AFLATOXINS IN FOOD GRAINS: CONTAMINATION, DANGERS AND CONTROL
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0504-776Keywords:
mycotoxins, storage, drying, cereals, legumesAbstract
The most concern postharvest safety issue in food grains is aflatoxins production in contaminated stored grains. Consumption of aflatoxins contaminated grains can lead to complicated health issues that can lead to death. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites commonly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. They were reported to disturb foetus development, causes changes in living cells, suppresses the immune system and causes many forms of cancers. Aflatoxin B1 was classified under group I carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Aflatoxins contamination affects food security and can hinder international trade due to the strict ban enforce by many nations. Contaminations were reported in raw and processed grains (including ready-to-eat), milk and meat of farm animals and human breastmilk and blood. Major causes of grains aflatoxins contamination are wrong harvesting time and method, improper drying, poor storage and processing and higher moisture in the grains. Literature was gathered through an online search on Google Scholar, attention was given to the articles published in the last 5 years. Causes of fungal contamination, aflatoxins production and their control measures were deliberated, possible means of mitigating aflatoxins contamination through consumption of food grains were also recommended
References
Abubakar, U. B, Bala, S. H, Abayomi, A. O, Mahmood, M. D, Ibrahim, B. S, Muhammed S. I, Ayo S. A, Babatunde O. A, Mohammed Y, Ike O.O. A, Patrick M. N, and Olufemi O. A (2019). Trend of Malaria Cases in Kaduna State Using Routine Surveillance Data, 2011-2015. Pan African Medical Journal.32(1):8.Retrieved August 2021[doi:10.11604/pamj.supp.2019.32.1.13735]https://www.panafrican-med journal.com/content/series/32/1/8/full
Alaeddini, R. (2012). Forensic Implications of PCR Inhibition—A review. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 6 (3): 297–305. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.08.006.
Bello B, and Ishaleku D (2018). Prevalence of Malaria Infection Among People Living with HIV/AIDS at Federal Medical Center Keffi Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Microbiology 11: 1-6.
Buppan P., Putaporntip C., and Jongwutiwes S. (2011). Improved Performance With Saliva and Urine As Alternative DNA Sources For Malaria Diagnosis By Mitochondrial DNA-based PCR assays. Clinical Microbiology Infectious, 17:1484-91.
Caraballo, H. (2014). “Emergency Department Management of Mosquito-borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue and West Nile Virusâ€. Emergency Medicine Practice, 16(5): 1-23.
Eke S.S, Omalu I.C.J, Olayemi I.K, Egwim E.C, and Hassan S.C,(2018). Malaria Parasitaemia Among Patients Attending General Hospital Minna, North Central Nigeria. Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology Discovery 3: 78-82.
FMOH, (2008). National Malaria Control Programme, Abuja, Nigeria. Strategic, Plan 2009–2013. A Road Map for Malaria Control in Nigeria. http://www.nationalplanningcycles.org/sites/default/files/country/nigeria_.pdf.
Ikpa, T.F., Auta, K. I. and Ikpa, G. I. (2017). Evidence of Inconsistency Among Laboratory Technicians Collecting Dry Blood Spots for Molecular Analysis of
Plasmodium falciparum dhfr gene. Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 38 (1) 7 - 13.
Jyothi K., Surendra K.B., Nancy C.K. and Kashyap A. (2012). Identification and Isolation of Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria by Molecular Characterization. Helix, 2: 105-111.
Kalu K.M, Obasi N.A, Nduka F.O, and Oko M.O (2012). Prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in Umuchieze and Uturu Communities of Abia State, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Epidemiology 5: 95-102.
Kloos H., Seils J., Abranches J., Burne R.A., Bowen W.H., and Quivey R.G.(2006). Influence of Apigenin on gtf gene expression in Streptococcus mutants UA159. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, 50:542–546.
Maina A. T., Auta K. I. and Nock I. H. (2017): Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparium in participants at selected hospitals, Kaduna Metropolis. Nigerian Journal Parasitology 3:82) page 210 – 214.
Martinez-Perez G, Lansana D.P, Omeonga S, Gupta H, and Breeze-Barry B,(2018). Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum infection among pregnant women at first antenatal visit in post-Ebola Monrovia, Liberia. Malaria Journal 17: 357-370
Max Lock, (2003): Executive Summary of Kaduna Master Plan Revision. Max Lock Consultancy Nigeria Limited, Kaduna.
National Malaria Control Programme (2014). Federal Ministry of Health – National guidance and strategies for malaria prevention and control during pregnancy. Retrieved June 2016 http://www.ihi.eprints.org.malaria.Strategic_Plan_Full_Version_02_27_14.pdf
National Population Commission (NPC) (2006). Nigeria National Demographic Survey, http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/ Retrieved 24th May, 2018.
Nwuba, R. I., Sodeinde, O. and Anumudu, C. (2002).The Human Immune Response to Plasmodium falciparum Antibodies that Inhibit Merozoite Surface Protein-1 Processing and Blocking Antibodies. Infectious Immunology. 70:5328-5331.
Obafemi B. J and Gidado S.(2014). Evaluation of Malaria Control Strategies Implementation in Kaduna State, Nigeria January 2011-June 2014. In: Afenet Conference. 2016.
Oladele O.V, Onuoha S.C, Hamafyelto H.S, Onisope O, Abayomi F,(2018). Prevalence of Malaria Infection among Patients Attending Murtala Mohammed Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 19: 214-220.
Okokon I.I, Ubong A.U, Kenneth O.I and Anthony A.I (2017). Climate and Plasmodium falciparum infection on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2: 161-165.
Purfield A, Nelson A, Laoboonchai A, Congpuong K, McDaniel P, Miller R.S, Welch K, Wongsrichanalai C and Meshnick S.R (2004). A New Method for Detection of Pfmdr1 Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum DNA using Real-time PCR. Malaria Journal, 3:9.
Ricke, C. H., Stealsoe, T., Koram, K., Akanmori, B.D., Riley, E.M.,Theauder, T.G. and Hviid, L. (2000). Plasma Antibodies From Malaria Exposed Pregnant Women Recognize Variant Surface Antigen on Plasmodium Falciparum Infected Erythrocytes In A Parity Dependent Manner and Blood Parasite Adhesion to Chondroitin Sulfate. American Journal of Immunology 165:3309-3316.
Somvanshi V., Sloup R., Crawford J., Martin A., Heidt A., Kim K., (2012). A Single Promoter Inversion Switches Photorhabdus between Pathogenic and Mutualistic States. Science, 337:88-93.
Snounou, G., Viriyakosol, S.S, Zhu, X.P, Jarra, W, Pinheiro, L.V, De Rosario, E., Thaithong, S and Brown, K.N (1993). High Sensitivity of Detection of Human Malaria Parasites by the Use of Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction. Molecular Biochemistry Parasitology, 61:315-320.
World Health Organization (2014). World malaria report .WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved March 2016, Available at http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world_malaria_report_/2014.
WHO (2015). World Malaria Report. Retrieved October 2018. Available from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2015/en/
WHO (2016). World Malaria Report: Geneva. Retrieved October 2018;https://www.who.reliefweb.int/report/world/world-malaria-report-2016/en/
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
