The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality original research papers, review articles, technical reports, and short communications. The journal covers all aspects of Science and Technology, with a broad scope that includes, but is not limited to: • Chemistry • Physics • Earth and Atmospheric Sciences • Biological Sciences (Botany, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Agriculture, Zoology, etc.) • Medical Sciences • Pharmaceutical Sciences • Environmental Science • Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Engineering • Mathematics and Statistics • Materials Science, Mechanics, and Polymer Sciences • Nutrition and Food Science • Textile Sciences • Renewable Energy • Biotechnology, Genetics, and Bioinformatics • Geology and Geosciences • Process Modelling, Computational Analysis, and Waste-to-Resource Processes The journal provides a multidisciplinary platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to disseminate cutting-edge scientific knowledge and technological innovations that address contemporary challenges locally, nationally, and globally.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
DETERMINATION OF DEAD TIME OF A G-M COUNTER USING TWO SOURCE METHOD
This study investigates the dead time of a Geiger–Müller (GM) counter and examines how counting losses arising from detector dead time influence measured count rates. The research question addressed is whether the two-source method can reliably determine the dead time of a GM counter operating under a non paralyzable model. The dead time was determined experimentally using two gamma-emitting radioactive sources, 137Cs and 133Ba. Count rates were measured for each source individually and for the combined sources at a fixed operating voltage of 520 V. Twenty independent measurements were taken for each configuration over a counting interval of 60 seconds. Statistical parameters including average counts, standard deviations, and count rates were evaluated to assess counting losses and the randomness of nuclear decay. The results show that the observed count rate for the combined sources was consistently lower than the sum of the individual count rates, confirming the nonlinear nature of dead time effects in the GM counter. Using the two-source dead time equation for a non paralyzable system, the dead time of the GM counter was calculated to be 31.40 ms. Statistical analysis further revealed inherent fluctuations in the measurements, consistent with the random nature of radioactive disintegration. It is concluded that the two-source method provides a reliable and effective approach for determining the dead time of a GM counter, and that the measured dead time is consistent with values reported in related studies, while remaining dependent on experimental conditions and counting rate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olumide Oluwasanmi Ige, Dooyum Salvin Aseema, Emmanuel Joseph Adoyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ODD TEISSIER KUMARASWAMY DISTRIBUTION: A NEW DISTRIBUTION WITH INTERVAL BOUND
This study introduces a new probability distribution on a unit interval called the Odd Teissier Kumaraswamy (OTKw) distribution, and the aim is to improve the flexibility of the Teissier distribution in modeling lifetime data. The new distribution exhibits exceptional flexibility in modelling data with increasing and bathtub hazard rates. The key statistical properties of the proposed distribution such as the moments, moment generating function, probability weighted moments, quantile, Renyi entropy, and order statistics are derived. The parameters of the proposed distribution are estimated using the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. A simulation study is carried out to examine the performance of the MLEs concerning their biases, standard errors, and root mean square errors (RMSE). Finally, to illustrate the practical importance and flexibility of the proposed distribution in modelling real data applications, three data sets were considered, and the results showed that the new distribution performs better than some other known existing distributions.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 Lawrence C. Nzei, Francis C. Ezeh, Nosakhare Ekhosuehi, Julian I. Mbegbu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHENOTYPIC DETECTION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) PRODUCING Escherichia coli FROM LIVESTOCK AND HERDERS IN SOME STATES IN NORTH-EASTERN NIGERIA
The emergence and dissemination of ESBL producing bacteria of food-animals and humans origin are responsible for numerous infections with challenging treatment and control measures which calls for considerable concern of both Medical and Veterinary practitioners all over the World. Phenotypic methods of ESBL screening are widely used for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness and suitability for routine clinical laboratories. The aim of this study was to isolate MDR E. coli isolates and screen them phenotypically for ESBL production using the Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST). A total of 1152 samples comprising of 384 each from cattle sheep and Herders were collected, processed, inoculated and incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours. One hundred and eighty one (181) samples yielded positive bacterial growths out of which 111 (61.3%) of them were E. coli isolates and 70 (%) were other members of the gram negative bacilli. Out of the 111 E. coli isolates, 91 (81.9%) were multidrug resistant of which 37 (36.3%) were phenotypically detected to be an ESBL producing phenotypes. This study revealed significant difference (P value < 0.05) between the E. coli and other members of the gram negative bacilli isolated. Calves, lambs and young herders below 10 years of age found in closed–contact with livestock as well as those living in an over-crowded and dirty environment were more prevalent to infection by ESBL producing bacteria. Therefore, proper sanitary measures be adopted and maintained in farms where calves and Lambs less than 1 year are kept. Young herders’ below10 years old...
