Assessing the Agroforestry Systems among Farmers and their Access to Incentives in Southwest Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1014-5584Keywords:
Agroforestry systems, Incentive access, Smallholder farmers, Sustainable agriculture, Southwest NigeriaAbstract
The study aimed at evaluating the agroforestry practices and access to incentives by farmers in Southwest Nigeria. The study adopted multistage sampling techniques to sample 465 smallholder arable farmers from Oyo, Ogun, and Osun States respectively. Moreover, primary data were collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square (χ²) test. The parameters for the study were agroforestry practices and farmers' access to incentives. The results of the study showed that majority of respondents (61.9%) were mostly men. Moreover, majority of the respondents (87.7%) were mostly engaged in farming activities on smallholder farms with a mean farm size of 7.85 ha. Additionally, majority of respondents (81.9%) were mostly practicing cultivation of multipurpose trees on cropland, taungya (71.0%), border tree planting (63.7%), alley cropping (63.2%), improved tree fallow (62.8%) and agrisilviculture (58.1%) and live fence (52.9%) were mostly used agroforestry practices. Furthermore, the results of the study revealed that there existed a significant association between agroforestry practices and farmers' access to incentives (p < 0.01). Finally, the study found that availability of incentives could positively influence adoption and utilization of diverse agroforestry practices.
References
Adebayo, S. O., Ogunleye, K. Y., & Adedoyin, F. A. (2021). Importance of farm and tree products for rural livelihoods in Southwest Nigeria. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 30(2), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2021.1899067
Adebayo, S. O., Olaniyi, O. A., & Adedokun, T. A. (2020). Recent adoption trends of agroforestry practices in Oyo State. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 44(3), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2019.1706543
Adebisi, O. O., Olaniyi, O. A., & Adebayo, S. O. (2020). Economic importance of banana and plantain in agroforestry systems. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 58(2), 145–156.
Adedire, M. O., Olaniyi, O. A., & Adebayo, S. O. (2022). Plantain and banana cultivation under tree canopies in Southwest Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 96(3), 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-022-00745-0
Adedokun, T. A., Adebayo, S. O., & Olaniyi, O. A. (2021). Improved fallow systems and soil organic matter dynamics in Southwest Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 95(4), 789–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00623-1
Adeola, A. A., Ogunbiyi, O. O., & Adeyemi, R. A. (2021). Recent integration of agroforestry into farming practices in Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 25(2), 45–56.
Adeola, A. A., Ogunbiyi, O. O., & Adeyemi, R. A. (2022). Improved tree fallow for soil health management in Southwest Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 96(2), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00698-w
Adesina, A. A., & Chianu, J. N. (2021). Economic viability of smallholder agroforestry projects in Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 95(2), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00567-y
Adeyemo, R. A., Ogunbiyi, O. O., & Adeyemi, R. A. (2020). Male dominance in farming activities in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Gender and Agriculture, 8(1), 23–34.
Ajayi, O. C., & Olagunju, F. J. (2019). Economic analysis of cashew-based agroforestry systems in Nigeria. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 57(1), 23–34.
Ajayi, O. C., Akinnifesi, F. K., & Sileshi, G. W. (2019). Smallholder constraints in agroforestry integration. Agroforestry and Sustainable Development, 8(2), 112–128.
Ajayi, O. C., Sileshi, G. W., & Akinnifesi, F. K. (2020). Market access and farmer participation in agroforestry systems. World Development, 128, Article 104756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104756
Akinyemi, M. O., & Adebayo, A. A. (2021). Importance of home gardens in enhancing household resilience and food security. Food Security, 13(2), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01123-9
Amusa, T. O., Babalola, F. D., & Ogunwale, A. B. (2019). Taungya system adoption for soil fertility improvement in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Forestry Research, 30(4), 1456–1467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0790-3
Attipoe, S.G., Cao, J., Opoku-kwanowaa , Y., & Ohene-sefa, F. (2021). Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization’s extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 20 (10), 2820-2836. chinaagrisci.com/Jwk_zgnykxen/CN/10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63607-9
Ayodele, J. T., Abu, G. A., Iorlamen, T. R., & Ogar, O. M. (2025). Assessment of the impact of formal credit on the productivity of small-scale agroforestry farmers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), 9(8), 1-7. August, 2025. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0908-3202
Ayodele, O. O., Agboola, A. A., & Nwosu, C. S. (2018). Alley cropping for soil conservation in the humid tropics. Soil and Tillage Research, 178, 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2017.12.012
Babalola, F. D., Amusa, T. O., & Ogunwale, A. B. (2021). Taungya system for forest regeneration and crop production in Nigeria. Forest Ecology and Management, 482, Article 118845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118845
Balogun, O. O., Ogunbiyi, O. O., & Adeyemi, R. A. (2020). Agrisilviculture for diversified production and ecosystem services. Agroforestry Systems, 94(4), 1345–1356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00471-2
Catacutan, D. C., Lasco, R. D., & van Noordwijk, M. (2017). Agroforestry: Contribution to sustainable development goals. World Agroforestry Centre Report.
