The FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the publication of high-quality original research papers, review articles, technical reports, and short communications. The journal covers all aspects of Science and Technology, with a broad scope that includes, but is not limited to: • Chemistry • Physics • Earth and Atmospheric Sciences • Biological Sciences (Botany, Microbiology, Biochemistry, Agriculture, Zoology, etc.) • Medical Sciences • Pharmaceutical Sciences • Environmental Science • Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Engineering • Mathematics and Statistics • Materials Science, Mechanics, and Polymer Sciences • Nutrition and Food Science • Textile Sciences • Renewable Energy • Biotechnology, Genetics, and Bioinformatics • Geology and Geosciences • Process Modelling, Computational Analysis, and Waste-to-Resource Processes The journal provides a multidisciplinary platform for researchers, academics, and professionals to disseminate cutting-edge scientific knowledge and technological innovations that address contemporary challenges locally, nationally, and globally.
Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State - Nigeria
Optimal Biomass Oil Output of Ozoro Jatropha Seed and its Thermal Analysis for Industrial Utilization
Biomass oil from non-edible materials is an eco-friendly approach to generating low-cost bio-lubricants and their conversion into biodiesel to power machines. First, the Jatropha Seed was dried at 169 °C, as reported by TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), in an oven and ground into a fine powder. The Biomass oil was extracted from the ground Jatropha Seed using BBD (Box-Behnken Design) parameters and Soxhlet equipment. The best experimental result was obtained at 60 minutes, 50 g, and 230 mL n-hexane, yielding a response of 62.66 wt.% as the highest centre-point and 47.30 wt.% as the mean optimum point. This BBD yield was validated with RStudio predictive tools. Additionally, the plots revealed that time and n-hexane are key to a higher Ozoro Jatropha seed biomass oil yield. Thus, the R2 of RStudio and the Box-Behnken Design are in alignment at 98.37%. The RStudio visualization plots aligned with the derived BBD visualization plots, making the BBD an ideal experimental tool for optimizing and predicting crude biomass oil yield, while the RStudio tool is ideal for predicting crude biomass oil yield. The seed`s higher heating and lower heating values of 30.167 MJ/kg and 29.936 MJ/kg, respectively, revealed that the seed could serve as solid biomass fuel. Furthermore, the fuel grades of the crude biomass oil derived suggest that it has good potential as a biodiesel feedstock.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Chukwuka Iweka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Maternal Nutrition on Embryonic Development and Growth in Wistar Rat Pups
Maternal nutrition is a major determinant of fetal growth, embryonic development, and long-term offspring health. Although several studies had investigated the developmental consequences of maternal nutritional imbalance, the specific effects of diets predominantly composed of individual macronutrients on embryonic growth remain insufficiently understood, hence this study. Twenty female Wistar rats and eight fertile male Wistar rats were used. The females were assigned into four groups (n = 5): a control group fed with standard balanced diet, (a high-protein diet group, a high-carbohydrate diet group, and a high-fat diet group), followed by administration of the experimental diet for 28 days, then mating continued throughout gestation. Pregnancy was confirmed by vaginal smear examination, and maternal body weight was monitored throughout pregnancy. Following delivery, neonatal growth parameters including birth weight, crown–rump length (CRL), and PCV were measured. The CRL of Wistar Rat Pups showed a statistically significant reduction in fetal crown length in all experimental diet groups compared to the control (p = 0.0056). Similar with the (PCV %) (p= 0.0001), and fetal weight (p= 0.0001). However, maternal weight was significantly higher in the experimental groups compared to the control group (p= 0.0022). These findings underscore the importance of adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy and provide experimental evidence supporting nutritional interventions aimed at improving fetal growth and developmental outcomes. Therefore, it is recommended that women of reproductive age and pregnant mothers maintain a balanced and nutritionally adequate diet before and throughout pregnancy to promote optimal embryonic growth, fetal development, and favourable birth outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aniah Julius Akomaye, Kahen Aniefiok Brownson, James Rimamtsab, Moses Dele Adams, Bassey Atte Inyang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Personalized, Adaptive Learning Platform for Tertiary Education
The continuous increase of digital education has exposed the limitations of traditional, uniform learning models that fail to account for individual learner differences. A Personalised Learning Platform with Adaptive Content (PLPAC), which is AI-driven, was developed to deliver tailored learning experiences through real-time adaptation. The system incorporates the mathematical Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT) model, a hybrid collaborative and content-based recommendation engine, and mastery-based progression, adjusting content difficulty, format, sequence, and assessment in response to each learner's evolving profile. The system was built using a five-layer, multi-tier architecture across six two-week Agile sprints, and was then evaluated using a 12-week, mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design involving 250 tertiary-level students (125 in the PLPAC experimental group, 125 in a conventional Learning Management System control group). Results showed statistically significant gains across all four evaluated dimensions: large normalized learning gains for PLPAC (Hake's g = 0.43) relative to the control group (g = 0.20), with a large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.76); a 42% higher module completion rate (χ²(1) = 38.47, p < .001); substantially higher engagement across six behavioural metrics (77%–225% increases); and a disproportionately larger gain for the lowest-performing quartile of learners, which narrowed the gap in learning gains (though not the absolute post-test score gap) between low- and high-achieving learners relative to the control group. User satisfaction averaged 4.27 out of 5, exceeding the System Usability Scale benchmark.
