), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), and Sodium (Na). The study revealed that soils of the study area are sandy loam and loamy and the acidic pH indicates the need for soil amendments to improve nutrient availability for plant growth. The medium to low levels of OC, OM, and AP highlight the significance of using soil amendments and focused fertilization techniques to improve soil fertility. Correlations between physicochemical properties demonstrated interrelationships, where EA showed a negative correlation with pH, Mg showed a positive correlation with pH and a negative correlation with EA. K showed a positive correlation with AP and EA. Na showed a positive correlation with Ca. OM had a positive correlation with OM. The percentage of sand in the soils had a negative correlation with OC and OM. Silt soils correlated positively with OC. Then clay soils had a positive correlation with OC and OM. It was concluded that soils from the study area can impact water drainage, nutrient retention, and soil fertility. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties indicate that soil amendments and targeted fertilization strategies should be employed to enhance soil fertility.

INTERACTION BETWEEN ADIPOSE TISSUE AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT: A CONCEPTUAL NARRATIVE REVIEW

Musa A. Bashir — 2024-11-15

The modern obesity pandemic is characterized by difficulty in achieving and maintaining weight loss. This suggests the existence of a physiological control mechanism to maintain body mass. However, this same mechanism did not prevent obesity pandemic. The aim of this review is to explain this conundrum. Online searches of Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus were conducted. The main variable under physiological control is not a fixed body/fat mass but balance between energy intake and expenditure. The expenditure includes resting metabolic rate, physical activity related energy expenditure and thermic effect of food. Increased energy expenditure triggers increased energy intake to match expenditure levels and counters any weight loss. This matching of energy input and output can happen at any body/fat mass. In other words, body/fat mass can settle at any level with energy intake matched to expenditure; the so-called settling point mechanism. The particular body/fat mass settling point is determined by the availability of energy and degree of expenditure enabled by the environment. The modern environment with abundance of nutrients and motorized work has been termed obesogenic environment. It facilitates higher body mass and hence increased resting metabolic rate energy expenditure to support the increased body mass; this triggers more energy intake and thus more mass gain in a positive feedback vicious cycle. In conclusion, shifting emphasis away from body mass control to energy balance allows one to explain both the modern obesity pandemic as well as why it is so difficult to achieve and maintain weight loss.

PYRETHROIDS RESISTANCE IN CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS (SAY) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) POPULATIONS FROM BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

Umar Aliyu — 2024-11-27

This study examines pyrethroid resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected from some selected Local Governments Areas of Bauchi State, North-Eastern Nigeria. Insecticide resistance to different phyrethroids was determined using WHO bioassay method. The mosquitoes were also pre-exposed to Piperonyl butoxide (PBO) using the WHO method as part of the synergist assay. The results obtained from this study indicated that Culex quinquefasciatus showed resistance to deltamethrin in Misau (70% mortality), permethrin resistance was detected in Bauchi (58% mortality) and Katagum (37% mortality). Phyrethroids resistance was not detected in Lamda-cyhalotrin and alphacypermethrin. Pre-exposure to PBO in Bauchi LGA has led to 100% mortality of culex mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin while mortality to permethrin increased from 58% to 95%. In Misau, Pre- exposure to PBO led to 100% mortality of mosquitoes exposed to permethrin and alphacypermethrin while in deltamethrin exposed mosquitoes, PBO increased the mortality from 70% to 90% mortality. The study revealed high pyrethroids resistance of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Bauchi state which causes serious problems in the management of insecticides resistance and also diseases transmitted by this mosquito.

PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADES FOR HOT AND DRY CLIMATES: A CASE STUDY OF KEBBI STATE, NIGERIA

Gambo Bara'u Wurma — 2024-11-29

This research evaluates the energy and concepts of Double Skin Façades, which were established through computational simulations integrated with some relevant examples. DSF is regarded as one of the best solutions in realizing the interface between the interior and the exterior building spaces. It also allows provides architectural flexibility in the design. Recently, the double-skin façade has received much attention as opposed to the more typically glazed curtain wall. This is for its ability to effectively reduce the thermal transmission (U-value) and solar heat gain (G-value). DSF design comprises assessments of building geometric factors, glazing type, ventilation procedures, shading devices, daylighting aesthetics, and maintenance expenses. However, the concept of DSF is sometimes complicated, and its use and function influence different parameters of the building, but if the approach is overall and the aims to be realized are distinct, then the stated method is flexible enough to reach climatic variations for the greatest types of building use. Besides the fact that large number of researches carried out on the performance of this facade configuration in moderate climates, it is very vital to recognize its performance and viable formations in hot and dry climates. It is therefore a chance to learn about this facade arrangement earlier the technology is transmitted into construction in hot arid areas. Results of the analysis revealed that variation in value by certain degrees and alteration of some parameters has a direct effect in the energy use intensity as well as the illuminance values of an office building...

