PERFORMANCE-BASED CARBON FOOTPRINT ASSESSMENT OF CONCRETE INCORPORATED POWDERED CRUSHED TILE AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2026-1007-5178Keywords:
Carbon footprint, Life Cycle Assessment, Powdered Crushed Tile, Sustainable concrete, Cement emissionsAbstract
This study evaluates the environmental and mechanical performance of concrete incorporated Powdered Crushed Tile (PCT) as a partial replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) using a performance-based Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. A cradle-to-gate analysis compliant with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 standards was conducted, considering raw material extraction, cement production, PCT processing, transportation, and concrete batching. Global Warming Potential (GWP100) was assessed per cubic meter of concrete for replacement levels between 0% and 30%. Results indicate a near-linear reduction in embodied carbon, achieving up to 26.6% reduction at 30% PCT substitution. However, compressive strength decreased with increasing replacement levels. Performance-normalised carbon analysis identified an optimal sustainability range of 5–10% PCT, where carbon savings outweigh strength reductions. Sensitivity analysis revealed that cement emission factors dominate uncertainty, while transportation and PCT processing have minimal influence. The findings demonstrate that moderate clinker substitution using recycled ceramic waste can significantly reduce concrete’s carbon footprint without compromising structural performance, supporting sustainable and circular construction practices.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Frank Ndanusa Williams, Kazzi Gaius Avre, Daniel Nnaemeka Nwaigwe, Adedeji Paul Adeleye
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