SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EMILIA PRAETERMISSA DICHLOROMETHANE FRACTION

Babaiwa, U.F., Erharuyi, O., Falodun, A. and Akerele, J.O. (2017). Antimicrobial Activity of Ethylacetate Extract of Citrullus lanatus Seeds. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 16 (7): 1631-1636. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v16i7.23.

Basavaraju, M. and Gunashree, B.S. (2023). Escherichia coli: An Overview of Main Characteristics [Internet]. Escherichia coli - Old and New Insights. IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105508.

Begum, I.F., Mohankumar, R., Jeevan, M. and Ramani, K. (2016). GCMS Analysis of Bio-Active Molecules Derived From Paracoccus pantotrophus FMR19 and The Antimicrobial Activity Against Bacterial Pathogens and MDROs. Indian Journal of Microbiology 56:42632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-016-0609-1.

Bhakdi, S. and Tranum-Jensen, J. (1991). Alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology Review. 55:733.

Blount, Z.D. (2015). The Unexhausted Potential of E. coli. eLife 25(4):e05826. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05826.

Boraschi D. (2022). What Is IL-1 for? The Functions of Interleukin-1 Across Evolution. Frontier in Immunology. 13:872155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.872155.

Campbell, N.A. and Reece, J.B. (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Pearson Education Incooperation.

Chung, K-F., Ku, S-M., Kono, Y and Peng, C-I. (2009). Emilia praetermissa Milne-Redh. (Asteraceae) - A Misidentified Alien Species in Northern Taiwan. Taiwania 54 (4), 385-390.

Collins, J.P., Shah, H.J., Weller, D.L., Ray, L.C., Smith, K., McGuire, S., Trevejo, R.T., Jervis, R.H., Vugia, D.J., Rissman, T., Garman, K.N., Lathrop, S., LaClair, B., Boyle, M.M., Harris, S., Kufel, J.Z., Tauxe, R.V., Bruce, B.B., Rose, E.B., Griffin, P.M. and Payne, D.C. (2022) Preliminary Incidence and Trends of Infections Caused by Pathogens Transmitted Commonly Through Food - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. Sites, 2016-2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 71(40):1260-1264.

Craig, R., Rayner, C.R. and Munckhof, W.J. (2006). Antibiotics Currently used in The Treatment of Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Internal Medicine Journal 35.2(2):S3-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00976.x.

Easmon, C.S.F. and Adlam C. (1983). Staphylococci and staphylococcal infections. Vols 1 and 2. Academic Press, London.

Fantone, J.C. (1985). Mechanisms of Chemotactic Factor Stimulation of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Modulation by Prostaglandins. In: Higgs, G.A., Williams, T.J. (eds) Inflammatory Mediators. Satellite Symposia of the IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07834-9_12.

Foster, T.J. (1991). Potential for Vaccination Against Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine 9:221.

Foster, T.J. and McDevitt, D. (1994). Molecular basis of adherence of staphylococci to biomaterials. p. 31, In Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA (eds): Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, 2nd Edition. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

Foster, T. (1996). Staphylococcus. In: Baron S, Editor. Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. Chapter 12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8448/

Gitau, W., Masika, M., Musyoki, M., Museve, B. and Mutwiri T. (2018). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Specimens at Kenyatta National Hospital. BMC Research Notes. 11(1):226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3337-2.

Golus, J., Sawicki, R., Widelski, J., Ginalska, G. (2016).The agar microdilution method a new method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing for essential oils and plant extracts. Journal of Applied Microbiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13253.

Graveson, R. (2016). Plants of Saint Lucia: A Pictorial Flora of Wild and Cultivated Vascular Plants.

Javed, M.R., Salman, M., Tariq, A., Tawab, A., Zahoor, M.K., Naheed, S., Shahid, M., Ijaz, A. and Ali, H. (2022). Antibacterial and Larvicidal Potential of Bis-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Molecules 25; 27(21): 7220. https://doi.org/1010.3390/molecules27217220.

