Applications of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms in Medicine, Food, Environment and Agriculture
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1010-5236Keywords:
Genetic, Transgenic,, Microorganisms,, Agriculture,, EnvironmentAbstract
Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to alter the genetic makeup of an organism, typically to introduce or modify specific traits. Different types of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) have been developed through recombinant DNA and RNA technologies; these have been applied in the field of medicine, food industry, environment and agriculture. GEMs have been utilized in medicine for the production of antibiotics, vaccines and heterologous proteins such as insulin. Microorganisms are used in food production either as integral parts in the preparation of various fermented foodstuffs or to produce food additives and processing aids (organic acids, flavouring agents, food enzymes etc.). Modifications are made to the genetic makeup of microorganisms to either produce a new protein or other food ingredient, to improve or enhance the production of an existing protein/ingredient, or to tailor the characteristics of an existing protein to a new application. Genetically engineered microorganisms can be used for the bioremediation of polluted soils and therefore increase soil productivity. They can also be used as bio-detectors to monitor soil pollution so that it can be managed more efficiently or prevented. They can also enhance nitrogen fixation and nutrient uptake in the soil. Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) are an example of GEMs that could be used in agricultural practices to make them more environmentally friendly and less polluting. The present study reviews the applications of genetically engineered microorganisms in medicine, environment, food and agriculture.
References
Ahemad, M., Kibret, M. (2014). Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: current perspective. J King Saud Univer Sci. 26(1):1-20.
Ali, R., Zulaykha, K.D., Sajjad, N. (2020). Genetically Modified Microbes as Biofertilizers. In: Bhat, R.A., Hakeem, K.R. (eds). Bioremediation and Biotechnology, 4:275-293
Al-Mariri, A., Tibor, A., Lestrate, P., Mertens, P., De Bolle, X., Letesson, J.J. (2002). Yersinia enterocolitica as a vehicle for a naked DNA vaccine encoding Brucella abortus bacterioferritin or P39 antigen. Infect. Immun.70. Https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.70.4.1915-1923.2002.
Alvarez, B., Fernandez, L. A. Sustainable therapies by engineered bacteria. Microbial Biotechnology. 2017; 10(5):1057–1061. Https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.12778
Ari, M.M., Dadgar, L., Elahi, Z., Ghanavati, R., Taheri, B. (2024). Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Their Impact on Human Health. Int J Clin Pract.:6638269. Https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6638269
Auge, R.M., Toler, H.D., Saxton, A,M. (2015). Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis alters stomatal conductance of host plants more under drought than under amply watered conditions: a meta-analysis. Mycorrhiza. 25(1):13-24.
Ayilara, M.S., Adeleke, B.S., Akinola, S.A, et al. Biopesticides as a promising alternative to synthetic pesticides: A case for microbial pesticides, phytopesticides, and nanobiopesticides. Front Microbiol.2023; 14:1040901
Bakker, P.A., Glandorf, D.C., Viebahn, M., Ouwens T.W., Smith, E., Leeflang, P…van Loon, L.C. (2002). Effects of Pseudomonas putida modified to produce phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol on the microflora of field grown wheat. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 81(1-4):617-24.
Barnett, J. A. (2003). Beginnings of microbiology and biochemistry: The contribution of yeast research. Microbiology 149 (3):557–67. Https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26089-0.
Barret, M., Tan, H., Egan, F., Morrissey, J. P., Reen, J., & O'Gara, F. (2013). Exploiting New Systems‐Based Strategies to Elucidate Plant–Bacterial Interactions in the Rhizosphere. Molecular microbial ecology of the rhizosphere, 1, 57-68.
Baslam, M., Garmendia, I., Goicoechea, N. (2011). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improved growth and nutritional quality of greenhouse-grown lettuce. J. Agric. Food Chem.; 59(10):5504–5515 Https://doi.org/10.1021/jf200501c.
Benckiser, G., and Bamforth, S.S. (2011). Role of pathogens, signal recalcitrance, and organisms shifting for ecosystem recuperation. A review. Agronomy Sust. Developm. 31(1):205–215. Https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2010024.