Mathematical, Computer & Statistical Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 Iriagbonse Amanda Inyang, Orie Cynthia Eloho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid Principal Component-Based Estimators for Multicollinearity in Simultaneous Equation Models
This study addresses the problem of multicollinearity in simultaneous equation models (SEMs) by proposing hybrid estimators that integrate Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with conventional estimation techniques. Multicollinearity, characterized by high correlations among explanatory variables, adversely affects the efficiency and stability of estimators such as Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS), Three-Stage Least Squares (3SLS), and Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML). To mitigate this problem, correlated regressors are transformed into orthogonal principal components prior to estimation, leading to the PCR-based SEM estimators. The performance of both classical and hybrid estimators is evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations under varying levels of multicollinearity, sample sizes and error structures. Mean Squared Error (MSE) is used as the evaluation criterion. The results indicate that the hybrid PCR-FIML estimator consistently outperforms competing estimators in most experimental settings. Overall, incorporating PCA into SEM estimation improves predictive accuracy, reduces estimation variance, and enhances robustness in the presence of multicollinearity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alademomi Aladesuyi, Olatayo Olusegun Alabi, Abimbola Hamidu Bello https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pest Infestation Prediction System for Stored Beans Based on Machine Learning and IoT Sensors Strategy
Beans, though highly nutritious, are vulnerable to postharvest pest attacks, leading to significant food and economic losses. The traditional methods of mitigating the loss to pest attacks is tedious besides, efficiency becomes issues especially to climate factors. State of the art approaches such as Machine Learning techniques have been employed to deal with the challenges but not without room for improvement. Therefore, this study aim to design and implement a sensor-driven system capable of monitoring environmental conditions and predicting infestation risks in real time based on machine learning models. The system integrated three sensors: a DHT11 for temperature and humidity measurement, a soil moisture module for monitoring moisture content, and an ESP32 microcontroller as the processing unit. Data collected were processed and analyzed using a multivariate linear regression model, which established the relationship between temperature, humidity, and moisture content, and the probability of pest infestation. Whenever environmental conditions exceeded safe thresholds, the system triggered alerts through a buzzer, LED, and WhatsApp notification to the farmer. Performance evaluation of the system demonstrated strong predictive performance. The model achieved an accuracy of 92.4%, precision of 89.1%, recall of 93.6%, and an F1-score of 91.3%.These results indicate that the system is promising as would reliably predict infestation risks while minimizing false alarms.Thus, the developed system provides a practical, low-cost, and efficient solution for farmers to proactively manage bean storage conditions.This is by combining IoT sensors with machine learning for real-time notifications, as it has contributes to reducing postharvest losses and enhancing food security
Copyright (c) 2026 Oluwaseun Adeniyi Ojerinde, Enesi Femi Aminu, Ayobami Ekundayo, Alfa Joshua Paul, Idris Mohammed Kolo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hybrid RFID-Geolocation Smart Attendance Unit for Enhanced Inclusivity and Efficiency
Adoption of Internet of Things (IoTs) in attendance management rebirths pedagogical practices to advance operational differentiation as modern procedural standards in learning citadels. Its utilization yields a transformative platform with smart access points towards inclusivity for teachers and learners while providing the needed reachability cum availability for ubiquitous learning with substantial cost reduction as an expansive tool. With its converged technology, wireless sensor networks and educational pedagogy – it equips administration with intelligent units that ease data exchange. Result shows the proposed artifact yielded a throughput with an average successful authenticated login time of 3.2secs with a zero false acceptance/rejection rate(s) (FAR/FRR) in properly configured sessions. Also, the peak Auth_Server response of 1.6secs for successful login helped to affirms the system’s high authentication accuracy, and an exceptional reliability for a 30-days testing period with an uptime of 0.997, and no latency for remote management. System also showed a recovery rate of 1.000 with an average recovery time of 4.2secs. The study has successfully demonstrated a working prototype that integrates knowledge-factor (PIN+OTP), possession-factor (RFID), and inherence-factor (biometrics) – utilized as authentication modes secured via the hashed MFA-records tokenization approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reuben Akpos Abere, Adesuwa Inaya, Arnold Adim Ojugo, Paul Avwerosuo Onoma, Ovie Victor Aherobo, Samuel Okperigho, Tabitha Chukwudi Aghaunor, Eferhire Valentin Ugbotu, Kingsley Theo Igulu, Nelson Asheshemi, Emeke Ugboh, Margaret Dumebi Okpor, Taibat Onome Asunogie, Star Umiyeromesu Niemogha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of mycological profile and heavy metals concentration of Orogodo River in Delta State, Nigeria
Fungal and heavy metals pollution of rivers are of public health concerns. The mycological and heavy metal characteristics of surface water from Orogodo River in Delta State, Nigeria, were assessed during a single sampling period (February, 2025), across three sampling stations namely; Mbiri, Owa Nta and Agbor, using standard analytical methods including culture-based fungal enumeration, morphological identification and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for the determination of metals. Fungal colony forming units (CFUs) were recorded as 10.44 ± 2.14×10³ CFU/mL, 10.44 ± 2.26×10³ CFU/mL, and 9.88 ± 1.99×10³ CFU/mL for Site I (Mbiri), Site II (Owa Nta), and Site III (Agbor), with identified aquatic fungi; Saccharomyces sp., Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum chrysogenum and Rhizopus sp. Species distribution analysis revealed Saccharomyces sp. as the most prevalent isolate, present in the respective stations surveyed while Penicillium chrysogenum, Rhizopus sp., and Fusarium oxysporum were among the least common. Heavy metal analysis of the river’s surface water showed elevated concentrations of iron (0.76 mg/L) and cadmium (0.05 mg/L), both of which exceeded the World Health Organization and Nigeria Standards for Drinking Water Quality permissible limits (0.3 mg/L and 0.003 mg/L). These results suggest localized fungal and metal contamination and warrant broader seasonal monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Austin Grandy Jaboro, Uzoma James Oghene, Eguono Judith Alari, Gift Nkechi Itila https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Investigation of Seasonal Performance of an Indirect Solar Dryer Using CFD