AN INVESTIGATION OF SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AND ITS PERCEIVED EFFECTS ON SLEEP-PATTERN AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG STUDENTS AT SCHOOL OF NURSING IN NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA

Feyisayo Iyabo Bamidele — 2024-11-30

The study aimed at investigating Smartphone addiction, its perceived effect on sleep pattern and academic performance on student nurses in the School Complex, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized for the study. The study deployed stratified and proportionate sampling method to select students from the three levels of students. The sample size was 121 with a proportion of 41, 33, and 47 for 100L, 200L and 300L students’ nurses. A self-administered questionnaire developed by the researchers was used for data collection from the respondents and only 120 were valid for analysis, using SPSS Version 20. The findings revealed that 78% of the participants were highly addicted to their Smartphone’s; only 5% were not addicted. However, nearly half of the students indicated that they feel excessively tired and sleepy in class and agreed that their sleep pattern is altered due to excessive Smartphone usage while almost half of the participants missed planned work due to Smartphone usage. Additionally, the study revealed that, there is a significant relationship between age and the level of addiction to Smartphone among students (p< 0.04). The study thus shows a high level of Smartphone addiction among the student nurses in the setting. It is therefore, recommended that interventions and awareness programs be created to address excessive Smartphone use and promote healthier sleep habits.

ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPS) IN NIGERIA: A REVIEW

Blessing O. Adaaja — 2024-12-09

This study reviews the economic and ecological roles of Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) sustainability in Nigeria. Systematic review method was adopted for the study. The relationship between NTFPs trade, ecological conversation, socioeconomic benefits, poverty alleviation and sustainable forest management practice was carefully assessed. It was revealed that the NTFPs’ huge prospect and potential impact on the Nigeria economy largely depends on the ecological conditions, access to market, commercialization, value addition, its collection methods and utilization within and outside Nigeria. In addition, the review indicated that rural areas remain the hub for NTFPs trade and forest communities largely depend on it for their household income and livelihood. However, NTFPs could serve as a poverty trap for locals if the commercialization and value addition are not prioritized . In conclusion, this review underscores that the extent to which NTFPs can impact the economy cannot be fully studied unless those in the informal sector are well captured. In essence, NTFPs could serve as the key to unlock the economic growth of Nigeria through its huge revenue potential. Hence, the need for organizational, institutional and legal reforms that addresses the concerns of sustainable forest and NTFPs management within the ecosystem to achieve economic growth.

EFFICIENT METHOD FOR FORECASTING SOLAR IRRADIANCE - A REVIEW

Olusegun A. Odejobi — 2024-12-14

Efficient solar irradiance forecasting is essential for optimizing solar energy systems and integrating renewable energy sources into power grids. This review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various forecasting methods to inform energy management and grid integration strategies. It compares physical models, statistical approaches, machine learning techniques, and hybrid models, using specific criteria such as accuracy, computational efficiency, and data requirements. Physical models like Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) provide detailed atmospheric simulations but are computationally intensive. Statistical models, such as ARIMA, are simpler yet struggle with non-linear data. Machine learning methods, particularly Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, effectively capture complex data relationships but require substantial datasets and computing power. Hybrid models, which combine physical and machine learning approaches, achieve high accuracy and are suitable for real-time applications despite increased computational costs. One of the key findings indicates that hybrid models offer high accuracy but demand significant computational resources and offer the best balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. However, challenges such as data quality, geographic and temporal variability, and model complexity persist. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, big data, and quantum computing present promising solutions for enhanced irradiance forecasting. The review highlighted the models’ limitations and strengths to facilitate informed decision making and concluded with recommendation of the adoption of hybrid models, investment in data acquisition and sharing technologies, balancing model complexity with practicality as steps towards improved irradiance forecasting for grid integration and stability to ensure sustainable yet cost-effective energy solutions.