Post‑operative Appearance and Facial Satisfaction Outcomes among Adults with Repaired Cleft Lip and Palate in Jigawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

Surgical repair of cleft lip and palate (CLP) aims to restore facial aesthetics and symmetry; however, patient‑reported postoperative outcomes regarding appearance in adulthood remain underreported in Nigeria. This study assessed the postoperative appearance of the face, lips, nose, nostrils, teeth, and jaws, as well as overall satisfaction with facial appearance among adults with repaired cleft lip and palate in Jigawa State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross‑sectional design was employed among adults aged 18–29 years who had undergone cleft repair through Smile Train‑supported missions in Jigawa State. Data were collected using the validated CLEFT‑Q questionnaire focusing on appearance scales and the facial satisfaction domain. Descriptive statistics summarized outcomes, while inferential analysis tested associations between facial appearance and health‑related quality of life (HRQoL) at p < 0.05. Most respondents reported significant satisfaction with their postoperative facial appearance and a reduction in stigma. High satisfaction scores (weighted mean ≥ 2.5) were recorded for the appearance of the face, cleft scar, and jaws. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between facial appearance and overall HRQoL (p < 0.05). However, a subset of participants expressed residual dissatisfaction with nasal symmetry and visible lip scars. Surgical repair significantly enhances aesthetic outcomes and facial satisfaction among young adults. Nevertheless, persistent concerns regarding scarring and asymmetry highlight the importance of viewing cleft treatment as a continuous, multidisciplinary care process rather than a one-time surgical event.