Optimal Biomass Oil Output of Ozoro Jatropha Seed and its Thermal Analysis for Industrial Utilization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1015-5883Keywords:
Optimization, Thermal Analysis, Ozoro Jatropha Seed Biomass Oil, Characterization, Higher Heating ValuesAbstract
Biomass oil from non-edible materials is an eco-friendly approach to generating low-cost bio-lubricants and their conversion into biodiesel to power machines. First, the Jatropha Seed was dried at 169 °C, as reported by TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), in an oven and ground into a fine powder. The Biomass oil was extracted from the ground Jatropha Seed using BBD (Box-Behnken Design) parameters and Soxhlet equipment. The best experimental result was obtained at 60 minutes, 50 g, and 230 mL n-hexane, yielding a response of 62.66 wt.% as the highest centre-point and 47.30 wt.% as the mean optimum point. This BBD yield was validated with RStudio predictive tools. Additionally, this work revealed that OJS weight and n-hexane, their coefficient and quadratic terms, were influential, unlike time. Thus, the R2 of RStudio and the Box-Behnken Design are in alignment at 98.37%. The RStudio visualization plots aligned with the derived BBD visualization plots, making the BBD an ideal experimental tool for optimizing and predicting crude biomass oil yield, while the RStudio tool is ideal for predicting crude biomass oil yield. The seed`s higher heating and lower heating values of 30.167 MJ/kg and 29.936 MJ/kg, respectively, revealed that the seed could serve as solid biomass fuel. Furthermore, the fuel grades of the crude biomass oil derived suggest that it has good potential as a biodiesel feedstock.
References
Abiodun, O., & Betiku, E. (2022). A novel heterogeneous catalyst synthesis from agrowastes mixture and application in transesterification of yellow oleander-rubber oil : Optimization by Taguchi approach. Fuel, 312(October 2021), 122999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122999
Alhassan, M., Almustapha, M. N., Mohammed, M. L., Lawal, A. M., Adamu, M., & Shamsideen, U. (2024). PRODUCTION OF BIOLUBRICANT BLEND FROM JATROPHA CURCAS OIL. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 7(6), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0706-2168
Alpandi, A., Husin, H., Sidek, A., & Abdurrahman, M. (2022). Characterization of Malaysian Jatropha Seed Oil and Discovering the Process of Powdered Jatropha Leaves. Processes, 10(12), 2577. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10122577
Ashine, F., Balakrishnan, S., Kiflie, Z., Bachheti, R. K., & Tizazu, B. Z. (2022). Parametric Optimization of Argemone Mexicana Seed Oil Extraction by Box-Behnken Experimental Design and the Oil Characteristics. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4157196
Ceran, Z. D., Demir, V., & Akgün, M. (2025). Optimization and kinetic study of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil in supercritical methanol environment using ZnO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 15(3), 3903–3914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05307-9
Emil, A., Yaakob, Z., Satheesh Kumar, M. N., Jahim, J. M., & Salimon, J. (2010). Comparative Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Jatropha Seed Oil from Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 87(6), 689–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1537-6
Ferreira, S. L. C., Bruns, R. E., Ferreira, H. S., Matos, G. D., David, J. M., Brandão, G. C., da Silva, E. G. P., Portugal, L. A., dos Reis, P. S., Souza, A. S., & dos Santos, W. N. L. (2007). Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica Chimica Acta, 597(2), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011
Fortunate, O., & Kishore, N. (2021). Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation on Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of a Bio-Oil Model Compound in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4050565
Haq, A., Laiq Ur Rehman, M., Rana, Q. ul A., Khan, A., Sajjad, W., Khan, H., Khan, S., Shah, A. A., Hasan, F., Ahmed, S., Islam, A., Badshah, M., Shah, T. A., Dawoud, T. M., & Bourhia, M. (2023). Production, optimization, and physicochemical characterization of biodiesel from seed oil of indigenously grown Jatropha curcas. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1225988
Hassan, M. (2022). A simulation of energy generation from Jatropha solid residues in a power plant in Jazan city, KSA. Heliyon, 8(5), e09352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09352
Iweka, S. C., Akpomedaye, O., Emu, A. O., & Adepoju, T. F. (2024). Impact of optimization parameters on green sustainable oil from ripe palm kernel seeds for energy utilities: A machine learning approach. Scientific African, 23, e02097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02097
Iweka, S. C., Chukwuneke, J. L., & Chinwuko, E. C. (2025a). Bio-lubricant production from Ozoro yellow oleander seeds and its industrial applications: Central composite design and python approach. Scientific African, 29, e02827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2025.e02827