This study presents a numerical investigation of the seasonal performance of an indirect solar dryer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6. The simulated dryer was evaluated for the dry, harmattan and rainy seasons in Kano, Northwestern Nigeria using outlet air velocity and temperature distribution as the principal performance indicators. At 35 min of simulation time, the predicted maximum outlet velocities were 27.9 m/s, 23.5 m/s and 22.8 m/s for the dry, harmattan and rainy seasons respectively. The corresponding seasonal ambient temperatures used as simulation inputs were 36.0 °C, 31.75 °C and 32.0 °C. The simulations produced maximum temperature values of 416.71 K, 399.19 K and 388.15 K for the dry, harmattan and rainy seasons respectively. These peak values are the maximum velocity outlet and temperature distribution predicted by the CFD model and the results indicate that seasonal environmental conditions substantially influence the predicted airflow and thermal fields of the dryer with the dry season producing the highest outlet velocity and temperature values. The study demonstrates the usefulness of CFD for assessing seasonal airflow and thermal behaviour of an indirect solar dryer before physical construction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nomau Sabiyel Anas, Muhammad Gana Umar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Resampling Methods for Survival Parameter Estimation in a Two-Parameter Exponential Model
This study compares Bootstrap, Jackknife Delete-1, Delete-2, Delete-3 and a K-level Delete-r procedure for estimating parameters of a two-parameter exponential survival model. Monte Carlo simulation used <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>n</m:r><m:r>=10,30,70</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="en-NG" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: #0C00; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>θ</m:r><m:r>=0,1,2</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="en-NG" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: #0C00; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>λ</m:r><m:r>=0.5,1,2</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="en-NG" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 5.5pt; mso-text-raise: -5.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ligatures: standardcontextual; mso-ansi-language: #0C00; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , and 200 replications per scenario, followed by an NCCTG lung-cancer application. Delete-1 generally produced the smallest bias, variance and MSE, while Bootstrap showed greater variability. The K-level Delete-r method remained competitive and stable. The study provides practical evidence for selecting resampling methods and clarifies the distinction between direct Delete-r and recursive K-repeated jackknifing. Future work should examine censoring, larger sample size and other survival distributions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Ibrahim, Monday Osagie Adenomon, Claret Onyinye Ihekaire, Emmanuel Chaku Shammah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Sectorial Contributions to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Using Principal Component Regression Approach (1981–2024)
This study assessed the sectorial contributions to Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) using the Principal Component Regression (PCR) approach over the period 1981–2024. An ex post facto research design was adopted, using annual time-series data obtained from the 2024 Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletin. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and PCR were employed to evaluate the contributions of 22 economic sectors while addressing multicollinearity. The results showed that the conventional MLR model was severely affected by multicollinearity, leading to unstable parameter estimates. PCR, however, reduced the sectorial variables to three orthogonal principal components that explained 98.91% of the total variation and produced a highly robust model with an adjusted R² of 99.99%. The principal components exerted significant positive effects on GDP, while exchange rate had a significant negative effect and trade openness a significant positive effect. Diagnostic tests confirmed that the final model was free from serial correlation and heteroskedasticity, indicating reliable estimates. Back-transformation revealed that Water Supply, Sewage and Waste Management; Construction; Electricity, Gas, Steam and Air Conditioning; Manufacturing; and Information and Communication were among the strongest contributors to GDP, while Mining and Quarrying and Public Administration contributed relatively less. The study concludes that PCR provides a reliable framework for assessing sectorial contributions to economic growth and recommends increased investment in infrastructure, utilities, manufacturing, and information and communication to promote sustainable growth and structural transformation in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salisu Auta Musa, Linus Ifeanyi Onyishi, Abdullahi Lawan, Nafisatu Ahmad Tanko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maize Farmers' Perception of Land-based Decisions for Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation and World Bank Intervention in Northwest, Nigeria
Understanding the nexus between land-based decisions, climate change and adaptation is vital in developing effective land-based climate change mitigation policies and adaptation measures. Although mitigation and adaptation are human-mediated processes, current global-scale modelling tools have no justification for societal learning and other human responses to ecological change. The study assessed maize farmers' perception of land-based decisions for climate change mitigation, adaptation and World Bank intervention in Northwest, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 540 maize farmers. Data collected and analyzed using questionnaire and descriptive statistics. Results revealed (57%) of the maize farmers had education, (56%) had 41- 50 years farming experience, with mean score of 38 years. Also, revealed (74%) had, while, 26% had no contact/visit with extension agents. Furthermore, the decision option of 60.56% of the farmers with a mean farm size of 2.54 ha., maize value of N3,071,185.70k classified unsustainable, while the decision option of the remaining 39.44% were classified sustainable, with a mean farm size of 1.57 ha., maize value of N1,209,461.95k. The percentage outputs as normalized by 1.56 ha. were 0% for sustainable land-based option and 56.95% for unsustainable land-based option. The high value of maize generated under unsustainable land-based decision option due to inorganic fertilizer use and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emission, extension workers and stakeholders in agronomy/ soil management should educate farmers on yield enhancement through appropriate and efficient use of organic manure. Thus, SLM stakeholders and World Bank should develop labour-saving, motorized weeding tools for sustainable land-based practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ekundayo Afolabi, Abine Alexander Atama, Abdulkabir Onoruoyiza Taru, Sarah Ojoma Amanabo, Omojo Isabella Akuh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geographic Variation in Plasmodium Infection Intensity and Species Distribution among Children under Five: Evidence from Four Slums of Gombe State, Nigeria
