SPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS FROM AGROCHEMICAL POLLUTION AMONG RURAL DWELLERS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

Aderoju O. M. & Adepoju K. A. (2017). Industrial Activities and Water Pollution in Nigeria: The Case of Lafarge Cement Ewekoro, Ogun State. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(4), 176185.

Adeyemi A. & Morenikeji W. (2015). Environmental Impact of Land Use Practices on the Water Resources of Ogun River Basin, Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 8(9), 220229.

Adimalla N. (2019). Controlling Factors and Mechanism of Groundwater Quality Variation in Semi-arid Region of South India: An Approach of Water Quality Index (WQI) and Health Risk Assessment (HRA). Environmental. Geochemistry and Health, 42, 128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00374-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00374-8

Adimalla N. (2020). Spatial Distribution, Exposure, and Potential Health Risk Assessment from Nitrate in Drinking Water from Semi-arid Region of South India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment International Journal, 26, 310334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1508329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1508329

Alengebawy A., Abdelkhalek S.T., Qureshi S.R & Wang M.Q. (2021). Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics, 9(3):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042

Alewu B. & Nosiri C. (2011). Pesticides and Human Health. In: Instoytcheva M. [eds.], Pesticides in Modern World - Effects of Pesticides Exposure. In Tech, pp. 231-250.

Amalraj A. & Pius A. (2013). Health Risk from Fluoride Exposure of a Population in Selected Areas of Tamil Nadu South India. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2, 7586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2013.03.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2013.03.005

American Public Health Association, APHA. (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (23rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: APHA.

Boscoe F.P., Ward M.H. & Reynolds P. (2004). Current Practices in Spatial Analysis of Cancer Data: Data Characteristics and Data Sources for Geographic Studies of Cancer. International Journal of Health Geographics, 3(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-3-28 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-3-28

Chica-Olmo M., Peluso F., Luque-Espinar J.A., Rodriguez-Galiano V., Pardo-Iguzquiza E. & Chica-Rivas L. (2017). A Methodology for Assessing Public Health Risk Associated with Groundwater Nitrate Contamination: A Case Study in an Agricultural Setting (Southern Spain). Environmental. Geochemistry and Health, 39, 11171132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-016-9880-7

COEHHA (2019). California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (COEHHA). Technical Support Document for Cancer Potency Factors 2009, Appendix A: Hot Spots Unit Risk and Cancer Potency Values. Updated May 2019.

Curwin B.D., Hein M.J., Sanderson W.T., Nishioka M.G., Reynolds S. J., Ward E. M & Alavanja M.C. (2007). Pesticide Contamination inside Farm and Nonfarm Homes. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2(7), 357-367 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15459620591001606

Dabrowski J. M, Peall S. K, Van Niekerk A, Reinecke A. J, Day J. A & Schulz R. (2002). Predicting Runoff-induced Pesticide Input in agricultural Sub- catchment Surface Waters: Linking Catchment Variables and Contamination. Water Resources, 36, 4975-4984. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00234-8

Elisante E. & Muzuka, A.N.N. (2015). Occurrence of Nitrate in Tanzanian Groundwater Aquifers: A review. Applied Water Science, 7, 7187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0269-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0269-z

Gill H.K. & Garg, H. (2014). Pesticides: Environmental Impacts and Management Strategies. In M.L. Larra Mendy, and S. Soloneski [Eds.], Pesticides- Toxic Aspects. Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/57399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/57399

Ha M. & Schleiger R. (2022). Fresh Water Supply. Online document. Available at https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Pittsburgh/Environmental_Science_%28Whittinghill%29/12:_Water_Supply_and_Water_Pollution/12.01:_Fresh_Water_Supply. Assessed on 24th November, 2022.