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdulhamid B. Njobdi, Mahmud Y. Iliyasu, Yunusa A. Umar, Josiah P. Diah, Ahmad F. Umar, Auwalu Uba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SATELLITE-BASED ESTIMATION AND TREND ANALYSIS OF PM₂.₅ CONCENTRATION USING MODIS MAIAC AEROSOL OPTICAL DEPTH OVER THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, NIGERIA
Atmospheric aerosol pollution remains a major environmental and public health concern in rapidly urbanizing regions with limited air-quality monitoring infrastructure. This study developed a satellite-based framework for estimating and analyzing PM₂.₅ concentration over the University of Benin, Nigeria, using MODIS MAIAC Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data integrated with ground-based observations. High-resolution AOD data spanning 2015–2024 were processed within Google Earth Engine and calibrated using monthly PM₂.₅ measurements from two monitoring locations. A linear regression model produced a moderate positive relationship between AOD and PM₂.₅ (R = 0.54; R² = 0.29), indicating that approximately 29% of PM₂.₅ variability could be explained by aerosol loading. Although the explanatory power is moderate, such behaviour is common in humid tropical environments where cloud cover, aerosol mixing, atmospheric humidity, and boundary-layer dynamics weaken the AOD–PM₂.₅ relationship. Seasonal Mann–Kendall analysis revealed a statistically significant decreasing Harmattan AOD trend (p = 0.0031) with a Sen’s slope of −0.046 AOD per season. Estimated PM₂.₅ concentrations also exhibited decreasing seasonal trends ranging from approximately −0.997 to −1.20 µg/m³ per season across calibration approaches. The study demonstrates that satellite observations, when locally calibrated, can support seasonal aerosol monitoring and long-term environmental assessment in data-scarce tropical environments. The framework further highlights the potential of low-cost satellite-based air-quality surveillance for campus-scale environmental management and exposure assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Olushola Oladosu, Tolulope Samuel Fawale, Kelvin Akere Moses, Rachael Omoniyepe Oladosu, Godsent Efosa Felix, Enobore Kelly Igbinidu, Mabel Eghemenrior Alenkhe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DISTRIBUTION AND BIOACCUMULATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCB) RESIDUES IN WATER, SEDIMENT AND Clarias gariepinus FROM ZOBE RESERVOIR, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants of global concern due to their toxicity, environmental persistence, and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. This study assessed physicochemical characteristics and concentrations of selected PCB congeners (PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138, PCB-153, and PCB-180) in water, sediment, and tissues (muscle, liver, and gills) of Clarias gariepinus from Zobe Reservoir, Katsina State, Nigeria. Physicochemical parameters indicated moderate organic pollution with spatial variation. Turbidity ranged from 27–51 NTU, exceeding NESREA limits, while dissolved oxygen showed negative correlations with turbidity (r = –0.39) and biological oxygen demand (r = –0.45). Conductivity correlated strongly with nitrate (r = 0.77, p < 0.05), suggesting runoff influence. PCB concentrations followed the pattern: sediment > liver > muscle > gills > water. Water concentrations were low (0.012–0.060 µg/L) with no significant variation. Higher concentrations were observed in sediment (up to 0.320 mg/kg) and fish tissues, particularly liver (up to 0.302 mg/kg), indicating bioaccumulation. PCB-101 showed the highest levels across all matrices. Significant differences occurred among sample types (p < 0.001), but not across stations or months, suggesting widespread contamination. Sediments act as the primary sink, while the liver is the major site of accumulation. Despite low concentrations in water, elevated levels in fish tissues indicate ecological and potential public health risks. Continuous monitoring of PCB contamination in the reservoir is recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. B. Bello, Timothy Auta, Tolulope E. Atalabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FTIR-BASED CHEMICAL INTERACTION STUDY OF RICE HUSK ASH MODIFIED AGBABU NATURAL BITUMEN
Bitumen is a mixture of hydrocarbons widely used as a binder in road pavements but has certain limitations, including oxidative failure and various surface defects. These challenges led to the modification of Agbabu Natural Bitumen (ANB) using rice husk ash (RHA), with the expected result that it might mitigate the adverse effects of conventional bitumen. The raw ANB was modified in a stainless reactor using the rice husk ash at five different proportions maintaining a temperature of 100-110 ̊C. The modified bitumen was analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The carbonyl peaks are reduced to 1701cm-1 while the aliphatic contents are retained both in the raw and modified ANB and the aromatics and sulfoxide peaks are stable. The peaks at 3448.84cm-1, 2854.74 cm-1, 1716.7cm-1, 1608.69cm-1, 1377.22cm-1, 1033.88cm-1corresponds to O-H stretching of alcohol, C-H stretching of alkane, C=O stretching of carbonyls, C=C stretching of aromatics rings, C-H bending of methyl groups and S=O stretching of sulfoxide respectively. The silicates peaks were also observed at 420.5cm-1, 466.79cm-1, 570.95cm-1, and 582.52cm-1. The interaction of ANB with RHA showed that the silicate components present in RHA can serve as potential antioxidants for improving the performance of ANB in pavements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Babawale Emmanuel Abiola, Omotayo Tawakalit Jayeola, Akintomiwa Olumide Esan, Aminat Adebisi Adetayo-Balogun, Monsurat Olabisi A. Shittu, Blessing Abiola Ibiejemite https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A 20 L BATCH BIODIGESTER FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM COW AND PIG DUNG UNDER MESOPHILIC CONDITIONS
Biogas technology has emerged as a pivotal solution for waste management, energy generation, and environmental conservation across the globe. This study focused on the development, and construction of a small-scale (20 L) biodigester system for biogas production using cow and pig dung at ratio 1:1 substrate-to-water and operating under mesophilic conditions (25–35 °C). The pH, COD, BOD and TS of cow dung and pig dung were 7.49 and 7.54; 3500 and 2000mg/L; 70 and 160mg/L; 27.7 and 46.2% respectively. The proximate analysis showed moisture content of 8.64% cow dung and 8.52% pig dung, crude fat 1.32 % cow dung and 3.58% pig dung, ash content of 18.62% pig dung and 22.52% cow dung. Nitrogen extract was 29.73% cow dung and 30.72% pig dung. The hydraulic retention time was 30 days and the total biogas produced was 2.180 m3. The gas yield was dependent on the type of substrate and environmental temperature. The results depicted the suitability of using cow and pig dung as substrates for biogas production under natural temperature variations. The findings show that biogas from cow and pig dung is a viable and sustainable cooking fuel. Adopting this technology can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower the environmental and health risks associated with their use. Additionally, using inexpensive, locally available materials to build digesters makes this approach practical for resource-limited communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alexander Asanja Jock, Amani David Haruna, Abdulkareem Mikail Alhaji, Yohanna Ukhinenwhe Samuel, Peter Mu’ar Kamtu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INFLUENCE OF TRAIN AXLE LOAD ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF FOULED BALLAST