Background: Malaria transmission is geographically heterogeneous, even within small areas sharing similar climatic conditions. Understanding how infection intensity and Plasmodium species composition vary across communities is essential for rational targeting of malaria control resources. Objective: This study examined whether significant differences in malaria parasite seen (MPS) and Plasmodium species distribution exist across four communities among children under five years of age, between November 2024 to February 2026. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 1,162 children under five from Dawaki (n = 272), Tabra Galdimari (n = 296), TudunHatsi (n = 294), and ZirinGaza (n = 300). Blood smear microscopy assessed parasite density (MPS) and identified Plasmodium species. Pearson chi-square tests and Cramer's V evaluated the association between study location and each infection outcome. Results: Highly significant associations were found between location and MPS (χ²(9) = 344.76, p < .001, V = .314) and location and Plasmodium species (χ²(6) = 384.83, p < .001, V = .407). Tudun Hatsi exhibited the highest moderate parasitaemia burden (92.9%) with no high-density infections, while Tabra Galdimari had the highest negativity rate (44.3%) and greatest proportion of high-density infections (6.4%). P. malariae was detected exclusively in Dawaki (25.0% of that site's sample)and absent from all other communities. Conclusion: Substantial and statistically meaningful geographic variation in malaria infection intensity and species composition exists across adjacent communities. These findings support site-specific malaria surveillance and targeted intervention strategies rather than uniform regional approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Godnear Ogadimma Ibeh, Godly Chessed, Muhammad Abdul Qadeer, Oluwasanumi Adedimeji Adepoju, Abba Ezra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Doxorubicin-Induced Multi-Organ Toxicity: Mechanisms, Clinical Relevance and Emerging Protective Strategies
Doxorubicin is an effective anthracycline used against solid and haematological malignancies, but dose-dependent multi-organ toxicity limits its clinical use. Oxidative stress is a major mechanism underlying this injury and produces measurable changes in redox biomarkers. This review synthesises evidence on mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress, major biomarkers, organ-specific patterns, clinical relevance and protective strategies. PubMed/MEDLINE, targeted Google Scholar searching and backward reference-list searching were used to identify literature from January 2010 to 10 August 2026. Relevant human, animal and in-vitro studies were considered, with seminal pre-2010 studies retained selectively for mechanistic context. Doxorubicin generally increases oxidative-damage markers, particularly malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, while reducing superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione. Evidence is strongest for cardiotoxicity, whereas clinical validation for non-cardiac organs is limited. Dexrazoxane and liposomal doxorubicin have stronger clinical evidence for cardioprotection, while many antioxidant and nanocarrier approaches remain preclinical. Oxidative-stress biomarkers are mechanistically informative but lack sufficient standardisation and prospective validation for routine predictive use. Integrated biomarker approaches require further clinical evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isaac Iquot, Ifabunmi Osonuga, Oyedayo Akano, Soetan Olaniyi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Potential Role of Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel to the Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in Hadejia, Jigawa State, Nigeria
This study examined the potential role of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in the prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) in Hadejia. These heavy metals were analyzed in water, vegetables and blood samples of CKD patients. All samples were prepared using acid digestion, and heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results indicate that Cd, Cr, Pb and Ni levels found in all the blood and drinking water samples analyzed exceeded the WHO permissible limit. While the Cd, Cr and Ni levels in spinach, lettuce and onions were below the threshold limit. However, the levels of Pb in onions (0.110±0.880mg/kg to 0.030±0.0001mg/kg) and lettuces (0.050±0.0013mg/kg to 0.740±0.0001mg/kg) analyzed exceeded the recommended limit in most of these samples. The elevated Cd, Cr, Pb, and Ni concentrations observed in both CKD patients and control subjects suggest environmental exposure to these heavy metals within the study area. The presence of high levels of these heavy metals in water and blood samples is of great concern, as these metals have been implicated for their nephrotoxic effects. The findings indicate that heavy metals contamination may be a potential contributing factor to the increasing burden of chronic kidney disease in Hadejia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussaini Garba, Shaibu Yusuf, Faridah Dauda Salehkyari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comparative Phytochemical, FTIR and GC–MS Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava and Ocimum gratissimum
Medicinal plants are important sources of bioactive compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications. This study comparatively evaluated the extraction yield, phytochemical composition, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) characteristics, and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) profiles of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica, Psidium guajava, and Ocimum gratissimum were collected from Kaduna state, Nigeria. Leaf powders were extracted separately by cold maceration using distilled water and ethanol. The extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses, FTIR spectroscopy, and GC–MS characterization using standard analytical procedures. Ethanolic extraction produced higher yields (9.4–11.3%) than aqueous extraction (7.6–8.2%) across all plant species. Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids were detected in all extracts, although their concentrations varied among plant species and extraction solvents. Ocimum gratissimum exhibited the highest phenolic (11.21 ± 1.62 mg/g) and flavonoid (6.13 ± 1.35 mg/g) contents, whereas Psidium guajava contained the highest tannin concentration (5.74 ± 1.72 mg/g). FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups associated with phenolics, alcohols, esters, aromatic compounds, and other oxygenated metabolites. GC–MS analysis identified diverse bioactive constituents, predominantly fatty acids, fatty acid derivatives, long-chain hydrocarbons, esters, and related compounds with documented antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The observed variations in extraction yield and phytochemical contents among plant species and extraction solvents were statistically significant (p < 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA. The findings demonstrate that ethanol is a more efficient extraction solvent than water and highlight the rich phytochemical diversity of these medicinal plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imelda Ada Oyong, Ali Haroun Ahmed, Magaji Yakubu, Umar Hassan Abba, Kereakade Ebipada, Nwankwo Cornelius https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Herb–Drug Interaction at the Dissolution Level: Effect of Fenugreek Galactomannan on Glibenclamide Release Profiles