Binda, S., Hill, C., Johansen, E., Obis, D., Pot, B., Sanders, M.E., Ouwehand, A. (2020). Criteria to Qualify Microorganisms as "Probiotic" in Foods and Dietary Supplements. Front Microbiol; 11:1662. Https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01662.
BOC Sciences (2026). https://www.bocsci.com/resources/genetically-engineered-vaccines-advantages-application-and-examples.html
Brochado, A. R., Matos, C., Møller, B.L., Hansen, J., Mortensen, U.H. and Patil, K.R. (2010). Improved vanillin production in baker’s yeast through in silico design. Microbial Cell Factories 9 (1):84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-84
Chang, M., Chu, X., Lv, J., Li, Q., Tian, J.;Wu, N. (2016). Improving the thermostability of acidic pullulanase from bacillus naganoensis by rational design. PLoS ONE, 11, 1–12.
Chen, K., Zhu, Y., Zhang, Y., Hamza, T., Yu, H, Saint Fleur, A., Feng, H. (2020). A probiotic yeast-based immunotherapy against Clostridioides difficile infection. Sci Transl Med; 12:567.
Chen Z., Guo L., Zhang Y., Walzem, R.L., Pendergast, J.S., Printz, R.L Davies, S.S. (2014). Incorporation of therapeutically modified bacteria into gut microbiota inhibits obesity. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(8):3391–3406. Https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI72517
Chen, H., Ji, P.C., Qi, Y.H., Chen, S.J., Wang. C.Y., Yang, Y.J…Zhao X.(2023). Inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by thymoquinone in combination with nisin. Front Microbiol; 13:1029412.
Chowdhury, M.Y., Li, R., Kim, J.H., Park, M.E., Kim T.H., Pathinayake, P…Hong S.P. (2014). Mucosal vaccination with recombinant Lactobacillus casei-displayed CTA1-conjugated consensus matrix protein-2 (sM2) induces broad protection against divergent influenza subtypes in BALB/c mice. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9:e94051.
Citovsky V., Kozlovsky S.V., Lacroix B., Zaltsman A., Dafny-Yelin, M., Vyas S Tzfira, T. (2007). “Biological systems of the host cell involved in Agrobacteriuminfection,”Cellular Microbiology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 9–20, 2007.
De Meyer, S.E., De Beuf, K., Vekeman, B., Willems, A.A. (2015). Large diversity of non-rhizobial endophytes found in legume root nodules in Flanders (Belgium). Soil Biol Biochem. 83:1-11.
Dosoky, N. S., May-Zhang, L.S., Davies S. S. (2020). Engineering the gut microbiota to treat chronic diseases. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(18):7657–7671. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10771-0.
Duan, F.F., Liu, J.H., March, J.C. (2015). Engineered commensal bacteria reprogram intestinal cells into glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells for the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes, 64(5):1794–1803. Https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-0635.
Egamberdieva, D. and Lugtenberg, B. (2014). Use of Microbes for the Alleviation of Soil Stresses. Volume 1. Springer; New York, NY, USA: Use of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria to Alleviate Salinity Stress in Plants; pp. 73–96.
Egeland, T.A., Gaustad J.V., Galappathi K., Rofstad E.K. (2011). Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor necrosis. Acta Oncologica, 50(3):427–434. Https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186x.2010.526633
Eltarahony, M., Ibrahim, E., Hegazy, G., Sabry, A. (2023). Microbial Remediation of Mercury: An Overview. Mercury Toxicity: Challenges and Solutions, 201-234.
Fontana, C., Fadda, S., Cocconcelli, P.S., &Vignolo, G., (2012). “Lactic acid bacteria in meat fermentations”. Lactic Acid Bacteria–Microbiological and Functional Aspects, 4th Ed. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, London, New York, 247-264.
Fridovich-Keil, J. L. and Diaz, J. M. (2024). Genetically modified organism. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/genetically-modified-organism.
Gagnon, K. (2009). Chapter 9 - Measuring Electroneutral Chloride-Dependent Ion Fluxes in Mammalian Cells and in Heterologous Expression Systems. in Physiology and Pathology of Chloride Transporters and Channels in the Nervous System by F. Javier Alvarez-Leefmans and Eric Delpire. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374373-2.00009-1
Geldart, K.G., Kommineni, S., Forbes, M., Hayward, M., Dunny, G.M., Salzman, N.H, et al. (2018). Engineered E. coli Nissle 1917 for the reduction of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in the intestinal tract. Bioeng Transl Med.3 (3):197–208.
