Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Water Quality Status of Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Freshwater lakes in rapidly urbanizing regions face increasing pressures from agricultural expansion, domestic waste, and climate variability. Lake Geriyo, located near Jimeta-Yola in Adamawa State, Nigeria, is crucial for irrigation, fisheries, and local biodiversity; however, human activities threaten its water quality. This study assessed the impact of these activities on the physico-chemical parameters of Lake Geriyo to evaluate its water quality and suitability for aquatic life. Monthly water samples were collected from three stations over 18 months (n = 18 per station per parameter). Ten parameters were analyzed: temperature, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrite (NO₂), nitrate (NO₃), and phosphate (PO₄) using standard methods. The data were statistically examined using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) and compared against WHO and Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) standards. Mean temperature (24.52-24.85 °C) and pH (7.10-7.19) fell within acceptable limits. However, turbidity varied significantly, with Station 3 exceeding the WHO guideline of 5.0 NTU, while dissolved oxygen levels were above WHO standards but below optimal FMEnv levels. Phosphate levels (0.081-0.106 mg/L) exceeded WHO guidelines but remained within FMEnv limits. Lake Geriyo is oligotrophic to mesotrophic and supports aquatic life and fisheries, but elevated turbidity and phosphate levels indicate potential eutrophication risks. Regular monitoring and nutrient management are recommended for maintaining the lake's ecological health.