This study looked into the in vitro dissolution profile of Glibenclamide tablets in the presence of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract. Glibenclamide, a second-generation sulfonylurea with poor aqueous solubility, is associated with variable dissolution and absorption characteristics. At the same time, fenugreek is widely used in traditional diabetes management because of its hypoglycemic phytoconstituents. Fenugreek seeds were extracted by cold maceration using methanol and screened for phytochemical constituents, revealing the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, and polysaccharides. Four commercial brands of Glibenclamide tablets were evaluated for physicochemical quality parameters and subjected to dissolution studies using a USP type II dissolution apparatus in 0.1 N HCl kept at 37 ± 0.5 °C, both in the absence and presence of fenugreek extract. Dissolution samples were analyzed spectrophotometrically at 275 nm. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate (n = 3), and the results were reported as mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA p< 0.05 was considered statistically significant for the statistical analysis. The outcomes revealed that the presence of fenugreek extract altered the dissolution profile of Glibenclamide across the tested brands, with a significant reduction in percentage drug release observed at 30 min compared with the control formulations (p < 0.05). Some brands failed to achieve the British Pharmacopoeia dissolution requirement of not less than 80% drug release within 30 min in the presence of the extract. These findings suggest a potential in-vitro herb–drug interaction between fenugreek and Glibenclamide, which may influence the drug dissolution characteristics and warrants further in-vivo investigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Musa Garba, Bashir, Ishak, Idris, Yunusa, Nasiru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Salinity on the Growth and Yield of two Varieties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Soil salinity is one of the most severe abiotic factors limiting vegetable crop production. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of salinity on growth, biomass and yield of two okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.)) varieties: Clemson Spineless and LD88 (Moench) varieties grown under screen-house in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The seeds were obtained from National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria and cultivated in 4.5 litre plastic pots in sandy-loam soil (pH 6.7) under completely randomised design (CRD) with three replications in the Department of Botany screen house, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta. The salinity regim of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) imposed were 0% NaCl (control), 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% NaCl solution, at 3-day intervals. Growth measurements such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, pod number, pod length, pod dry weight, relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were taken every week. All growth and yield parameters were significantly (P<0.05) inhibited with salinity in both varieties when compare with the control. The RGR of Clemson Spineless decreased from 0.46 to 0.14 g g⁻¹ month⁻¹ at 0.15% NaCl. RGR of LD88 decreased from 0.46 to 0.14 g g⁻¹ month⁻¹ at the highest salinity level. The optimal concentration of NaCl that has the inhibitoriest effect on all parameters is 0.15%. Throughout the studies Clemson Spineless was consistently outperformed by LD88. A. esculentus is very salt sensitive, while the salt tolerant LD88 is recommended for growing in saline areas
Copyright (c) 2026 Ajayi, David, Ajiboye, Chukwuma, Ojewumi, Ameh, Oyetunji, Agboola https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Effectiveness of Disease Surveillance System in Controlling Cholera Outbreak, in Nasarawa State
Cholera remains a persistent public health threat in Nigeria, primarily driven by inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure. Effective disease surveillance systems are essential for early case detection, prompt notification, rapid response, and outbreak containment. This study evaluated the operational effectiveness of Nasarawa State’s disease surveillance system for cholera control. A descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted among 82 front line health workers including Disease Surveillance and Notification Officers (DSNOs), Surveillance Focal Persons, and clinicians across Local Government Areas. Data gathered via structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and document reviews were analyzed using descriptive, inferential, and thematic methods. Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (IDSR) framework participation was nearly universal (98.8%), with active surveillance as the primary strategy (65.9%). Most facilities defined explicit personnel roles (90.2%) and reported suspected cases within 24 hours (84.1%). However, paper-based reporting predominated, with minimal adoption of digital tools like SORMAS. Critical gaps persisted in laboratory confirmation, logistical support, feedback mechanisms, community-level reporting, and workforce motivation. Nasarawa State’s surveillance system exhibits moderate overall effectiveness, supported by rapid initial reporting. Achieving cholera elimination requires targeted investments in digital surveillance, upgraded laboratory and logistical infrastructure, enhanced community-based reporting, and improved workforce motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Yahuza Abdullahi, Adamu Ishaku Akali, Awe Abubakar Halilu, Bashiru Abubakar Shafa, Hauwa Hassan, Abubakar Musa Dan’Iya, Yakubu Daniel Terhemen, Salamatu Mohammed Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial Flora Associated with Different Body Parts of Nile Perch (Lates niloticus) from Kanye Dam, Kano State, Nigeria