Ghanavati, R., Akbari, A., Mohammadi, F., et al. (2020). Lactobacillus species inhibitory effect on colorectal cancer progression through modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 470(1-2):1–13. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-020-03740-8.
Ghorbanpour, M., Omidvari, M., Abbaszadeh-Dahaji, P., Omidvar, R., and Kariman, K. (2018). Mechanisms underlying the protective effects of beneficial fungi against plant diseases. Biol. Control 117, 147–157. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2017.11.006
Ghosh, A.K., Devenport, M., Jethwaney, D., et al. (2009). Malaria parasite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland requires interaction between the Plasmodium TRAP and the Anopheles saglin proteins. PLoSPathogens, 5(1) Https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000265.e1000265.
Glare, T., Caradus, J., Gelernter, W., Jackson, T., Keyhani, N., Köhl, J…Stewart, A. (2012). Have biopesticides come of age? Trends Biotechnol. 30, 250–258. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.01.003.
Glazer, A.N. and Nikaido, H. (2007). MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY: Fundamentals of Applied Microbiology, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
Gorlach, K. (1994). Problems in the introduction of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment. Acta Microbiologica Polonica; 43(2):121–131.
Grangette, C., Müller-Alouf, H., Goudercourt, D., Geoffroy, M.C., Turneer, M., Mercenier A. (2001). Mucosal immune responses and protection against tetanus toxin after intranasal immunization with recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum. Infect. Immun.69 Https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.3.1547-1553.2001.
Gray E.J., Smith D.L. Intracellular and extracellular PGPR: Commonalities and distinctions in the plant-bacterium signaling processes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2005; 37:395–412. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.08.030.
Hanlon, P., &Sewalt, V. (2020). GEMs: genetically engineered microorganisms and the regulatory oversight of their uses in modern food production. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(6), 959–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1749026
Hardoim P.R., van Overbeek L.S., Berg G., Pirttilä A.M., Compant S., Campisano A., Döring M., SessitschA.(2015). The hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev; 79(3):293–320. Https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00050-14.
Hashimoto T., J. Hashimoto, K. Teruya et al., “Biosynthesis of versipelostatin: identification of an enzyme-catalyzed [4+2]-cycloaddition required for macrocyclization of spirotetronate-containing polyketides,” Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 137, no. 2, pp. 572–575, 2015.
Heimpel, G. E. and Mills, N. (2017). Biological Control - Ecology and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hjort, C. (2007). Industrial Enzyle Production for Food Applications;Woodhead Publishing Limitedp: Cambridge, UK.
Hwang, I.Y., Koh, E., Wong, A., March, J.C., Bentley, W.E., Lee, Y.S., et al. (2017). Engineered probiotic Escherichia coli can eliminate and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa gut infection in animal models. Nat Commun, 8:15028
Kandasamy, G.D., and Kathirvel, P. (2023). Insights into bacterial endophytic diversity and isolation with a focus on their potential applications–A review. Microbiol Res., 266:127256
Kaur H, Kaur J, Gera R. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria: A Boon to Agri¬culture. Int J Cell Sci Biotechnol. 2016; 5:317-322.
Köhl J., Kolnaar R. and Ravensberg, J.W. (2019). Mode of Action of Microbial Biological Control Agents against Plant Diseases: Relevance beyond Efficacy. . Front. Plant Sci., Sec. Plant Pathogen Interactions,Volume 10 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00845
Kumar A. (2016). Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Agriculture Biotechnology: Diversity, Mechanism and Their Role in Plant Growth and Crop Yield. Int J Adv Res. 4(4):116-124.
Lanigan, T. M., Kopera, H. C., & Saunders, T. L. (2020). Principles of Genetic Engineering. Genes, 11(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes11030291.
Li D., Tang, Y., Lin, J. and Cai W. (2017). “Methods for genetic transformation of :lamentous fungi,” Microbial Cell Factories, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 168.
