ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANOPHELES MOSQUITO IN RELATION TO PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
Abstract
In this study, the effect of physicochemical parameters as determinants for the abundance and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes was examined. Physicochemical variables such as pH, temperature, DO, TDS, flow velocity, salinity and electrical conductivity were determined using standard procedures. Three communities in Ukwani LGA, Delta State were mapped out and sampled. Immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from potential breeding sites using 350 ml dip ladles and scooping spoon. The physicochemical parameters showed that air, and water temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were higher in Umutu compared to the other sampled communities (Obiaruku and Umukwata). Salinity, conductivity, total dissolved solids and flow velocity were higher in Obiaruku and Umukwata compared to Umutu. Various levels of significance (p <0.05) were recorded within sampled months and communities. The density of Anopheles mosquitoes were higher in ponds and puddles (42.1 and 32.6%) in Obiaruku compared to other locations irrespective of the sampled months. Highest density was also recorded in the month of September (42.3%) compared to other sampled months. Temperature, pH, DO, TDS and conductivity were in acceptable limits for mosquito survival. All parameters were positively correlated with the density of Anopheles mosquitoes. Thus, in practical terms for vector control, this study has demonstrated the importance of considering these physicochemical parameters when manipulating mosquito breeding sites for mosquito control programs, discourage their proliferation and decline the malaria burdens
References
Adeleke, M.A., Mafiana, C.F., Idowu, A.B., Adekunle, M.F. & SamWobo, S.O. (2010). Mosquito larval habitats and public health implications in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Tanzania Journal of Health Research 10(2): 103-107.
Aigbodion, F. I. & Odiachi, F. C. (2005). Breeding Sites Preferences of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Benin City, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Entomology 20: 1-7.
ASTM International, ASTM D858-12, Standard Test Methods for water quality, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pa, USA, 2012, http://www.astm.org/
Awolola TS, Oduola AO, Obansa JB, Chukwurar NJ, & Unyimadu JP. 2007. Anopheles gambiae S.S. Breeding in polluted water bodies in Urban Lagos, southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Vector Borne Disease. 44: 241-4.
Chukwuekezie, O., Nwosu, E., Nwangwu, U., Dogunro, F., Onwude, C., Agashi, N., Ezihe, E., Anioke, C., Anokwu, S., Eloy E., Attah, P., Orizu, F., Ewo, S., Okoronkwo A., Joseph, A., Ikeakor I., Haruna, S., and Gnanguenon, V. (2020). Resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l) to four commonly used insecticides for malaria vector control in South-East Nigeria. Parasites and Vectors.13, 152.
Ciota, A.T. & Kramer, L.D. (2013). Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus. 5: 3021–3047.
Dejenie T, Yohannes M, & Assmelash T. (2011). Characterization of mosquito breeding sites in and in the vicinity of Tigray microdams. Ethiopian Journal of Health Science. 21: 57-66.
Garba Y, & Olayemi IK. 2015. Spatial variation in physicochemical characteristics of wetland rice fields mosquito larval habitat in Minna, north central Nigeria. In: International conference on agricultural, ecological and medical sciences, Feb 10th – 11th; p 11-4.
Getachew, D., Balkew, M., and Tekie, H. (2020). Anopheles larval species composition and characterization of breeding habitats in two localities in the Ghibe River Basin, southwestern Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 19(1): 65.
Harbach, R. (2008). Family Culicidae Meigen, 1818. Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory.
Harbach, R.E. and Kitching, I. (2016). The phylogeny of Anophelinae revisited: inferences about the origin and classification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae). Zoologica Scripta. 45: 34–47.
Imam AA, and Deen Y. (2014). Common types of Anopheles gambiae breeding habitats in northwestern Nigeria Journal of Innovative Research and Engineering Science. 4:496-504.
Kabula BI, Attah PK, Wilson MD, and Boakye DA. (2011). Characterization of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and insecticide resistance profile relative to physiochemical properties of breeding habitats within Accra metropolis, Ghana. Tanzan Journal of Health Research 13: 163-87.
Kengluecha A, Singhasivanon P, Tiensuwan M, Jones JW, Sithiprasasna R. (2005). Water quality and breeding habitats of anopheline mosquito in northwestern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 36(1):46-53.