This study evaluates the mechanical behavior of railway ballast under severe transient loading, using a laboratory drop weight impact test to simulate the effects of high-magnitude axle load events rather than direct axle loading. Crushed granite aggregates were subjected to standard characterization tests, including specific gravity, flakiness index, and elongation index, in accordance with AREMA specifications, confirming their suitability for railway applications. Ballast samples were prepared within a particle size range of 10–60 mm and tested in both clean and artificially fouled conditions at 10%, 30%, and 50% fouling levels using lateritic fines. A drop-weight impact test was conducted using a 19.2 kg hammer dropped from incremental heights of 200 mm to 1000 mm. Settlement, deformation ratio, resilient modulus and ballast breakage index (BBI) were measured to assess ballast performance under repeated loading. The results indicate a consistent decrease in resilient modulus and a corresponding increase in deformation ratio and BBI with increasing drop height and fouling level. Clean ballast exhibited superior stiffness and resistance to deformation, while heavily fouled ballast showed significant degradation in load-bearing capacity and elastic recovery. Quantitatively, the resilient modulus of 50% fouled ballast was 78% lower than that of clean ballast at a 200 mm drop height and BBI increased from 0.14 for clean ballast to 0.58 for 50% fouled ballast at 1000mm drop height. The findings establish an inverse relationship between resilient modulus and deformation ratio across all test conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ebimene Oyadongha, Otuoze H. Suleiman, Ashiru Mohammed, Sheriff M. Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXAMINING CYBERSECURITY VULNERABILITIES IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
The increasing adoption of digital technologies in the construction industry has improved project coordination, communication, and efficiency. Tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), cloud-based platforms, and mobile communication systems are now widely used by construction firms. However, the growing reliance on these digital systems has also exposed construction companies to significant cybersecurity risks. In Nigeria, where the construction sector plays a key role in infrastructure development, many firms lack adequate cybersecurity preparedness, making them vulnerable to cyber threats. This study examines the vulnerabilities of construction companies to cybersecurity threats within Lagos State construction industry. A quantitative research approach was adopted using a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from 300 construction professionals, including architects, builders, engineers, quantity surveyors, estate valuers, and town planners, through a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, a one-sample t-test, and exploratory factor analysis with the aid of SPSS. The findings revealed several major cybersecurity vulnerabilities, including the use of unsecured networks, risks associated with remote work, limited cybersecurity resources, unpatched software vulnerabilities, insufficient data protection, and inadequate access control. The t-test results confirmed that all identified vulnerabilities were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Factor analysis further grouped the vulnerabilities into three key components: technical weaknesses, organizational and policy gaps, and human and external risks. The study concludes that strengthening cybersecurity policies, improving awareness, and investing in secure digital systems are essential for protecting construction firms from cyber threats and ensuring safer digital operations in the Nigerian construction industry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idowu Albert, Ayodeji Opeyemi Osadola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTIFACTOR RESERVOIR LEAKAGE DETECTION, MONITORING, AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING PATTERN RECOGNITION AND ULTRASONIC SENSORS
Reservoir leakage constitutes a crucial challenge to water resource, monitoring, safety, management and environmental sustainability. Late detected or undetected leakage can lead to loss of water, structural degradation, and severe environmental consequences. This paper presents multifactor reservoir leakage detection, monitoring, and management system based on ultrasonic sensors and pattern recognition techniques. The proposed system integrates multiple ultrasonic signal features, including temporal variation, echo amplitude and signal attenuation, alongside environmental compensation factors such as pressure and temperature. A pattern recognition framework is employed to classify reservoir states into normal and severe leakage conditions. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system achieves high detection accuracy, reduced false alarm rates, and robust performance under varying noise and operational conditions. The results confirm the feasibility of the system for real-time reservoir monitoring and intelligent leakage management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abubakar Adamu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY, MINERAL COMPOSITION AND OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SELECTED MEAT TYPES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHICKEN, BEEF AND CHEVON
Meat plays a vital role in human nutrition as a major source of high-quality protein, essential minerals and bioactive compounds necessary for growth, tissue repair and overall health. This study evaluated the nutritional quality, mineral composition and oxidative stability of selected meat types, namely chicken, beef and chevon. Meat samples were analyzed for proximate composition (crude protein, fat, ash and moisture), mineral profile (sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and magnesium), and oxidative stability indices including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using appropriate post hoc tests at a significance level of P < 0.05.Results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in most proximate parameters among the meat types. Chicken meat recorded the highest crude protein (86.69%) and moisture content (4.63%), while chevon exhibited the highest fat content (9.06%). Beef showed the highest ash content (4.76%). Mineral analysis revealed that chicken meat had significantly higher sodium and potassium levels, whereas chevon had the highest chloride concentration. Magnesium content was highest in beef. Oxidative stability indices indicated that chicken meat had significantly higher SOD activity, while no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in catalase, GPX and MDA among the meat types. The findings suggest that chicken meat possesses superior protein quality and antioxidant capacity, while chevon and beef contribute differently to fat and mineral intake. These variations highlight the importance of meat selection based on nutritional and health considerations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samson Sukumun Kyakma, Nasiru Abuh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PERFORMANCE-BASED CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE INCORPORATED POWDERED CRUSHED TILE AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT
This study evaluates the environmental and mechanical performance of concrete incorporated Powdered Crushed Tile (PCT) as a partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) using a performance-based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. A cradle-to-gate analysis compliant with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards was conducted, considering raw material extraction, cement production, PCT processing, transportation, and concrete batching. Global Warming Potential (GWP100) was assessed per cubic meter of concrete for replacement levels between 0% and 30%. Results indicate a near-linear reduction in embodied carbon, achieving up to 26.6% reduction at 30% PCT substitution. However, compressive strength decreased with increasing replacement levels. Performance-normalised carbon analysis identified an optimal sustainability range of 5–10% PCT, where carbon savings outweigh strength reductions. Sensitivity analysis revealed that cement emission factors dominate uncertainty, while transportation and PCT processing have minimal influence. The findings demonstrate that moderate clinker substitution using recycled ceramic waste can significantly reduce concrete’s carbon footprint without compromising structural performance, supporting sustainable and circular construction practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frank Ndanusa Williams, Kazzi Gaius Avre, Daniel Nnaemeka Nwaigwe, Adedeji Paul Adeleye https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GEOSPATIAL PROFILING OF FLOOD VICTIMS AND ASSOCIATED LOSSES OF LIVES AND PROPERTIES IN THE AFTERMATH OF 2022 FLOODS IN JIGAWA STATE, NORTHERN NIGERIA
Flooding is one of the natural disasters causing destructions in Jigawa state, Nigeria. Since 2018, flood has been claiming lives and properties across Jigawa. The real figures on loss of lives and properties have not been scientifically reported. The aim of this research is to conduct a geospatial profiling of flood victims and associated loss of lives and properties in the aftermath of 2022 floods in Jigawa. Fatality locations were determined through indexing and buffering using GeoEye, LandSat 8 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission images. Extent of flooded areas in August, September and October, 2022 were determined using modified normalized difference water index. All analyses were done in ArcGIS 10.3 and SPSS. Out of the 27 Local Government Areas, 19 were affected. Areas with highest flooding were: Guri, Kirikasamma, Miga, Auyo and Ringim in descending order. Most of the flood prone areas were characterized by low elevation, proximity to water bodies and poor land use planning. Miga LGA recorded the highest number of deaths (20) followed by Kirikasamma (14) Birnin Kudu(13) Kafin Hausa(11) Jahun & Ringim (8) Birniwa (7) Auyo (6) Sule Tankarkar (4) Hadejia & Maigatari (3) Kaugama & Malammadori (2) Gagarawa & Taura (1). About 15 of the LGAs had buildings, farmlands and other structures affected. Causes of deaths were attributed to: building collapse (40%) water – borne diseases (20%) drowning in flood waters (15%) motor vehicle accidents (5) canoe – based accidents (5%) snake bites (5%) others (10%). Proper land use planning, resettlement, dredging and river trainings.
Modified Normalized Difference Water Index
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Yakubu Tudunwada, Abbas Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale) ON NAPROXEN INDUCED-LIVER DAMAGE IN WISTAR RATS
The potential effect of Zingiber officinale on naproxen induced liver damage was evaluated. Twenty-Five male Wistar rats were grouped into five groups of 5 rats each. Liver damage was induced by oral administration of Naproxen 20mg/kg body weight and ginger supplements for 14 days. Group I served as the positive control group; while ginger supplement was included in the diet of group II, III and IV at graded concentration of 20mg/kg, 40mg/kg and 60mg/kg of animal feed and naproxen. Group V received only 20mg/kg of naproxen for 14 days. At the end of the period of administration, the rats were euthanized and their blood was collected and used to determine the levels of Aspartate Transferase, Alanine Aminotransferase, Alkaline Phosphate, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin, and lactate dehydrogenase. The result obtained revealed a significant increase in serum Aspartate Transaminase in all the groups treated with the various fractions of ginger and the naproxen group as compared to the normal control group. There was also a significant increase in total protein in groups 3,4 and 5 compared to the control group and there was a significance decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase in all groups treated with the ginger. The study also revealed an increased in serum albumin. In conclusion, ginger supplement in diet ameliorates naproxen induced liver damage. It is therefore recommended that ginger should be supplemented in the diets due to its beneficial effects and the abuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should be avoided.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahan Josiah Mallo, Uchechi Amarachi Nwankwo, Joseph Emberga Toryila, Victor Inyila Eje, Abiodun Joel Oladejo, Angela Member Danborno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INDIUM OXIDE MICROSTRUCTURES USING CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION METHOD
Indium oxide (In₂O₃) thin films are typically deposited on quartz, sapphire, and silicon substrates by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) because of the high temperatures required during film growth. In this study, however, high-quality In₂O₃ thin films were successfully deposited on glass substrates using the CVD technique. The source temperature was varied from 850 °C to 1000 °C, while the substrates were positioned downstream in a lower-temperature region maintained between 400 °C and 500 °C. The morphological, structural, and optical properties of the deposited films were characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV–Visible spectrometry, respectively. The results revealed significant temperature-dependent changes in the film morphology, accompanied by improved crystallinity at higher deposition temperatures. Optical studies further showed a reduction in the optical bandgap from 3.470 eV to 3.021 eV with increasing growth temperature. These findings demonstrate that controlled downstream CVD growth provides an effective route for synthesizing crystalline In₂O₃ thin films on low-cost glass substrates with tunable optical properties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tewrase M. Aper, Jonathan T. Ikyumbur, Augustine A. McAsule, Paul S. Amon, Oluwatosin S Obaseki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNDERSTANDING THE SOLITON PHENOMENA: LEAPFROGGING THROUGH THE KORTEWEG-DE VRIES EQUATION FOR MULTI-SOLITONS SOLUTION