Liang A., Riaz H., Dong F., Luo X., Yu X., Han Y., et al. (2014).Evaluation of efficacy, biodistribution and safety of antibiotic-free plasmid encoding somatostatin genes delivered by attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. Vaccine.32 Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.026.
Liu, X., Kokare, C. (2017). Microbial Enzymes of Use in Industry. In Biotechnology of Microbial Enzymes; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Lloren, K.K.S., Senevirathne, A, Lee, J.H. (2024). Advancing vaccine technology through the manipulation of pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Mater Today Bio.16; 29:101349 Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101349.
Lubkowicz, D., Ho, C.L., Hwang, I.Y., Yew, W.S., Lee, Y.S., Chang, M.W. (2018). Reprogramming Probiotic Lactobacillusreuteri as a Biosensor for Staphylococcus aureus Derived AIP-I Detection. ACS Synth Biol; 7 (5):1229–37.
Madhu, Amandeep Kaur, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Chapter 15 - Agricultural applications of engineered microbes, Editor(s): Swati Joshi, Ashok Pandey, RanjnaSirohi, Sung Hoon Park, Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier, 2022, Pages 363-375, ISBN 9780323885041, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-88504-1.00008-X.
Mahdizade, A.M., Dadgar, L., Elahi, Z., Ghanavati, R., Taheri, B. (2024). Genetically Engineered Microorganisms and Their Impact on Human Health. Int J Clin Pract; 6638269. Https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6638269.
Mao, N., Cubillos-Ruiz, A., Cameron, D.E. and Collins, J.J. (2018). Probiotic strains detect and suppress cholera in mice. Sci Transl Med; 10:445.
Mazhar, S., Yasmeen, R.., Chaudhry, A., Summia, K., Ibrar, M., Amjad, S., & Ali, E. (2022). Role of Microbes in Modern Food Industry. International Journal of Innovations in Science & Technology, 4(1), 65–77. Retrieved from https://journal.50sea.com/index.php/IJIST/article/view/82
McIntyre, L., Hudson, J. A., Billington, C., & Withers, H., (2012). “Biocontrol of foodborne bacteria”. In Novel technologies in food science (pp. 183-204). Springer, New York, NY.
Mokoena, M.P. (2017). Lactic acid bacteria and their bacteriocins: classification, biosynthesis and applications against uropathogens: a mini-review. Molecules; 22(8):1255. Https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22081255.
Montefiori D. C. (2005). Evaluating neutralizing antibodies against HIV, SIV, and SHIV in luciferase reporter gene assays. Current Protocols in Immunology, 12(1):1–17. Https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142735.im1211s64.
National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health. (2004). Safety of Genetically Engineered Foods: Approaches to Assessing Unintended Health Effects. National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/10977
Nemunaitis J., Meyers T., Senzer N., Cunningham, C., West, H., Vallieres E., Cheever, M.A. (2006). Phase I trial of sequential administration of recombinant DNA and adenovirus expressing L523S protein in early stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Molecular Therapy, 13(6):1185–1191. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2006.01.013.
Olempska-Beer, Z.S., Merker, R.I., Ditto, M.D., DiNovi, M.J. (2006). Food-processing enzymes from recombinant microorganisms—A review. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 45, 144–158.
Omran, E.S.E., Mahmoud, M.F., Abd El-Nabi, HM. (2023). Eco-Friendly Nematodes: Bioindicators for Promoting Sustainable Soil Health. Nematode-Plant Interactions and Controlling Infection. 187-213.
Oteino, N., Lally, R.D., Kiwanuka, S., Lloyd, A., Ryan, D., Germaine, K.J. (2015). Plant Growth Promotion Induced by Phosphate Solubilizing Endo-phytic Pseudomonas Isolates. Front Microbiol, 6:745.
Pan, H., Li, L., Pang, G., Han, C., Liu, B., Zhang, Y.,…Wang, H. (2021). Engineered NIR light-responsive bacteria as anti-tumor agent for targeted and precise cancer therapy. Chemical Engineering Journal, 426 Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130842.130842
Papagianni, M. and Avramidis, N. (2012). Engineering the central pathways in Lactococcuslactis: functional expression of the phosphofructokinase (pfk) and alternative oxidase (aox1) genes from Aspergillus niger in Lactococcus lactis facilitates improved carbon conversion rates under oxidizing conditions. Enzyme Microb Technol; 51(3):125–30.