Iweka, S. C., Chukwuneke, J. L., & Chinwuko, E. C. (2025b). Thermodynamics and the Fuel Qualities of Produced Biodiesel From Nonedible Biomaterials: RStudio and Central Composite Design Approach. Energy Science & Engineering, 13(6), 3276–3295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70102
Iweka, S. C., Ozioko, F. C., Edafiadhe, E. D., & Adepoju, T. F. (2023). Bio-oil production from ripe pawpaw seeds and its optimal output: Box-Behnken Design and Machine Learning approach. Scientific African, 21, e01826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01826
Iweka, S. C., Wodi, C., Okafor, E. E., Ewenkineyane, N. O., Ewunokan, G., & Iteme, K. O. (2026). Optimization, ignition point, and thermodynamic properties of rubber seed bio‐oil: Python and RStudio approach. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.70512
Keneni, Y. G., Bahiru, L. A., & Marchetti, J. M. (2021). Effects of Different Extraction Solvents on Oil Extracted from Jatropha Seeds and the Potential of Seed Residues as a Heat Provider. BioEnergy Research, 14(4), 1207–1222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10217-5
Kethobile, E., Ketlogetswe, C., & Gandure, J. (2020). Torrefaction of non - oil Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) biomass for solid fuel. Heliyon, 6(12), e05657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05657
Khater, E.-S. G., AbdAlla, S. A., Bahnasawy, A. H., & AbuHashish, H. M. (2024). Improvement of the production of bio-oil and biodiesel from Egyptian Jatropha seeds by using microwave and ultrasonic. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 1882. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-51579-6
Khemthong, C., Suttisansanee, U., Chaveanghong, S., Chupeerach, C., Thangsiri, S., Temviriyanukul, P., Sahasakul, Y., Santivarangkna, C., Chamchan, R., Aursalung, A., & On-nom, N. (2024). Physico-functional properties, structural, and nutritional characterizations of Hodgsonia heteroclita oilseed cakes. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 19241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70276-y
Maftuchah, Zainudin, A., Winaya, A., & Rahmadesi, Y. (2020). Biodiesel generated from Jatropha (Jatropha curcas Linn.) seeds selected based on various genotypes crossbred. Energy Reports, 6, 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.11.160
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Oktiani, R., & Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to Read and Interpret FTIR Spectroscope of Organic Material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
Nyorere, O., Oluka, S. I., Onoji, S. E., Nwadiolu, R., & Adepoju, T. F. (2024). Production of biodiesel from biocatalysis of agro-wastes in acidic environment. Scientific African, 24, e02154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02154
Odetoye, T. E., Afolabi, T. J., Abu Bakar, M. S., & Titiloye, J. O. (2018). Thermochemical characterization of Nigerian Jatropha curcas fruit and seed residues for biofuel production. Energy, Ecology and Environment, 3(6), 330–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-018-0104-0
Oehlschlaeger, M. A., Wang, H., & Sexton, M. N. (2013). Prospects for Biofuels: A Review. Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023602
Onoji, S. E., Iyuke, S. E., & Igbafe, A. I. (2016). Hevea brasiliensis (Rubber Seed) Oil: Extraction, Characterization, and Kinetics of Thermo-oxidative Degradation Using Classical Chemical Methods. Energy & Fuels, 30(12), 10555–10567. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02267
R.S. Ugye, I. Garba, & S.U. Muhammad. (2025). Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Bio-Lubricant Locally Produced from Nigerian Neem Oil (Engine Oil Application). Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology Research. https://doi.org/10.70382/hujcer.v8i5.007
Riayatsyah, T. M. I., Sebayang, A. H., Silitonga, A. S., Padli, Y., Fattah, I. M. R., Kusumo, F., Ong, H. C., & Mahlia, T. M. I. (2022). Current Progress of Jatropha Curcas Commoditisation as Biodiesel Feedstock: A Comprehensive Review. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.815416
Ruatpuia, J. V. L., Halder, G., Vanlalchhandama, M., Lalsangpuii, F., Boddula, R., Al-Qahtani, N., Niju, S., Mathimani, T., & Rokhum, S. L. (2024). Jatropha curcas oil a potential feedstock for biodiesel production: A critical review. Fuel, 370, 131829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131829
Silva, J. J. F., Vieira Júnior, C. M., Bôa-Viagem, H. L., Silva, V. dos S., Santos, H. da S., & Silva, S. P. R. (2020). Chemical and energetic characterization of Jatropha Curcas seed after two years in stock. Brazilian Journal of Development, 6(6), 33229–33237. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n6-033
Suttibak, S., Saengmanee, C., & Chuntanapum, A. (2024). Production of bio-oil from Tung seed residues in a fluidized-bed reactor. Heliyon, 10(7), e28310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28310
Yusuff, A. S. (2021). Parametric optimization of solvent extraction of Jatropha curcas seed oil using design of experiment and its quality characterization. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 35, 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajce.2020.11.006
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Sunday Chukwuka Iweka
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