This study applies the Leapfrog algorithm to numerically obtain multi-soliton solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. The KdV equation is a classical nonlinear partial differential equation that models wave motion in dispersive media and has been widely used to describe shallow water waves, plasmas, fiber optics, Josephson junctions, and electromagnetic wave propagation. Over the years, it has become a fundamental model for understanding how nonlinearity and dispersion interact in physical systems. One of its most remarkable features is the existence of solitons; stable, localized wave packets that travel without changing shape. These waves have attracted strong interest because of their unusual ability to interact with other solitons and still retain their identity. The Leapfrog algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and Python, two common scientific computing languages. This comparison evaluates the performance, accuracy, and efficiency of these implementations. The simulation results focus on solitons, especially their collision and interaction behaviours. The analytical and numerical solutions match, although the numerical results exhibit small fluctuations in soliton profiles after collisions. However, these fluctuations do not significantly affect their core properties. This supports the existence of soliton solutions and confirms that solitons collide without altering their characteristics or identities. The findings from this study deepen our understanding of the KdV equations and their soliton solutions and provide valuable insights into the computational aspects of solving differential equations in Python and MATLAB.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paul Shimlumun Amon, Orapine Hycienth Ortser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREVALENCE AND PHENOTYPIC DETECTION OF BETA-LACTAMASES IN CLINICAL ISOLATES OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA FROM SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA
Antimicrobial resistance among Gram-negative bacteria represents a major public health challenge globally, with extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) production significantly limiting therapeutic options. In Nigeria, increasing resistance to β-lactam antibiotics has been reported, yet comprehensive phenotypic data across multiple tertiary healthcare facilities remain limited. This study determined the prevalence and phenotypic detection of ESBL- and MBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical specimens in southwestern Nigeria. A total of 285 non-duplicate Gram-negative bacterial isolates were collected between August 2021 and April 2023 from urine, wound swabs, stool, sputum, and blood samples across three tertiary hospitals. Isolates were identified using standard microbiological and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Isolates exhibiting resistance or reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins were screened phenotypically for ESBL and MBL production using the double-disk synergy and combination disk tests. The isolates demonstrated extremely high resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, particularly third-generation cephalosporins. Resistance rates exceeded 85% for cefotaxime, cefixime, cefuroxime, and ceftriaxone-sulbactam among Klebsiella and Escherichia coli isolates. High resistance was also observed against β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and carbapenems. Phenotypic assays confirmed a high prevalence of ESBL producers, with the additional detection of MBL activity in a subset of isolates, indicating the emergence of carbapenem resistance. The high prevalence of ESBL- and MBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria in southwestern Nigeria poses a serious threat to effective antimicrobial therapy. Routine resistance surveillance, strengthened antimicrobial stewardship, and improved diagnostic capacity are urgently needed to curb the spread of these multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Grace Oluwatoyin Mensah-Agyei, Bright Lecky Nasiru, Abosede Abolanle Akeredolu, Opeyemi Christiana Ogunbiyi, Oluchi Gladys Ofem, Olufemi Ezekiel Adeleke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF POINT OF INTRODUCTION OF SUPPLEMENTAL ENZYME TO MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM LEAF MEAL ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NUTRIENT RETENTION AND ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION OF BROILER CHICKENS
The study was conducted to address the high cost of poultry feed and limitation associated with the utilization of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) due to anti-nutritional factors. It investigated how the timing of enzyme supplementation influences growth performance, nutrient utilization, and profitability in broiler chickens fed MOLM-based diets. A total of 150 day-old broiler chicks were assigned to five treatments in a completely randomized design. Diets included 0% or 5% MOLM with enzyme supplementation introduced at different growth stages (day 1, week 2, 4, and 6). Growth performance, feed efficiency, nutrient retention and economic indices were evaluated over 8 weeks using standard analytical procedures. In conclusion, Early introduction of enzyme supplemented MOLM at two week 2 significantly improved weight gain, feed efficiency, and profitability without affecting mortality or most nutrient retention parameters. Feed cost was reduced and net profit increased. The study revealed that proper timing of enzyme use enhances the economic and biological value of MOLM, supporting sustainable and cost effective poultry production.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oreoluwa A. Obasa, Kayode Babalola, Ademola. M. Ogungbesan, Ebunoluwa, S. Apata, Adejoke. A. Mako, Folasade T. Babalola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL REDUCTION IN CHICKEN EGG SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT BOILING DURATION