Parisa, A., Roya, G., Mahdi, R., Shabnam, R., Maryam, E., Malihe, T. (2020). Anti-cancer effects of Bifidobacterium species in colon cancer cells and a mouse model of carcinogenesis. PLoSOne, 15(5) Https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232930.e0232930.
Philippe, R. N., De Mey M., Anderson, J. and Ajikumar, P.K. (2014). Biotechnological production of natural zero-calorie sweeteners. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 26:155–161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.004
Piñero-Lambea C., Ruano-Gallego D., Fernández L. Á. (2015). Engineered bacteria as therapeutic agents. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 35:94–102. Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2015.05.004.
Portieles, R., Xu, H., Chen, F., Gao, J., Du, L., Gao, X…Hidalgo O. (2023). Bioengineering of a Lactococcuslactis subsp. lactis strain enhances nisin production and bioactivity. PLoS One. ;18(4):e0281175. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281175. PMID: 37036850.
Raaijmakers, J. M., van der Sluis, I., Koster, M., Bakker, P. A. H. M., Weisbeek, P. J., and Schippers, B. (1995). Utilization of heterologous siderophores and rhizosphere competence of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. Can. J. Microbiol. 41, 126–135. Https://doi.org/10.1139/m95-017
Rafeeq H, Afsheen N, Rafique S, Arshad A, Intisar M, Hussain A, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN.(2023). Genetically engineered microorganisms for environmental remediation. Chemosphere. 310:136751. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136751. Epub 2022 Oct 6. PMID: 36209847.
Ramesh, N., Ge Y., Ennist, D.L., et al. (2006). CG0070, a conditionally replicating granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor–armed oncolytic adenovirus for the treatment of bladder cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 12(1):305–313. Https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1059.
Rathore, P. (2015). A Review on Approaches to Develop Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobac¬teria. Int J Recent Sci Res., 5(2):403-407.
Rebello, S., Nathan, V.K., Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Awasthi, M.K., and Pandey, A. (2021). Bioengineered microbes for soil health restoration: present status and future. Bioengineered; 12(2):12839-12853. Https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2021.2004645.
Robinson, P.K. (2015). Enzymes: Principles and biotechnological applications. Essays Biochem, 59, 1–41.
Röder J., Felgner P., Hensel M. (2021).Comprehensive single cell analyses of the nutritional environment of intracellular Salmonella enterica. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.11 Https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.624650.
Rodríguez de Fonseca F., Navarro M., Gómez R., et al. (2001). An anorexic lipid mediator regulated by feeding. Nature, 414(6860):209–212. Https://doi.org/10.1038/35102582.
Scheepmaker, J.W.A., Hogervorst, P.A.M. and Glandorf, D.C.M. (2016). Future introductions of genetically modified microbial biocontrol agents in the EU. Are current EU legislation and risk assessment fit for purpose? RIVM Letter report 2016-0057 https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2016-0057.pdf
Schoen C., Stritzker J., Goebel W., Pilgrim S. (2004). Bacteria as DNA vaccine carriers for genetic immunization. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 294 Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.03.001.
Sedighi M., Zahedi Bialvaei A., Hamblin M. R., et al. (2019). Therapeutic bacteria to combat cancer; current advances, challenges, and opportunities. Cancer Medicine, 8(6):3167–3181 Https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2148.
Sedighi, M., Bialvaei A.Z., Hamblin M. R., Ohadi E., Asadi A., Halajzadeh, M…Kouhsari E. (2019). Therapeutic bacteria to combat cancer; current advances, challenges, and opportunities. Cancer Medicine; 8(6):3167–3181. Https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2148
Singh, P., Singh, R., Singh, S., Chauhan, RS, Bala, S., Pathak, N Tripathi, M. (2024).Microbial engineering for a Greener Ecosystem and Agriculture: Recent Advances and Challenges. J Pure Appl Microbiol. 18(2):797-807. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.18.2.23
Singh, R., Kumar, M., Mittal, A., Kumar, P. (2016). Microbial enzymes: Industrial progress in 21st century. 3 Biotech, 6, 1–15.