The distribution of microorganisms across body parts of fish reflects their interaction with the aquatic environment and serves as an important indicator of potential public health risks. This study examined the microbial diversity and distribution in different body parts of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) collected from Kanye Dam, using standard microbiological procedures including cultural characterization, Gram staining, biochemical identification, total viable bacterial count (TVC), total anaerobic count (TAC), total fungal count (TFC) and coliform enumeration. The head recorded the highest TVC (164.67 ± 59.38 CFU g⁻¹), while the gills exhibited the highest TFC (136.50 ± 5.26 CFU g⁻¹). Mean TAC values were highest in the head (153.83 ± 33.52 CFU g⁻¹) and scales (153.17 ± 25.46 CFU g⁻¹). Faecal coliform counts were identical (24 MPN/100 mL) across all body parts, whereas total coliform counts ranged from 12.40 to 13.33 MPN/100 mL. Cultural, Gram staining and biochemical analyses identified Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Shigella spp. Gram-negative bacilli predominated in all samples, with Gram-positive bacteria occurring mainly in the gills and scales. Enterobacter spp. was the most frequently isolated organism, accounting for 100% of head isolates, 75% of gill isolates and 50% of scale isolates. The presence of indicator and potentially pathogenic bacteria highlight the need for improved hygienic handling practices and thorough cooking of Nile perch to safeguard public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nmesoma Eunice Eze, Halimat Sadiyat Ahmad, Kadijat Humi Aliyu, Musa Abdurrauf Aliyu, R.asheed Olatunji Moruf, Olayemi Philip Olateju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organic Preservatives for Cereal Grain Storage: Mechanisms, Nanoencapsulation Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects – A Narrative Review (2000–2025)
Post-harvest grain spoilage caused by fungi, bacteria, insects, and oxidative rancidity remains one of the leading threats to global food security. Synthetic preservatives such as propionates, benzoates, sorbates, and sulfites have long been used to protect stored foods; however, growing evidence linking some of these compounds to carcinogenicity, allergenicity, and persistent environmental residues has stimulated interest in organic (natural) alternatives. This narrative review synthesizes literature published between 2000 and 2025 on the application of organic preservatives, principally essential oils, in cereal grain preservation, with attention to their antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and repellent properties, as well as recent advances in nanoencapsulation and formulation science. The evidence reviewed indicates that essential oils such as thyme, clove, cinnamon, and oregano oils can disrupt microbial cell membranes, suppress mycotoxin biosynthesis, and repel storage pests; for example, encapsulated thyme oil has been reported to retain over 80% of its antifungal activity after six months of storage, compared with less than 30% for the free (unencapsulated) oil, while clove oil vapour has reduced maize weevil emergence by more than 70% in some trials. Nanoencapsulation using carriers such as chitosan and alginate can enhance the stability and efficacy of these preservatives with minimal effect on grain quality. Nonetheless, high manufacturing costs, limited scalability, compositional variability, food-matrix interactions, and the absence of harmonized regulatory frameworks continue to constrain widespread adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Angela Ngozi Anosike, Esther Danjuma Samuel, Jonathan Luka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kinetic Approach to the Mechanism of the Reduction of Permanganate Ion by Thioglycolic Acid in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Medium
The kinetics and mechanism of the electron transfer reaction between permanganate ion (hereafter MnO4-) and thioglycolic acid (hereafter TSH) was studied spectrophotometrically under pseudo-first-order conditions of [TSH] >> [MnO4-] at T = 25 ± 0.1 °C, [H+] = 0.15 mol dm-3, I = 0.75 mol dm-3 (NaCl) and λmax = 530 nm. Spectrophotometric titration using the mole ratio method revealed that one mole of the permanganate ion reacted with five moles of the thioglycolic acid. The reaction followed first order kinetics with respect to the concentration of each reactant, giving an overall order of two. Reaction rates increased with increasing hydrogen ion concentration, ionic strength, dielectric constant and added ions. The Michaelis-Menten plot of 1/kobs versus 1/[TSH] was linear with a small positive intercept (5.46 s) relative to the range of 1/kobs values. Although a positive free radical test indicated the formation of transient radical intermediates, the combined kinetic evidence was consistent with a predominantly outer-sphere electron transfer mechanism. The reaction obeys the following rate law: <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:f><m:fPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>[</m:r><m:r>TSH</m:r><m:r>]</m:r></m:num><m:den><m:r>dt</m:r></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--> = (a + b[H+]) [TSH][MnO4-] The findings contribute to the mechanistic understanding of TSH oxidation in aqueous media and provide a basis for future studies of related sulphur-containing redox systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peter Andrew Lungaka, Yilkur Nandul Lohdip, Japhet Joel Gongden https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Isolation and Identification of Fungal Species Associated with Postharvest Spoilage of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Fruits in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria
Postharvest fungal spoilage represents a major constraint to watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production, marketing, and food safety in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the fungal pathogens responsible for its spoilage in Sokoto metropolis, northwestern Nigeria, remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to isolate and identify fungal species associated with watermelon spoilage, determine their frequency of occurrence across nine market locations, and evaluate their pathogenicity on healthy fruits. Spoiled watermelon fruits were collected from nine sampling points in Sokoto metropolis, and fungal isolates were recovered on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA), purified by repeated sub-culturing, and identified using macroscopic colony morphology and microscopic examination with lactophenol cotton blue staining; pathogenicity was subsequently assessed following Koch's postulates. Five fungal species were isolated and identified: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizopus oligosporus, and Mucor hiemalis. Aspergillus flavus recorded the highest frequency of occurrence (28.57%), followed by F. oxysporum (23.81%), R. oligosporus (19.05%), A. niger (14.29%), and M. hiemalis (14.29%), and all isolates induced characteristic spoilage symptoms in inoculated healthy fruits, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. These findings demonstrate that fungal contamination, particularly by the aflatoxigenic A. flavus, constitutes a significant food safety concern for watermelon marketed in Sokoto, and improved postharvest handling, proper sanitation, and adequate cold storage are urgently recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adamu Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Morphometric Parameters and Prioritization for Flood Vulnerability of River Sub-Basins in Hong LGA Adamawa State, Northeastern Nigeria