Chija, M. (2018). Adoption status and management of agroforestry systems and technologies by communities: a case study of Kasulu district, Kigoma, Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation). Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania. https://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz>
Cooper, D.L.M. (2024). Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities. Nature Portfolio. 625, 728-734. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06820-z
FAO. (2017). Agroforestry for sustainable development. Food and Agriculture Organization.
Ibrahim, A. O., Adedeji, A. S., & Meduna, P. N. (2019). Constraints Facing Agroforestry Practices among Farmers in New Bussa, Nigeria, Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife & Environment. 11(3), 133-141 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jrfwe/article/vie w/190282
NPC. (2006). National population census report. National Population Commission.
Obadimu, A. O., Adebayo, S. A., & Ogunwale, A. B. (2020). Socio-economic characteristics of smallholder farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Rural Studies, 78, 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.045
Odebode, S. O. (2021). Nutritional and economic benefits of home gardens in Southwest Nigeria. Food Security, 13(4), 901–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01171-9
Odebode, S. O., Adebayo, S. O., & Olaniyi, O. A. (2020). Home gardens for household food security in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Food Security, 8(2), 45–56.
Odewale, J. O., Adebayo, A. A., & Bello, O. S. (2020). Depletion of Mahogany and Obeche in Nigerian forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 458, Article 117765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117765
Ogundele, O. O., Adebayo, S. O., & Olaniyi, O. A. (2019). Multipurpose trees for income diversification in Nigeria. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 28(4), 234–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2019.1657364
Oladipo, F. O., Adeyemi, R. A., & Akinwale, O. A. (2019). Farmers' experience and agroforestry system performance. Agroforestry Systems, 93(6), 2101–2113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0324-7
Olagunju, F. J., Ajayi, O. C., & Olagunju, T. E. (2018). Oil palm as a critical crop for smallholder income in Nigeria. Journal of Oil Palm Research, 30(2), 234–245. https://doi.org/10.21894/jopr.2018.0021
Olaoye, J. O., Adebayo, A. A., & Bello, O. S. (2018). Live fencing for boundary demarcation and livestock control in Southwest Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 92(5), 1234–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0098- 1
Olawale, A. O., & Adebayo, A. A. (2019). Border tree planting for windbreaks and product provision in Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 93(3), 987–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0254-2
Olawuyi, S. O., Ogunbiyi, O. O., & Adeyemi, R. A. (2019). Small farm sizes and economic viability of agroforestry projects. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 43(5), 567–578. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2019.1596832
Oluwaseun, O. O., & Adebayo, A. A. (2021). Rubber plantation management challenges in Nigeria. Industrial Crops and Products, 162, Article 113278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2021.113278
Roshetko, J. M., & Lasco, R. D. (2021). Targeted incentives for specific agroforestry practices in Southeast Asia. Agroforestry Systems, 95(5), 901–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-020-00581-0
Shibu, J., & Kumar, B. M. (2021). Diverse agroforestry systems and access to incentives. Agroforestry Systems, 95(6), 1123–1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00634-6
Thebulo, C.D., Njoloma, J., Nyoka, I.B., & Bokosi, F. (2024). Factors influencing adoption and use of Tephrosia vogelii in Malawi: Role of by-laws and other drivers. Scientific African. 26, December 2024, e02341 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2024.e02341
Verchot, L. V., & Zomer, R. J. (2020). Targeted incentives for agroforestry systems in the tropics. Agroforestry Systems, 94(4), 1345–1356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00458-z
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Oluwole Olalekan Oke, Tajudeen Oyekunle Amoo Banmeke, Adebayo Samson Adeoye, Fidelis Iselebhor, Oluwatosin Rachael Adegbayi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
