ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ROLE OF ANNONA MURICATA FRUIT EXTRACT ON CYTOARCHITECTURE OF TESTOSTERONE INDUCED PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA IN MALE WISTAR RAT
Abstract
An increase in the prostate's size that is not malignant is identified as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), characterized by proliferation of the cellular membranes of the prostate, which leads to constriction of urine flow, abdominal pain, dysuria, urinary hesitancy, urinary intermittency, and nocturia. Hence, this study is designed to investigate the curative effect of Annona Muricata Extract (AME) on the prostate of testosterone-induced prostate hyperplasia and prostate as an organ. 20 male Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four groups of 5 animals per group. Group A used as control were given 0.5 ml normal saline (NS), Group B were administered 15mg/kg testosterone + extract (TEST + AME), Group C were administered 15mg/kg testosterone + extract (Recovery), Group D were administered 15mg/kg testosterone only (TEST). Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism. The result revealed a considerable change in body weight of group treated with testosterone and Annona muricata (p value<0.001), prostatic (p value<0.0001) weight and testicular weight (p value<0.0014). Morphologically, prostatic collagen deposition and thick prostatic epithelium caused by testosterone administration were significantly reversed. There is regeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial spaces in testicular architecture after the administration of Annona muricata. In conclusion, this study has shown that Annona muricata with its rich antioxidants, makes it a strong alternative therapy in reversing the inflammation of any source in the system, as it is evident in the outcome of statistical analysis and histology.
References
Adamczewska, D., Sowikowska-Hilczer, J., & Walczak-Jdrzejowska, R. (2022). The Fate of Leydig Cells in Men with Spermatogenic Failure. Life, 12(4), 570. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040570 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life12040570
Adamkovicova, M., Toman, R., Martiniakova, M. et al. Sperm motility and morphology changes in rats exposed to cadmium and diazinon. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 14, 42 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-016-0177-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-016-0177-6
Buncharoen, Wararut & Saenphet, Kanokporn & Saenphet, Supap & Titaram, Chatchote. (2016). Uvaria rufa Blume attenuates benign prostatic hyperplasia via inhibiting 5-reductase and enhancing antioxidant status. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.036
D'Agate S, Chavan C, Manyak M, Palacios-Moreno JM, Oelke M, Michel MC, Roehrborn CG, Della Pasqua O. Model-based meta-analysis of the time to first acute urinary retention or benign prostatic hyperplasia-related surgery in patients with moderate or severe symptoms. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Jul;87(7):2777-2789. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14682. Epub 2021 Jan 19. PMID: 33247951; PMCID: PMC8359386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14682
Daryanto B, Naim HY, Budaya TN. The Effect of Tamsulosin, Dutasteride Monotherapy and Tamsulosin-Dutasteride Combination on Prostate Smooth Muscle Contractility in BPH Model Wistar Strain Rattus Novergicus. Med Arch. 2023 Feb;77(1):13-17. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2023.77.13-17 . PMID: 36919125; PMCID: PMC10008344. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2023.77.13-17
De Sousa, O.V.; Vieira, G.D.-V.; de Pinho, J.D.J.R.; Yamamoto, C.H.; Alves, M.S. Duan Z, Zhang J, Choy E, Harmon D, Liu X, Nielsen P, Mankin H, Gray NS, Hornicek FJ (2012). Systematic kinome shRNA screening identifies CDK11 (PITSLRE) kinase expression is critical for osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation. Clin Cancer Res.; 18: 45808 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1157
Ezerioha, Caryne & Ibegbulem, Chiedozie & Onuoha, Chinyere & Akudinobi, Favour & Dike, Chinaza & Morah, Arthur. (2024). Bioactive phytochemicals in Annona muricata fruit juice ethanol extract. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 26. 017-023. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.26.2.0034. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2024.26.2.0034
Ezirim, Amanda & Innocent, Igwilo. (2024). Effect of Annona muricata leaf ethanol extract on testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats. 12. 12-23. https://doi.org/10.54117/the_bioscientist.v12i1.162.
