Optimisation of Reaction Vessel Filling Ratio in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 Nanoparticles for Solar Cell Applications
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-10(ANB-K)-5416Keywords:
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Reaction Vessel Filling Ratio, Nanoparticle Optimization, Photovoltaic Materials, Solar Cells, Cu2ZnSnS4Abstract
The hydrothermal synthesis of copper zinc tin sulphide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticles presents a promising low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing absorber materials in solar cell applications. This study focuses on optimizing the reaction vessel filling ratio a critical parameter influencing pressure, temperature uniformity, and reaction kinetics during synthesis. A systematic investigation was conducted to assess the impact of varying filling ratios on nanoparticle size, crystallinity, phase purity, and optical properties. Characterization techniques including X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and UV-Vis spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the structural and optical quality of the synthesized nanoparticles. Results indicate that an optimal filling ratio significantly enhances nucleation and growth control, leading to improved crystallinity and uniform particle size distribution, which are essential for high photovoltaic performance. The findings contribute to filling the research gap in reaction vessel parameter optimization, offering a viable pathway to reproducible and scalable synthesis of CZTS nanoparticles tailored for enhanced solar cell efficiency. This work underlines the importance of fine-tuning hydrothermal parameters to advance sustainable photovoltaic materials development and provides foundational insights for future process enhancements in CZTS nanoparticle synthesis.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Kasim Ibrahim Mohammed, Kasim Uthman Isah, Mohammed Ahmed, Nafarizal Nayan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