The microbial safety of eggs is a major public health concern, particularly in regions where handling and storage conditions may predispose them to contamination. This study evaluated the effect of different boiling durations (3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes) on the microbial load and safety of chicken eggs. Fresh egg samples were subjected to controlled boiling at the specified time intervals, after which microbiological analyses were conducted to determine aerobic plate count (APC) and total coliform count (TCC). Standard biochemical tests were further employed to identify predominant bacterial isolates. Results revealed a progressive reduction in microbial load with increasing boiling time. Eggs boiled for 3 minutes recorded the highest APC and TCC values, indicating insufficient microbial inactivation, while samples boiled for 15 minutes showed the lowest counts, suggesting improved microbial safety. Intermediate reductions were observed at 5 and 10 minutes of boiling. Biochemical characterization identified Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli as the predominant isolates, with their presence markedly reduced at longer boiling durations. The findings demonstrate that boiling time significantly influences the microbial quality of eggs, with longer durations enhancing bacterial reduction and safety. It is therefore recommended that eggs be boiled for at least 10–15 minutes to ensure adequate microbial inactivation and minimize potential health risks. This study provides useful insights for consumers and public health authorities on safe egg preparation practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samson Sukumun Kyakma, Chabiya Atu Bathon, Nasiru Abuh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AND VITAMIN CONTENT OF CUCUMBER AS INFLUENCED BY VARIETY, FERTILIZER TYPE AND STAKING
Cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) market commands high price nowadays and the rate of consumption is surging as a result of its hydrating property and nutritional content which are functional in human diets. A field experiment was conducted in the late cropping seasons of 2025 at the The Federal Polythechnic, Ilaro, Ogun State Nigeria (Latitude 60 531N and Longitude 20 581E), to determine the effect of variety, fertilizer and staking on the production of quality nutritional content in cucumbers for consumer’s acceptability. The field was demarcated into 30 plots, and individual plots measured 2mx 2m. The land was bedded up manually at a spacing of 1.0 m apart. The experiment was a 2x3x2 factorial experiment, fitted into Randomized Complete block design. The treatments includes, cucumber varieties (Darina and Nanga), staking (staked and unstaked) and fertilizer type (control, organic (Neem fertilizer) and inorganic fertilizer). Nutrient content varies based on different varieties, fertilizer types and cultural practice staking. Nanga variety was observed to be significantly higher in Fat, Crude fibre and Ash , vitamins A, C, K and B9 relative to Darina while higher Moisture content was observed in Darina relative to Nanga cucumber. Plant treated with Inorganic fertilizer had more crude protein and fat Vit. A, C and K, relative to organic fertilizer. Unstaked fruit was found to be higher in Crude protein, fat and all vitamin components. Nanga variety cultivated with 200kg/ha is recommended for optimum nutrient composition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Oluwaseun Ogheneyoma Okparavero, Iyabode Alarima, Modupe Subair, Rukayat Adeyinka Oluwole, Samson Kehinde https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ALKALI EXTRACTS FROM PLANTAIN PEEL, COCOA POD HUSK, AND CASSAVA PEEL ASH FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Growing demand for low-cost, eco-friendly substitutes for inorganic alkalis have driven interest in agricultural wastes as feedstocks. In this study, alkali extracts were produced and characterized from three agricultural residues: plantain peel, cocoa pod husk and cassava peel with the aim of developing sustainable substitutes for conventional alkalis while adding value to waste materials. To achieve this, the biomass samples were subjected to proximate analysis to determine their moisture and ash contents, while the derived alkali extracts were evaluated for pH, molarity, and elemental composition using standard analytical techniques. In addition, one-way ANOVA and regression analysis were employed to examine statistical relationships among the alkali properties. The results revealed significant variations in moisture content (70.3±0.78c -79.8±0.49d %) and yield of ash (5.1±0.23d -8.8±0.20d %) across the samples. Similarly, the final alkali solutions exhibited wide differences in molarity (0.01±0.00b -0.80±0.01f mol/dm-³) and pH (9.77–11.46). Notably, plantain peel yielded the most effective alkali solution, attributable to its higher potassium and sodium contents, with cocoa pod husk ranking next, whereas cassava peel produced the lowest yield. FTIR results showed that all the volatile organic component are largely burnt off, and what remains is predominantly inorganic ash. These findings demonstrate that agricultural waste-derived alkali, particularly from plantain peel and cocoa pod husk can serve as low-cost and environmentally sustainable alternative to commercial alkalis, with practical applications in soap production and decomposition nitrocellulose-based propellants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan M. Nwaedozie, Muktar M. Namadi, Kabiru Ado, Bosede T. Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
APPLICATION OF QUEUEING ANALYSIS IN INPATIENT WARD OF COTTAGE HOSPITAL GIREI, GIREI, ADAMAWA STATE NIGERIA
This research work focuses on analyzing patients waiting time in Cottage hospital Girei. The research focused on three wards (male medical ward, female medical ward and pediatric ward) and data was collected for a period of three months (March, April and May 2024). M/M/1 and M/M/1/N models were used to compare the queue metrics across the wards. The result shows that M/M/1/N has a higher waiting time across the wards (MMW=63.04hrs, PW=82.12hrs and FMW=89.61) compared to M/M/1(MMW=29.31hrs, PW=25hrs). Furthermore, a simulation was carried out across all wards to obtain an optimal waiting time and system capacity. The result reveals that, a dual-ward system gives a least waiting time (MMW =23.87hrs, PW=31.24hrs and FWM=39.9hrs) compared to M/M/1 across all the wards with an increase in system capacity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammed Abba Buhari, Danjuma Jibasen, Ibrahim Danjuma Bashir, Abdulhadi Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IOT-DRIVEN SOIL HEALTH MONITORING USING LOW-COST SENSORS AND DATA FUSION TECHNIQUES: A CASE STUDY OF MUBI NORTH AND MUBI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
This study developed a low-cost offline soil health monitoring system for smallholder farmers in Mubi North and Mubi South Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The system used an ESP32 microcontroller and a CWT-Soil-THCPH-5 sensor to measure soil moisture, temperature, and pH simultaneously through Modbus RTU communication. It operated entirely without cloud connectivity by functioning as a local Wi-Fi hotspot and allowed direct download of high-resolution data in XLS format via any mobile device. One monitoring node was deployed for three months at 5cm depth with 10-minute sampling intervals. Calibration followed a two-stage procedure, and an Irrigation Suitability Index was computed offline through simple data fusion of the measured parameters. Results showed reliable simultaneous readings, stable temperature between 27 °C and 34 °C pH between 5.8 and 7.3, and a clear seasonal decline in soil moisture and Irrigation Suitability Index that matched local drying patterns. The system demonstrates a practical solution for precision agriculture in areas with limited internet and power infrastructure. It eliminates cloud dependency, reduces costs, and provides farmers with immediate, actionable soil information. Future work will expand to multiple nodes, incorporate NPK sensors, and develop a mobile application for automated alerts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Suleiman Aliyu, Hyellamada Simon, Solomon Makasda Dickson, Jibrin Aliyu Dawaki, Aisha Muhammad Hussein, Yusuf Bello Garga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION, BIOACTIVITY, AND ACARICIDAL POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM Cymbopogon citratus AND Citrus sinensis PEEL AGAINST ADULT Amblyomma variegatum
The increasing resistance of ticks to synthetic acaricides has driven interest in plant-derived alternatives. This study evaluated the extraction yield, physicochemical properties, chemical composition and acaricidal efficacy of essential oils from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and orange peel (Citrus sinensis) against adult Amblyomma variegatum. Essential oils were obtained by hydro distillation and yields were calculated. Physicochemical properties were determined using standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods, while chemical composition was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Acaricidal activity was assessed using the Adult Immersion Test at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, with mortality recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours post-treatment. Amitraz (0.1%) served as the positive control, while extra-virgin olive oil was used as diluent and negative control. Lemongrass oil yielded 0.70% (2.0 g), whereas orange peel oil yielded 4.70% (14.0 g). GC-MS analysis identified citral (71.0%) as the major component in lemongrass oil and limonene (36.0%) in orange peel oil. Both oils exhibited concentration- and time-dependent acaricidal activity. At 30% concentration after 72 hours, mortality rates of 73.33% and 60.00% were recorded for lemongrass and orange peel oils, respectively. Although neither treatment achieved complete mortality comparable to amitraz, lemongrass oil consistently demonstrated greater efficacy. These findings indicate that both essential oils possess significant acaricidal potential with lemongrass oil showing superior activity. Their effectiveness at higher concentrations supports their potential as environmentally friendly alternatives for integration into tick management strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yetunde Hannah Owolabi, Butcher Danladi Jonathan George, Audu Joseph Natala, Mohammed Bello Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREVALENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES OF CATTLE AND SHEEP IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION RESEARCH FARM, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE, NORTH CENTRAL, NIGERIA
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle and Sheep in animal production research farm, Federal University of Technology Minna, using centrifugal floatation and sedimentation technique. A total of one hundred and fifty (150) faecal samples were collected from cattle (75) and Sheep (75). An overall prevalence of 52.7% was recorded. Cattle (28.0%) had the highest prevalence than Sheep (24.7%) and the difference was non-significant (P>0.05). Seven (7) gastrointestinal parasites were encountered namely: Toxocara spp (12.0%), Strongyloides spp (4.0%), Strongyle spp (14.7%), Eimeria spp (10.7%), Taenia spp (5.3%), Monieza spp (3.3%) and Fasciola spp (2.7%). Strongyle spp (14.7%) had the highest prevalence while the least prevalence was Fasciola spp (2.7%). Male cattle (29.3%) were more infected than female cattle (26.67%). Female Sheep (28.0%) were more infected than male sheep (21.3%). Adult cattle (36.0%) were more infected than young cattle (20.0%). Adult Sheep (26.7%) were more infected than young sheep (22.7%). Pregnant cattle (17.5%) and non-pregnant cattle (17.5%) were more infected than lactating Cattle (15.0%). Pregnant sheep (20.0%) were more infected than lactating (12.0%) and non-pregnant sheep (10.0%). There was no statistically significant difference P>0.05) in the prevalence of infection between the sex, age of cattle and sheep and physiological status of the female cattle. There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) between prevalence and physiological status of the female sheep.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amina Yawo Adamu, Chubiyojo Victoria Wani, Fatima Ndagi Adamu, Abubakar Faisal, Saudat Lawal, Khadija Abduganiyu, Fadila Adamu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATED NMR, FTIR, AND MASS SPECTROMETRIC APPROACH TO THE STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION OF A HEPTACYCLIC METHOXY- AND METHYLPEROXY-SUBSTITUTED COMPOUND FROM Lactuca taraxacifolia
This study reports the extraction, isolation, and spectroscopic characterization of compound SB2 from the aerial parts of Lactuca taraxacifolia. Pulverized plant material was extracted with chloroform and successively partitioned using n-hexane, trichloromethane, ethyl ethanoate, and methanol. The trichloromethane fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography using a gradient solvent system of n-hexane and ethyl ethanoate (100:0–0:100, v/v). Fractions were monitored by thin-layer chromatography using n-hexane/ethyl ethanoate (9:1, v/v) as the mobile phase, yielding SB2 as a green oily liquid with a single spot (Rf = 0.42). Structural characterization was carried out using FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, COSY, and GC–MS analyses. GC–MS revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z 530.7804 corresponding to the molecular formula C₃₆H₅₀O₃. Spectroscopic data indicated the presence of aromatic and aliphatic domains together with oxygenated functionalities including methoxy and methylperoxy groups. Although overlapping NMR signals limited definitive structural assignment, the combined GC–MS, FTIR, and NMR data support a structurally complex oxygenated aromatic–aliphatic compound with possible polycyclic features. The findings contribute to the phytochemical knowledge of Lactuca taraxacifolia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Benedict C. Anyanwu, Chidi P. Njoku, Canice U. Silas, Onyinyechi U. Akoh, Bright C. Onyekwere, Gogo C. Anyanwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
YIELD PERFORMANCE OF MUSK MELON (CUCUMIS MELO L.) AS INFLUENCED BY INTRA-ROW SPACING AND POULTRY MANURE RATE IN SAVANNA ZONE OF NIGERIA