Steidler, L., Hans, W., Schotte, L., Neirynck, S., Obermeier, F., Falk, W., Fiers, W., Remaut, E. (1979). Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin-10, Science, 289 (2000), pp. 1352-1355.
Suez, J., Zmora, N., Segal, E., Elinav, E. (2019). The pros, cons, and many unknowns of probiotics. Nat Med.; 25(5):716–729. Https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0439-x.
Trono, D. (2019). Recombinant Enzymes in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries; Elsevier B.V.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Van Lenteren, J. C., Bolckmans, K., Köhl, J., Ravensberg, W. J., and Urbaneja, A. (2018). Biological control using invertebrates and microorganisms: plenty of new opportunities. BioControl 63, 39–59. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9801-4
Vermeiren, L., Devlieghere, F., Vandekinderen, I., Rajtak, U., &Debevere, J. (2006). “The sensory acceptability of cooked meat products treated with a protective culture depends on glucose content and buffering capacity: A case study with Lactobacillus sakei 10A”. Meat Science, 74(3): 532-545
Vieille, C., Zeikus, G.J. (2001). Hyperthermophilic Enzymes. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 65, 1–43.
Vocciante, M., Grifoni, M., Fusini, D., Petruzzelli, G., Franchi, E. (2022).The role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in mitigating plant’s environmental stresses. Appl Sci.; 12:1231.
Waksman, G. (2019)“From conjugation to T4S systems in Gramnegative bacteria: a mechanistic biology perspective,” EMBO Reports, vol. 20, no. 2, Article ID e47012.
Walsh, U.F., Morrissey, J.P., and O'Gara, F. (2001). Pseudomonas for biocontrol of phytopathogens: from functional genomics to commercial exploitation. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 12(3): p. 289-295.
Wei, Y., Yang, F., Wu, Q., Gao, J., Liu, W., Liu, C., Suwal, S. (2018). Protective effects of bifidobacterial strains against toxigenic Clostridium difficile. Front. Microbiol. 9 Https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00888
Wiese C., Grieskamp T., Airik R., Mommersteeg, MTM. Gardiwal, A., Vries, C.G. Christoffels, V.M. (2009). Formation of the sinus node head and differentiation of sinus node myocardium are independently regulated by Tbx18 and Tbx3. Circulation Research, 104(3):388–397. Https://doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.108.187062
Wright, A., and Bruce, A. (2003). Genetically modified microorganisms and their potential effects on human health and nutrition. Trends in Food Science & Technology 14, 264–276
Xu, F., Hong, M., Ulmer, J.B. (2003). Immunogenicity of an HIV-1 gag DNA vaccine carried by attenuated Shigella. Vaccine.21. Https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00573-X
Yadav, S.P.S., Adhikari, R., Bhatta, D., Paudel, A., Subedi, S., Shreshtha, S. & Shreshtha, J. (2023). Initiatives for biodiversity conservation and utilization in crop protection: A strategy for sustainable crop production. Biodiversity and Conservation, 32(14):4573-4595
Yali, W. (2022). Application of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) Crop Technology and Its Implications in Modern Agriculture. International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-8. Https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijaas.20220801.11
Zhang H., Zhao, H., Zhao, Y., Sui, L., Li, F., Zhang, H., & Li, Y. (2022a). Auxotrophic lactobacillus expressing porcine rotavirus VP4 constructed using CRISPR-Cas9D10A system induces effective immunity in mice. Vaccines (Basel);10 Https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091510
Zhang K., Tang Y., Chen Q., Liu Y. (2022b).The screening of therapeutic peptides for anti-inflammation through phage display technology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences;23(15):p. 8554. Https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158554
Zhang, M., Liu, L., Chen, C., Zhao, Y., Pang, C., Chen, M. (2022c). Heterologous expression of a Fraxinus velutina SnRK2 gene in Arabidopsis increases salt tolerance by modifying root development and ion homeostasis. Plant Cell Rep.41(9):1895-1906
Zhang, Y. P., Sun J., and Ma, Y. (2017). Biomanufacturing: History and perspective. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 44 (4-5):773–784. Https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-016-1863-2
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Gideon Yakusak Benjamin, Rejoice Ziriyi Benjamin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
