Gamma Irradiation of Nigerian Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata): Advances, Challenges and Future Perspectives for Mutation Breeding and Postharvest Preservation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1020-5838Keywords:
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Gamma irradiation, Mutation breeding, National food security, Postharvest preservationAbstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a nutritionally and economically vital grain legume in Nigeria, where post-harvest losses of up to 16% of production, driven mainly by insect pests continue to threaten food security, income, and seed availability for subsequent planting seasons. Conventional preservation methods are increasingly limited by toxicity concerns, insect resistance, and environmental and public-health considerations, creating an urgent need for safer and sustainable alternatives. Gamma irradiation has emerged as a promising non-thermal technology for both postharvest pest control, owing to its capacity to disinfest stored grain, extend shelf life, and generate genetic variability without rendering food radioactive. This review establishes the current knowledge on gamma irradiation of cowpea, covering the crop’s taxonomy, nutritional and economic importance, the biological mechanisms of gamma-ray interaction with seed material and the established use of ionising radiation across the food industry. International and Nigerian empirical studies on legume and cowpea irradiation are critically compared, revealing consistent evidence of dose- and genotype-dependent responses. Within Nigeria, no specific optimum gamma dose has yet been established that simultaneously safeguards storage stability, nutritional integrity, and seed viability across the genotype and agro-ecological diversity of Nigerian cowpea. The review identifies this gap as the central limitation of existing work and outlines future research directions, including alternative and complementary irradiation technologies (electron-beam and X-ray), combined irradiation-storage protocols, omics-based mechanistic characterization, and artificial-intelligence-assisted dose optimization. The review concluded that addressing these gaps will support the development of integrated gamma-irradiation protocols for Nigerian cowpea, with direct benefits for national food security.
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