Bilocation trials were conducted during the 2023 rainy season in Dutsin-Ma, Sudan Savanna ecological zone and Malumfashi, Northern Guinea Savanna ecological zone, Nigeria, to determine the yield response of Musk melon (Cucumis melo L.) varieties to intra-row spacing and poultry manure. The treatments comprised 2x3x4 factorial combinations of two musk melon varieties (NEPTUNE F1 and URANUS F1), three intra-row spacing treatments (25cm, 50cm, and 75cm), and four poultry manure rates (0, 5, 10, and 15 tons/ha). A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used. URANUS F1 significantly (P<0.05) hastened flowering compared with NEPTUNE F1. URANUS F1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher fruit weight/plant and fruit yield/plant than NEPTUNE F1 in Malumfashi. 75cm intra-row spacing produced significantly (P<0.05) higher fruit diameter and fruit weight/plant than other intra-row spacings. 75cm intra-row spacing produced significantly (P<0.05) higher fresh fruit yield/hectare than other intra-row spacings in Dutsin-Ma, but 50cm intra-row spacing produced significantly (P<0.05) higher fresh fruit yield/hectare than other intra-row spacings in Malumfashi. Applying 15 t poultry manure ha-1 produced significantly (P<0.05) higher fruit diameter, fruit weight/plant and fresh fruit yield/hectare than other rates. Interaction between intra-row spacing and poultry manure was significant on fresh fruit yield/hectare, where 50cm intra-row and 15 t poultry manure ha-1 produced significantly higher fruit yield/hectare than other combinations. In conclusion, sowing NEPTUNE F1 in Dutsin-Ma and URANUS F1 at Malumfashi at 50cm intra-row spacing and 15 t poultry manure ha-1 is the most suitable for musk melon yield in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim Abubakar Ladan, Aderemi G. Adesoji, Sanusi Jari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MINERALS, VITAMINS, AND ANTINUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF MAIZE OGI ENRICHED WITH AFRICAN YAM BEAN (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) SOY FLOURS (Glycine max) AND THEIR PROTEIN ISOLATES
Ogi is a traditional fermented cereal gruel produced from cereals. Its nutritional qualities were improved with enrichment with flours and protein isolates from African yam bean and soy bean, while antinutritional factors decreased. Material balance was used in formulation to attain 16% protein dry weight. Sample B contained 53.40% maize ogi and 46.60% African yam bean flour; Sample C contained 76.40% maize ogi and 23.40% soy flour; Sample D contained 89.40% maize ogi and 10.60% African yam bean protein isolate; and Sample E contained 90.20% maize ogi and 9.80% soy protein isolate. Standard laboratory procedures were used for all analyses. Enrichment significantly altered results (p≤0.05). Mineral and vitamin contents of maize ogi increased significantly following enrichment. Calcium rose from 56.03 mg/100g in Sample A to 170.95 mg/100g in Sample C. Phosphorus increased from 154.76 to 271.74 mg/100g. Sodium rose from 8.00 to 44.26 mg/100g, and potassium from 178.20 to 449.74 mg/100g. Thiamine levels increased from 0.51 to 0.96 mg/100g. Riboflavin rose from 0.27 to 0.57 mg/100g, and niacin from 1.97 to 2.70 mg/100g.Antinutritional factors also showed significant differences (p≤0.05). Phytate increased from 2.57 to 9.48 mg/100g, oxalate from 0.22 to 5.05 mg/100g in Sample B, tannins from 0.34 to 7.57 mg/100g, and trypsin inhibitor activity from 0.46 to 10.59 mg/100g. Protein isolate samples D and E recorded lower antinutritional values. Overall, addition of African yam bean, soy flours, and their protein isolates to maize ogi reduced antinutritional contents to tolerable levels while increased mineral and vitamin contents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paul, O. Ochelle, K. Atanda Sogunle https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTS OF SOAKING PRETREATMENT AND CITRIC ACID LINTNERIZATION ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF RED GUINEA CORN STARCH
This study investigated the influence of pretreatment and citric acid lintnerization on the physicochemical and functional properties of Red Guinea corn starch. Cereal grains were soaked at room temperature for varied durations (0 h, 24 h and 48 h) before starch isolation, after which the starch was subjected to citric acid lintnerization at different concentrations (1 M, 3 M and 5 M). The effects of soaking time were evident in the subsequent esterification process, with prolonged soaking enhancing solubility (% S) and Paste clarity (%PC) while reducing swelling power (SP) and water holding capacity (WHC). SP decreased from 10.89 ±1.13 g/g in unsoaked crude starch (U‑CS) to 5.33 ±0.35 g/g in 5 M lintnerized starch subjected to 48 hours soaking (S48‑M5). Solubility increased with increase in citric acid concentration, reaching 32.00±11.1% in S48‑M5 compared to 8.00±0.0% in unsoaked crude starch (U‑Cs). Similarly, paste clarity increased with prolonged lintnerization, from 23±0.00% in U‑CS to 59±0.00% in S48‑M5. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of a new peak at 1718 cm-1, which is attributed to the presence of C=O carbonyl stretches of ester. Also, there is a sharp peak at 1541 cm-1 which is attributed to C-O-C stretch of ester. Which were absent in the spectra structure of the crude starches. The degree of substitution increases (from 0.5427±0.00 to 0.7817±0.00) with increase in citric acid concentration. These findings demonstrate that soaking pretreatment alters starch granule accessibility and reactivity, thereby intensifying the effects of citric acid lintnerization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Temiloluwa O. Amusan, Jonathan M. Nwaedozie, Muhammad D. Faruruwa, Patricia E. Umoru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DYNAMIC LEARNER PROFILING AND ENGAGEMENT-DRIVEN ADAPTATION USING LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS
Dynamic learner profiling has become a critical component in adaptive learning systems, particularly with the emergence of large language models (LLMs) capable of processing complex natural language interactions. This paper presents a framework for engagement-driven adaptation using GPT-based large language models, behavioural analytics, and reinforcement learning to continuously update learner profiles in real time. The study adopted a design science and experimental research approach in developing a multi-dimensional learner profiling system that models cognitive, affective, behavioural, and metacognitive learner states. A Double Deep Q-Network (DDQN) was integrated to optimise instructional adaptation strategies, while retrieval-augmented generation improved contextual response generation. Experimental evaluation was conducted using public educational datasets and a proprietary tutoring interaction corpus containing over 1.8 million interaction records. The proposed framework was compared with static rule-based systems, vanilla GPT models, and profiling systems without reinforcement learning. Results showed significant improvements in profiling accuracy (overall F1-score of 0.86), learner engagement (65% deep engagement rate), knowledge retention (84%), and learning efficiency (1.5× improvement) compared with baseline systems. The findings demonstrate the potential of large language models and reinforcement learning to support highly personalised and adaptive educational systems capable of improving learner engagement, retention, and overall learning outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Damilare S. Akinwunmi, Afolashade Kuyoro, Uchenna Nzenwata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0