Kaper, J., Nataro, J. and Mobley, H. (2004). Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 2:123-140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro818.

Lisowski, S. (1997). Le genre Emilia (Cass) Cass. (Asteraceae) dans la flore de Guine (Afrique Occidentale). Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique 66:201-206.

Lyon, B.R. & Skurray, R. (1987). Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Genetic Basis. Microbiology Reviews 51:88.

Marrero, J., Rodrguez, I.I. and Rodrguez, A.D. (2010). The Natural Products Chemistry of the Gorgonian Genus Pseudopterogorgia (Octocorallia: Gorgoniidae) University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA. Elsevier. 407.

Mihigo, S.O., Tekayela, M., Masesane, I.B. and Sichilongo, K. (2015). Preliminary GCMS Profiling and Antibacterial Activity Investigation of Emilia coccinea (Sims) G. Don (Asteraceae). International Journal of Chemistry and Aquatic Sciences 1(2) 31-36.

Naeim, H., El-Hawiet, A., Abdel Rahman, R.A, Hussein, A., El Demellawy, M.A. and Amira M.. (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Centaurea pumilio L. Root and Aerial Part Extracts Against Some Multidrug Resistant Bacteria. BMC Complement Medicine and Therapies 20, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-2876-y.

Nuvole, A., Sanna, P., Paglietti, G., Juliano, C., Zanetti, S. and Cappuccinelli P. (1989). 1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-f]quinolines. II. Preparation and antimicrobial evaluation of 6-ethyl-6,9-dihydro-1(2)(3)-R-1(2) (3)H-triazolo [4,5-f]quinolin-9-one-8-carboxylic acids as anti-infectives of the urinary tract (1). Farm Science 44:619632.

Odion, E.E., Ogboru, R.O. and Ighene M.O. (2020). Identification of Compounds in Elaeis guineensis Fruits using GCMS. Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19(2):153-159. https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i2.50631.

POWO. (2020). Plants of the World Online. In: Plants of the World Online, London, UK: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Prevost, G., Couppie, P., Prevost, P., Gayet, S., Petiau, P., Cribier, B., Monteil, H. and Piemont, Y. (1995). Epidemiological Data on Staphylococcus aureus Strains Producing Synergohymenotropic Toxins. Journal of Medical Microbiology (4):237-45. https://doi.org/10.1099/00222615-42-4-237.

Sanna, P., Carta, A., Paglietti, G., Zanetti, S. and Fadda G. (1992). 1,2,3-Triazolo[4,5-h]quinolines. III. Preparation and Antimicrobial Evaluation of 4-ethyl-4,7-dihydro-1(2)H Triazolo [4,5-h]quinolin-7-one-6-carboxylic acids as Anti-infectives of The Urinary Tract. Farm Science 47:10011019.

Savelli, F., Pau, A., Boido, A. and Sparatore F. (1988). Aminoalkyl Derivatives of Benzotriazole and Naphthotriazole. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 127:144147.

Seenivasan, A., Manikkam, R., Kaari, M., Sahu, A.K., Said, M. and Dastager S.G. (2022). 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) Purified from Streptomyces sp. KCA1 from Phyllanthus niruri: Isolation, characterization, and antibacterial and anticancer properties. Journal of King Saud University - Science 34, 5, 102088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102088.

Shobi, T.M. and Viswanathan, M.B.G. (2018). Antibacterial Activity of di-butyl phthalate Isolated from Begonia malabarica. Journal of Applied Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5(2): 97100. https://doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2018.05.00123.

Shugar, D. and Baranowska, J. (1954). Studies on the Gram Stain; The Importance of Proteins in The Gram Reaction. Acta Microbiologica Polonica 3(1):11-20.

Sizar, O., Leslie, S.W. and Unakal, C.G. (2025). Gram-Positive Bacteria. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 1-5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470553/

Tripathi, N., Zubair, M. and Sapra, A. (2025). Gram Staining. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.1-7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562156/