A Miniaturized Low‑Profile Wearable Dual‑Band Patch Antenna for IoT‑Enabled Wireless Body Area Networks
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1016-5714Keywords:
Dual-band, IoT, patch antenna, SAR, WBANAbstract
A compact low-profile wearable dual-band antenna has been designed and analyzed for Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Wireless Body Area Networks. The proposed antenna is simulated on a Rogers Duroid RO3003 substrate with overall dimensions of 35 × 37 × 0.5 mm³. At the lower operating band of 2.4 GHz, the antenna achieves a −10 dB bandwidth of 4.5%, while at the upper band of 5.8 GHz, a bandwidth of 3.96% is obtained. The radiation patterns are omnidirectional in the H‑plane for both frequencies; in the E‑plane, bidirectional behaviour is observed at 2.4 GHz and a more directive pattern at 5.8 GHz. Peak gains of 4.6 dBi (2.4 GHz) and 5.9 dBi (5.8 GHz) are obtained, corresponding to radiation efficiencies of 92% and 94%, respectively. Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) evaluation on a multilayer human tissue model yields values of 0.85 W/kg at 2.4 GHz, and 0.32 W/kg at 5.8 GHz, all within the safety limits prescribed by international standards. The combination of compact size, dual‑band operation, low SAR, and high efficiency makes the proposed antenna a strong candidate for next‑generation IoT‑WBAN wearable devices.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Umar Musa, Abubakar Salisu, Sani Halliru Lawan, Suleiman Aliyu Babale, Suleiman Babani, Kabiru Ibrahim Jahun, Musa Mohammed Bello
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