Hassan, I.U., Garba, Y.I. & Hussain, A. (2025). Effect of Agrochemicals and their Impact on Soil Quality in part of Sudan Savannah Zone of Northwestern Nigeria. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 9 (3), 7-14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0903-2693

Hayes T.B., Case P.C., Chung D., Heffele C. & Haston K. (2006). Pesticides Mixture, Endocrine Disruption and Amphibian Decline: Are we Underestimating the Impact? Environmental Health Perspective. 114, 40-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8051

Hudak P. (2015). Regional Trends in Nitrate Content of Texas Groundwater. Journal of Hydrology, 228, 3747.

Iredell S. (2023). Water Pollution and Cancer, An Updated Review. Science Insights.43(4), 1079-1086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15354/si.23.re801

Integrated Risk Information System, IRIS (1987). Chemical Assessment Summary (Chromium VI; CASRN 18540-29-9). National Centre for Environmental Assessment, integrated Risk Information System. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, pp. 33

Kerle E. A, Jenkins J. J. & Vogue P.A. (2007). Understanding Pesticide Persistence and Mobility for Groundwater and Surface water Protection. Oregon State University Extension Service, EM8561-E. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/open_educational_resources/05741s066

Khalili F., Mahvi A.H., Nasseri S., Yunesian M., Yaseri, M. & Djahed, B. (2019). Health Risk Assessment of Dermal Exposure to Heavy Metals Content of Chemical Hair Dyes. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 48 (5), 902911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v48i5.1807

Li, P., Li X., Meng, X., Li, M & Zhang Y. (2018). Appraising Groundwater Quality and Health Risks from Contamination in a Semiarid Region of Northwest China. Exposure and Health, 8, 361-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0205-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0205-y

Mabe F.N., Talabi K. & Danso-Abbeam G. (2017). Awareness of Health Implications of Agrochemical Use: Effects on Maize Production in Ejura-Sekyedumase Municipality, Ghana. Advances in Agriculture, 2, 1-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7960964

Madrigal J. M., Gunier, R. B., Jones, R. R., Flory, A., Metayer, C., Nuckols, J. R., & Ward, M. H. (2023). Contributions of Nearby Agricultural Insecticide Applications to Indoor Residential Exposures. Environment International, 171, 107657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107657 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107657

Marco V., Tommaso F., Federica V., Kenneth J. R., Sofia C, Carlotta M., Lauren A. W., Anna O., Carlo S., Laura I., Elisa A., Jessica M., Nicola F., Francesco P., Salvatore L. F., Vladimiro P., Sergio T., Grazia G., Renato S., Caterina L., Cristina M., Salvatore S., Maria F. & Margherita F. (2017). Pesticide Exposure Assessed Through Agricultural Crop Proximity and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Environmental Health, 16, 91 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0297- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0297-2

Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Zadeh, S. M.; Turral, H.; Burke, J. 2017. Water pollution from agriculture: a global review. Executive summary. Rome, Italy: FAO; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE). pp: 35. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/88070

Maxwell S.K., Airola M. & Nuckols J.R. 2010. Using Landsat Satellite Data to Support Pesticide Exposure Assessment in California. International Journal of Health Geographics, 9, 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-9-46 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-9-46

National Population Commission, NPC, (2022). https://citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/NGA028__ogun/ Accessed 23 August, 2022.

Nuckols J.R., Ward M.H. & Jarupil L. (2004). Using Geographical Information System for Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology Studies. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 1007-15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6738

Ojekunle O. Z., Ojekunle O. V., Adeyemi A.A., Taiwo A.G., Sangowusi O.R., Taiwo A.M. & Adekitan, A.A. (2016). Evaluation of Surface Water Quality Indices and Ecological Risk Assessment for Heavy Metals in Scrap yard Neighbourhood. SpringerPlus 5, 560 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2158-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2158-9

Ojo, A. O., Akinsorotan, A. O., & Okeowo, T. A. (2021). Assessment of Agrochemical Use and Practices among Smallholder Farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment, 17(3), 100108

Olanrewaju, R. M., Olajide, C. J., & Adebayo, A. A. (2020). Agro-climatic Zones and Food Security Challenges in Nigeria: A case study of Ogun State. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 22(4), 127142.

Ricketts T.C. (2003). Geographic Information Systems and Public Health. Annual Review of Public Health 24, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.140924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.24.100901.140924

Robert S. A., Strombom I., Trentham-Dietz A., Hampton J. M., & McElroy J. A. (2011). Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: Distinguishing Individual- and Community-level Effects. Epidemiology, 12(4), 468474.

Rull R.P., Gunier R., Von Behren J., Hertz A., Crouse V. & Buffler, P.A. (2009). Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticides Applications and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Environmental Resources, 109(7), 891899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.07.014

Saravi S. S. S., & Shokrzadeh M. (2011). Pesticide Exposure and Health Effects. Environmental Toxicology, 26(6), 499506.

Sasu, D.D. (2022). Life Expectancy at Birth in Nigeria by Gender. Online document. Available at https://www.statista.com/statistics/1122851/life-expentancy-in-nigeria-by-gender. Assessed on October 11, 2022.

Saurat D., Raffy G., Bonvallot, N., Monfort, C., Fardel, O., Glorennec, P., Chevrier, C., and Barbara Le Bot (2023). Determination of Glyphosate and AMPA in Indoor Settled Dust by Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Implications for Human Exposure. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 446, 130654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130654 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130654

Singh B., & Craswell, E. (2021). Fertilizers and Nitrate Pollution of Surface and Ground water: An Increasingly Pervasive Global Problem. SN Applied Sciences, 3(4), 120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04521-8

ulc Libor, Daniel Figueiredo, Anke Huss, Ji Kalina, Gregor, Tom Jano, enk, Andrea Daleck, Lenka Andrskov, Vt Kode & Pavel upr (2023). Current-use pesticide exposure pathways in Czech adults and children from the CELSPAC-SPECIMEN cohort. Environment International, 181, 108297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2023.108297

Taiwo A. M. & Awomeso, J. A. (2017). Assessment of Trace Metal Concentration and Health Risk of Artisanal Gold Mining Activities in Ijeshaland, Osun State NigeriaPart 1. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 177, 1-10.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.01.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2017.01.009

Toth S. J. & Buhler W. G. (2009). Environmental effects of pesticides, Department of Entomology and Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University. pp. 36

Tripathee L., Kang S., Sharma C.M., Rupakheti D., Paudyal R., Huang J. & Sillanp, M. (2016). Preliminary Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Surface Water of the Himalayan Rivers, Nepal. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 97(6), 855862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1945-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-1945-x

United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA (1989). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Vol. 1, Human health evaluation manual (part A) office of Emergency and Remedial Response, Washington DC.

United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA (2002). Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Database. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC (National Centre for Environmental Assessment)

United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA, (2004). Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume 1: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental guidance for dermal risk assessment). EPA/540/R/99/005. Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, DC, USA. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ragse/index.htm

United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA (2009). Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), available online at: http://www.epa.gov/iris/

United States Environmental Protection Agency, USEPA (2010). Human Health Risk Assessment: Risk-Based Concentration Table. http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-concentration_table/Generic_Tables/ Accessed 08 July 2020.

Waller L.A & Gotway C.A (2004). Applied Spatial Statistics for Public Health Data. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,Hoboken, New Jersey. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471662682

Ward M. H., Lubin J., Giglierano J., Colt ,J. S., Wolter C., Bekiroglu N.,Camann D., Hartge P, & Nuckols, J. R. (2006). Proximity to Crops and Residential Exposure to Agricultural Herbicides in Iowa. Environmental Health Perspective. 114(6): 893897. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.8770

World Health Organisation, WHO (2015). Country Statistics, Nigeria, 10/07/18. www.who.int/country/nga/en.

World Health Organization, WHO (2017). Guidelines for Drinking-water quality (4th ed.). Geneva: WHO Press.

Zhang, Z. Y., Hong, H. S., Zhou, J. L., Yu, G., & Chen, W. (2007). Occurrence and Behaviour of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Tonghui River of Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 146(1), 136142.