Mastitis-Associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Sheep and Goats: A review of Risk Factors, and Environmental Transmission Pathway
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1013-5659Keywords:
Antimicrobial Resistance, Environment Resistant Genes, Mastitis Agents Small RuminantsAbstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat affecting both human and animal sectors. Resistance occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, become insensitive to antimicrobial agents to which they were previously sensitive at the recommended dosage, often due to misuse. Pathogens transfer resistance genes among themselves via transformation, conjugation, and transduction, thereby facilitating the spread of infection and complicating treatment. Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland that occurs following injury or disruption of the udder's natural protective barriers, such as trauma, environmental factors, or infectious agents. In small ruminants, particularly sheep and goats, mastitis remains an important health challenge affecting animal welfare, milk production, and farm profitability and hence, prone farmers to antimicrobial use and abuse. Several bacterial pathogens have been implicated in mastitis, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) among the opportunistic microorganisms commonly reported as causative agents. The disease may occur in either clinical or subclinical forms, with subclinical mastitis often remaining undetected due to the absence of obvious clinical signs. Awareness of AMR among small ruminant farmers remains limited, and the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes has contributed to the emergence and spread of resistant bacterial strains. In addition, management practices, including poor environmental sanitation or contamination, facilitate the transmission of mastitis-causing pathogens among animals, humans, and the environment. Due to limited access to professional veterinary services, the prevalence and distribution of mastitis and agents in small ruminants remain poorly documented
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