Flooding is one of the most destructive natural hazards globally, with its frequency and severity amplified by climate change, land use alterations, and geomorphic characteristics of watersheds. This study assessed flood vulnerability in Hong Local Government Area (LGA), Adamawa State, Nigeria, through morphometric and relief analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. The objectives were to delineate major basins in the study area, compute morphometric parameters, and prioritize them based on susceptibility to flooding. Six watersheds—Kwaleta, Kilange, Dugwaba, Diltil, Gashala, and Dzakwa—were delineated from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model. Linear, areal, and relief parameters were calculated using standard morphometric formulae, and prioritization was conducted through composite rating (CR) values. Findings reveal significant variation across basins. Drainage density, stream frequency, infiltration number, and ruggedness number showed higher flood susceptibility in Kilange, Gashala and Dugwaba, while Kwaleta, Diltil and Dzakwa exhibited moderate to low vulnerability. These results are significant because the study area is ungauged, and morphometric analysis provides critical baseline data for flood management, land use planning, and runoff harvesting. It is recommended that local authorities integrate these findings into watershed management strategies, strengthen flood early-warning systems, and promote afforestation and soil conservation measures to reduce runoff and enhance resilience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asawa Dauda, Ezekiel Yonnana, Mohammed Sayd Dzarma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality Evaluation of Rice-Based Sinasir Enriched with Plantain and Sesame Flour Blends
Rice-based sinasir is naturally low in protein and micronutrients. This study evaluated the quality of sinasir enriched with unripe plantain (for vitamins and minerals) and sesame (for protein) by partially substituting rice flour. Five composite flour blends were formulated based on the ratio of Rice: Plantain: Sesame: RSA (100:0:0), RSB (94:5:1), RSC (88:10:2), RSD (82:15:3), and RSE (76:20:4). Functional properties, proximate composition, vitamins, and sensory attributes were analysed using one-way ANOVA at a 5% level of significance. Results showed that moisture (9.05% to 10.05%), ash (0.83% to 1.88%), fat (0.58% to 2.06%), crude protein (6.30% to 7.24%), and crude fibre (1.39% to 1.50%) increased significantly with higher substitution levels. Conversely, carbohydrate content decreased from 81.76% to 77.38%. Vitamins A and B increased with the addition of sesame and plantain, whereas vitamin C content decreased due to unit processing operations. Functional properties varied significantly across the flour samples. Sensory evaluation revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in taste, colour, texture, aroma, and overall acceptability among the samples. Sample RSD (82% rice, 15% unripe plantain, 3% sesame) emerged as the most acceptable formulation. In conclusion, incorporating unripe plantain and sesame composite flour significantly enhances the nutritional profile of rice-based sinasir while maintaining good consumer acceptability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ladidi I. Zubairu, Adebayo Quadri, Suleman I. Zubairu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organic Encapsulation: Effect of Incorporating Pod Extract (Cola nitida) in CdS as Electron Transport Layer (ETL) in Perovskite Solar Cells
The introduction of organic perovskite solar cells has shown a remarkable development in solar energy technology. It bridges the gap posed by the hazardous and poisonous activities of the pure inorganic perovskite solar cells. This study investigates the effect of incorporating pod extract (Cola nitida) in chemical bath deposited cadmium sulfide (CdS) films as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The electrical properties of the encapsulated material were studied, focusing on the electrical resistivity and the measurement of the mobility of the charge carriers. The optical properties were studied using UV-VIS and near-infrared spectroscopy to characterize the material’s response to photon energy. The UV spectroscopy revealed good absorbance across the visible and ultraviolet ranges, with the encapsulated films showing about a 22.7% enhancement compared to the as-deposited film. This enhancement is attributable to the bioactive phytochemicals in Cola nitida such as tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids, which passivate the surface defects in the film and thus increase the optical path length through modification of the electronic structure. The energy bandgaps of 2.15eV and 2.10eV were obtained for the deposited CdS and encapsulated films respectively. These values are consistent with the widely reported direct band gap of CdS nanoparticles, which usually ranges from 2.10 to 2.5 eV for bulk CdS. The reduction in band gap energy shows agreement with the expected influence of organic encapsulation on the electronic structure of semiconductor nanoparticles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bashir Ahuome Abubakar, Daramola T. Busayo, Adamu M. Aminu, Samaila Muhammad, Shaibu Isah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
To Evaluate the Effects of Land Degradation on Selected Flood Plains Around Wukari Area, Taraba State
Land degradation is a major constraint to sustainable agricultural production, particularly in floodplain ecosystems that support intensive farming. This study evaluated the effects of physical land degradation on selected floodplains around Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. Three floodplain locations (Gindin Dorowa, Newsite, and Tsokundi) were selected for field assessment and soil sampling. Soil samples were analyzed for selected physical properties, including particle size distribution, moisture content, bulk density, total porosity, and water-holding capacity using standard laboratory procedures. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated at the 5% probability level. The results revealed significant variations among the study locations. Location A was characterized by the highest sand content (61.84%) and the lowest bulk density (0.90 g cm⁻³), indicating greater susceptibility to erosion despite lower soil compaction. Location B recorded the highest bulk density (1.59 g cm⁻³), reflecting severe soil compaction and reduced structural quality resulting from intensive land use. Location C exhibited comparatively better soil structural conditions due to its higher clay content and moderate bulk density. The overall assessment indicated that Location B experienced the greatest degree of physical land degradation, while Location A was primarily vulnerable to erosion because of its coarse soil texture. The study demonstrates that soil physical properties are effective indicators for evaluating land degradation in floodplain environments and highlights the need for sustainable land management practices, including controlled grazing, reduced tillage, erosion control measures, and improved vegetation cover to minimize further degradation and sustain agricultural productivity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adamu Aliyu Muhammad, James Mono Galadima, Khallah Ibrahim Yasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Intelligent IoT Framework for Real-Time Waste Bin Level Monitoring and Collection Optimization
The rapid increase in urban population and solid waste generation has intensified the need for efficient and intelligent waste management systems. Conventional waste collection methods rely on fixed schedules, often resulting in overflowing bins, environmental pollution, and inefficient resource utilization. This study presents the design and implementation of a Smart Bin Level Monitoring System based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system utilizes an ultrasonic sensor mounted at the top of the waste bin to measure the distance between the sensor and the waste surface, thereby determining the bin’s fill level in real time. A microcontroller processes the sensor data and transmits it wirelessly to a remote server for online monitoring. The collected data is displayed on a dedicated web-based dashboard accessible at https://iot.net.ng/bin/dashboard.php, enabling authorized users to monitor bin status remotely. The system generates alerts when the bin reaches a predefined threshold, facilitating timely waste collection and optimized route planning. Experimental results indicate accurate level detection, reliable wireless transmission, and effective real-time visualization. The proposed solution enhances operational efficiency, reduces environmental hazards, and supports smart city waste management initiatives
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmy Danny Ajik, Joseph Nda Ndabula, Fagbemi Stephen Oluwatobi, Ali Bala Abdullahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mastitis-Associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Sheep and Goats: A review of Risk Factors, and Environmental Transmission Pathway
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting both human and animal sectors. Resistance occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, become insensitive to antimicrobial agents to which they were previously sensitive at the recommended dosage, often due to misuse. Pathogens transfer resistance genes among themselves via transformation, conjugation, and transduction, thereby facilitating the spread of infection and complicating treatment. Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland that occurs following injury or disruption of the udder's natural protective barriers, such as trauma, environmental factors, or infectious agents. In small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats, mastitis remains an important health challenge affecting animal welfare, milk production, and farm profitability and hence, prone farmers to antimicrobial use and abuse. Several bacterial pathogens have been implicated in mastitis, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) among the opportunistic microorganisms commonly reported as causative agents. The disease may occur in either clinical or subclinical forms, with subclinical mastitis often remaining undetected due to the absence of obvious clinical signs. Awareness of AMR among small ruminant farmers remains limited, and the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains. In addition, management practices, including poor environmental sanitation or contamination, facilitate the transmission of mastitis-causing pathogens among animals, humans, and the environment. Due to limited access to professional veterinary services, the prevalence and distribution of mastitis and agents in small ruminants remain poorly documented
Copyright (c) 2026 Rodhiat O. Ade-Yusuf, Akeem O. Ahmed, Ismail A. Adeyemo, Tajudeen O. Isola, Ibraheem M. Ghali, Ismail A. Odetokun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-ecological Drivers of Environmental Antibiotic Resistance and Public Health Vulnerability in Benin City, Nigeria: A Review
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global public health problem, especially in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries, where environmental reservoirs can increase the spread of pathogens. The present review focuses on the socio-ecological determinants of environmental antibiotic resistance and its associated public health risks in the city of Benin in Nigeria. Using a socio-ecological model (SEM) and a One Health approach, peer-reviewed literature, academic dissertations and policy reports from 2000 to 2026 were systematically synthesized in the six core thematic domains of the One Health approach from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Informal distribution of antibiotics, non-prescription dispensing and partial course sales is possible because of the large number of patent medicine vendors (PMVs) operating without adequate regulatory oversight. Such practices and poor municipal waste management result in clear socio-ecological leakage points for pharmaceutical residues and multidrug-resistant organisms that enter drainage networks, soils and surface waters. For Benin City, spatial analytic techniques such as kernel density estimation and hotspot analysis are suggested to highlight any clustering of resistance profiles in high-density urban micro-environments, but this has not been done. The city of Benin needs integrated One Health strategies, integration of vendor stewardship, regulation of municipal waste, and local surveillance systems to mitigate environmental AMR.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uyi Frank Amadasun, Aimuanmwosa Frank Eghomwanre https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Radiometric Techniques in Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability and Soil Contamination in Jos Mining Area, Nigeria
Groundwater resources within mining environments are increasingly threatened by contaminant infiltration and radionuclide migration resulting from intensive mineral exploitation. This study integrates Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Two-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), and radiometric techniques to assess groundwater vulnerability and soil contamination in the Rayfield mining area of Jos Plateau, North-Central Nigeria. Geoelectrical investigations were conducted to delineate subsurface lithology, identify aquifer units, and evaluate groundwater vulnerability, while radiometric analyses were performed to determine the distribution and potential hazards of naturally occurring radionuclides. The VES results revealed a seven-layer geoelectric succession characterized by an HQ-type curve, with resistivity values ranging from 20.5 to 509 Ωm. A thick fractured basement aquifer with a resistivity of 271 Ωm and thickness of approximately 36.2 m constitutes the principal groundwater reservoir. ERT imaging delineated three distinct subsurface zones comprising a conductive contaminated zone, saturated weathered materials, and consolidated lateritic-basement formations. A prominent low-resistivity anomaly (<36.5 Ωm) was interpreted as a contaminant plume associated with mining-derived leachates and radionuclide-enriched pore fluids, indicating active contaminant migration through weathered and fractured pathways. Radiometric assessment showed mean values of 88.91 Bq kg⁻¹, 279.4 μSv y⁻¹, 0.24, 0.33, and 0.17 × 10⁻³ for Raeq, AGED, Hex, Hin, and ELCR, respectively, all below internationally recommended limits. However, localized radionuclide enrichment was observed at specific lithological horizons. The integrated interpretation indicates moderate to high groundwater vulnerability despite favourable groundwater potential. The study demonstrates that combining geoelectrical and radiometric methods provides an effective framework for identifying contaminant migration pathways, evaluating environmental risks,...
Copyright (c) 2026 Timothy Terngu Bem, Yemi S. Onifade, E. O. Agbalagba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0