Gandaglia G, Zaffuto E, Fossati N, Cucchiara V, Mirone V, Montorsi F, Briganti A. The role of prostatic inflammation in the development and progression of benign and malignant diseases. Curr Opin Urol. 2017 Mar;27(2):99-106. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOU.0000000000000369. PMID: 27906778. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MOU.0000000000000369
Geary N. Control-theory models of body-weight regulation and body-weight-regulatory appetite. Appetite. 2020 Jan 1;144:104440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104440. Epub 2019 Sep 5. PMID: 31494154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104440
Holder KG, Galvan B, Knight AS, Ha F, Collins R, Weaver PE, Brandi L, de Riese WT. Possible clinical implications of prostate capsule thickness and glandular epithelial cell density in benign prostate hyperplasia. Investig Clin Urol. 2021 Jul;62(4):423-429. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20200605. Epub 2021 May 31. PMID: 34085792; PMCID: PMC8246008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.20200605
Ilango S, Sahoo DK, Paital B, Kathirvel K, Gabriel JI, Subramaniam K, Jayachandran P, Dash RK, Hati AK, Behera TR, Mishra P, Nirmaladevi R. A Review on Annona muricata and Its Anticancer Activity. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Sep 19;14(18):4539. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14184539. PMID: 36139697; PMCID: PMC9497149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14184539
Jin R, Strand DW, Forbes CM, Case T, Cates JMM, Liu Q, Ramirez-Solano M, Milne GL, Sanchez S, Wang ZY, Bjorling DE, Miller NL, Matusik RJ. The prostaglandin pathway is activated in patients who fail medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia with lower urinary tract symptoms. Prostate. 2021 Sep;81(13):944-955. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.24190. Epub 2021 Jul 20. PMID: 34288015; PMCID: PMC8750893. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.24190
Kaplan SA. Re: Finasteride, Not Tamsulosin, Increases Severity of Erectile Dysfunction and Decreases Testosterone Levels in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Urol. 2017 Jan;197(1):221-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.016. Epub 2016 Oct 8. PMID: 27979545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2016.10.016
Kohestani Y, Kohestani B, Shirmohamadi Z, Faghani M. Effect of tamsulosin on testis histopathology and serum hormones in adult rats: Experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed. 2020 Jul 22;18(7):531-538. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i7.7370. PMID: 32803117; PMCID: PMC7385916. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i7.7370
Leje, I., U., W., Yeldu , M., Alhassan , H., Wasagu , I. Z., Abubakar, U., Abubakar , B., Evuti , H. A., & Bello , M. (2024). Effects of Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona muricata on Testosterone Propionate Induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) in Male Wistar Rats. Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry, 14(4), 7283. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4295 DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4295
Lim KB. Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Urol. 2017 Jul;4(3):148-151. doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2017.06.004. Epub 2017 Jun 9. PMID: 29264223; PMCID: PMC5717991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2017.06.004
Mller MJ, Geisler C, Heymsfield SB, Bosy-Westphal A. Recent advances in understanding body weight homeostasis in humans. F1000Res. 2018 Jul 9;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1025. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14151.1 PMID: 30026913; PMCID: PMC6039924. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.14151.1
Mutakin M, Fauziati R, Fadhilah FN, Zuhrotun A, Amalia R, Hadisaputri YE. Pharmacological Activities of Soursop (Annona muricata Lin.). Molecules. 2022 Feb 10;27(4):1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041201. PMID: 35208993; PMCID: PMC8878098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041201
Ng M, Leslie SW, Baradhi KM. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. [Updated 2024 Oct 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558920/
Ng M, Leslie SW, Baradhi KM. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. 2024 Oct 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan. PMID: 32644346.
Ojewole, J. A., Olorunsogo, O. O., & Adeyemo, O. A. (2021). Experimental model of benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats: Evaluation of hormonal and histopathological parameters. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 274, 114061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114061
Rho J, Seo CS, Park HS, Wijerathne CU, Jeong HY, Moon OS, Seo YW, Son HY, Won YS, Kwun HJ. Ulmus macrocarpa Hance improves benign prostatic hyperplasia by regulating prostatic cell apoptosis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2019 Apr 6;233:115-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.042. Epub 2018 Dec 1. PMID: 30508623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.042
Silva, H. N., Rabelo, S. V., Diniz, T. C., Oliveira, F. G. S., Teles, R. B. A., Silva, J. C., e Silva, M. G., Coutinho, H. D. M., de Menezes, I. R. A., & Almeida, J. R. G. S. (2017). Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract from atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill x Annona squamosa L.). African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 11(18), 224-232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPP2017.4778
Zheng RR, Ouyang QX, Liu ZY, Li LN, Yang L, Wang ZT. [Natural 5-reductase inhibitors in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2024 Feb;49(4):858-867. Chinese. https://doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm. 20231113.601. PMID: 38621893.
Copyright (c) 2025 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences