GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF Boswellia dalzielii ON CLINICAL ISOLATES OF Escherichia coli AND Salmonella spp.
Abstract
Humans have used medicinal plants for thousands of years as natural remedies to prevent, treat and manage various health conditions. The fragrant Boswellia dalzielii plant, is primarily found on rocky, arid, and shallow soils in the West African Savannah region. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark were tested against clinical isolates of E.coli and S.Typhi. Phytochemical tests were conducted to identify the classes of compounds present, the idendity, characteristic structures the various compounds were identified using Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis (GC-MS) at the department of Chemistry, ABU, Zaria. Antibacterial activity of the extracts were assessed using agar well diffusion method. Flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and phenols were detected in both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, while GC-MS analysis revealed presence of n-hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid and a trace amount of some lipophilic acids. Antibacterial activity of the extract against the bacterial isolates (Salmonella spp. and E. Coli) revealed varied degrees of antibacterial activity. In contrast to aqueous extracts, the ethanolic extract had a comparatively higher zone of inhibition. , the zone of inhibition ranged from 8.00 mm to 16.0 mm, which was much greater than when utilizing an aqueous extract (6.00 mm to 14.0 mm). Both the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations were also recorded. The findings of this study suggested that Boswellia dalzielii stem bark would serve as an important source of medicinal compound which could be harnessed for antibacterial activity.
References
Abdulhamid, S. A. (2019). Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Antibacterial Potential of Boswellia dalzeilii (Hutch) Stem Bark Extracts. East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences. Vol. 2(4): 213-217.
Ahmad, A. (2002). Vernonia Amydalina Ethanol And Aqueous Leaves Extracts. Antibacterial of Vernonia Amydalina Leaves Extracts. Vol. 3(6): 64-66.
Anyim, C., Nworie, O., Onwa, N. C., Agah, M. V., Ugwu, E. N. (2010). Plasmid profile of Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from sputum of paragonimiasis patients in Afikpo South, Ebonyi, Nigeria. African Jornal of Science. Vol 2(7): 2646-2656.
Balarabe, S., Aliyu, B. S., Muhammad, H., & Nafisa, M. A. (2023). Phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of boswellia dalzielii stem bark against some clinical isolates. Fudma Journal of Sciences, 3(3), 587 - 593. Retrieved from FUDMA Journal https://fjs.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/fjs/article/view/1606
Cheesbrough, M. (1984). Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Vol 2. Heinman. Oxford pp:186-187.
Croxen, M. A., Law, R. J., Scholz, R., Keeney. K. M., Wlodarska, M and Finlay, B. B. (2013): Recent Advances in Understanding Enteric Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical 880 Microbiology Reviews. 26 (4); 822-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00022-13
Eckburg, P. B., Bik, E. M., Bernstein, C. N., Purdom, E., Dethlefsen, L., Sargent, M. (2005): Diversity of the Iluman Intestinal Microbial Flora. Science. Vol. 308 (5728): 1635-1638. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1110591
Emmanuel, O.A., Adediji, J.A., Ehimigbia, A.R.O. (2015). Histological effects of aqueous estract of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark on the testes of adult wistar rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Innovation. Vol. 4(5): 280-283. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7897/2277-4572.04562
Hassan, H. S., Musa, A.M., Usman, M.A., Abdulaziz, M. (2009). Preliminary Phytochemical and Antispasmodic Studies of the Stem Bark of Boswellia dalzielii. Nigerian Journal of Pharmarcy and Science. Vol. 8(1): 1- 61.
Kubmarawa, D., Akiniyi, J.A., Okorie, D.A. (2013). Ethnomedicinal Survey of the Traditional Medicine of Lala People of Nigeria. International Journal of Medicnal Plants and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1(3), 039 057.
Lim, J. Y., Yoon, J., Hovde, C. J. (2010): A brief overview of Escherichia coli 0157:7 and its plasmid 0157. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. Vol. 20(1): 5-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.0908.08007
Magashi, A. M., Hussain, A. M., & Adamu, U. (2017). Determination of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of aqueous stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii against some common pathogenic microorganisms. UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR), 2(1), 238-46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.1721.035
Mamza, U. T., Arshad, M., Shah, M., Khan, S., Abdulrahman, F. I., Sodipo, O. A., & Khan, I. Z. (2022). Phytochemistry and antimicrobial studies of the solvent partitioned portions of methanolic stem-bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii (burseraceae). Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences-Chemistry, 41(1), 34-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5958/2320-320X.2022.00005.X
Mukerjee, P.K., Saritha, G.S., Suresh, B. (2002). Antimicrobial potential of two different Hypericum species available in India. Phytother. Vol. 8(2): 44-49.
Nafisa, M. A., Aliyu, B. S., Mustapha, Y., & Balarabe, S. (2023). Antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of boswellia dalzielii against enteropathogenic escherichia coli and shigella dysenteriae. Fudma Journal of Sciences, 3(4), 568 - 573. Retrieved from FUDMA Journal https://fjs.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/fjs/article/view/1687
Ngamo, T.S.L., Ngassoum, M.B., Mapongmestsem, P.M., Noudjou, W.F. (2007). Use of Essential Oils of Plants as Protectant of Grains during Storage. Agricultural Journal. Vol. 2(2), 204-209.
Ouedraogo, A., Thiombiano, A., Hahn-Hadjali, K., Guinko, S. (2006). Rgnration sexue de Boswellia dalzielii Hutch. arbre mdicinal de grande valeur au Burkina Faso. Bois et Forts des Tropiques. Vol. 289: 4-48.
Olaleye, M.T., Adegboye, OO. Akindahunsi, A.A. (2007). Alchornea cordifolia Extract Protects Wister Rats against Acetaminophen Induced Liver Damage. African Journal Bioteclology. Vol. 5(9): 2439-2445.
Saced, S., Tariq, P. (2005). Antibacterial activities of Menthapiperita, Pisumsativum and Momordicacharantia. Pakistan Journal of Botany. Vol. 3(7): 997-1001.
Tegasne, C., Mangoua, G.D., Jouda, R.T., Mouth-Happi, J.B., Ndjakou, G.L., Frese, M., Sewald, N. (2020). Bioguided chemical study of Boswellia dalzielii. Natural Product Research. Vol. 5(3): 3-11.
Trease, G. E., Evans, W.C. (2002). Phytochemicals in Pharmacognosy, Sounders Publishers London. ISBN 9780702029332.
Vogt, R. L Dippold, L. (2005): Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Outbreak Associated with Consumption of Ground Beef. Public Health Reports. 120 (2): 174-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/003335490512000211
Wain, J., Hendriksen, R. S., Mikoleit, M.L., Keddy, K., Ochiai, R.L. (2015). Typhoid Fever. Vol. 385(9473): 1136-1145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62708-7
World Health Organization (2008). The promotion and Development of Traditional Medicine.
WHO. (2024). WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List , 2024.
Yakubu, J., Maina, C. A., Haruna, L., Dawa, S. I., Ibrahim, S., Mamza, U. T., Abdulrahman, F. I., & Sodipo, O. A. (2022). Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Potential of Methanol Root Bark Extract of Boswellia Dalzielii. ChemSearch Journal, 13(1), 76-80.
Copyright (c) 2025 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