Kevin R, Daniel K, Christine K, Katie F, and Alex C. (2014). Conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solids. http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds. Accessed 18th March, 2021.
Kipyab PC, Khaemba BM, Mwangangi JM, and Mbogo CM. 2015. The physicochemical and environmental factor affecting the distribution of Anopheles merus along the Kenyan Coast. Parasite Vectors 8:221.
Klinkenberg, E., McCall, P., Wilson, M.D., Amerasinghe, F.P. and Donnelly, M.J. (2008). Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra, Ghana. Malaria Journal 7: 151.
Kudom AA. (2015). Larval ecology of Anopheles coluzzi in Cape Coast Ghana: water quality, nature of habitat and implication for larval control. Malaria Journal 14: 447.
Kwasi B, Biology A, and Kumasi T. (2012). Physical-chemical assessment of mosquito breeding sites from selected mining communities at the Obuasi municipality in Ghana. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. 2:123-30.
Kweka E, Zhou G, Beihe LB, Dixit A, Afrane Y, Lii TMG, et al. (2012). Effect of co-habitation between Anopheles gambia s.s. and Culex quinquefasciatus aquatic stages on life history traits. Parasites Vectors 5:33.
Kweka E, Zhou G, Munga S, Lee M, Atieli H, Nyindo M, et al. (2012). Anopheline larval habitats seasonality and species distribution: a prerequisite for effective targeted larval habitats control programmes. PLoS One 7(12): e52084.
Lancaster J. and Downes BJ. (2013). Aquatic Entomology. Oxford University Press UK pp 41-47.
Mattah PAZ, Futagbi G, Amekudzi LK, Mattah MM, de Souza DK, Kartey-Attipoe WD, Bimi L, Wilson MD. (2017). Diversity in breeding sites and distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes in selected urban areas of southern Ghana. Parasites and Vectors 10: 25
Mereta ST, Yewhalaw D, Boets P, Ahmed A, Duchateau L, Speybroeck N, Vanwambeke SO, Legesse W, DeMeester L and Goethals PLM. (2013). Physico-chemical and biological characterization of Anopheline mosquito larval habitats (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for malaria control. Parasites and Vectors 6:320.
Mohammed, B. R., Yayo, A. M., Ajanusi, O. J., & Lawal, I. A. (2021). Relative abundance and molecular identification of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culicidae), in Kura Local Government Area, North-western Nigeria. Parasite epidemiology and control, 14, e00213.
Munga S, Vulule J, and Kweka EJ. (2013). Response of Anopheles gambiae s.l (Diptera: Culicidae) to larval habitat age in western Kenya highlands. Parasite Vectors 6:13.
Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics (2006). Statistical abstract (NNBS). 2006, Abuja.
Noutcha MAE, and Anumudu CI. 2009. Entomological indices of Anopheles gambiae s.l. at a rural community in Southeast Nigeria, Journal of Vector Borne Disease 45: 43-51.
Ojianwuna, C.C, Enwemiwe V.N, and Ossai, P.I. (2021). The use of deltamethrin, permethrin, their combination and synergist on female Anopheles mosquito in Isoko South, Delta State. Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment. 19(1):39-50.
Okogun GR, Anosike JC, Okere AN, and Nwoke BEB. (2005). Ecology of mosquitoes in Midwestern Nigeria. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 42(1): 1-8.
Rakotomanana, F., Ratovonjato, J., Randremanana, R.V., Randrianasolo, L., Raherinjafy, R., Rudant, J.P. and Richard, V. (2010). Geographical and environmental approaches to urban malaria in Antananarivo (Madagascar). BMC Infectious Disease 10: 173.
Sattler MA, Mtasiwa D, Kiama M, Premji Z, Tanner M, Killeen GF, et al. (2005). Habitat characterization and spatial distribution of Anopheles sp. mosquito larvae in Dares Salaam (Tanzania) during an extended dry period. Malaria Journal 4:4.
WHO (2014). World Malaria Report 2014. World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
WHO (2016). World malaria report 2015. World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
WHO (2020). World malaria report 2020. World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
WHO. (2017). World Malaria Report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization.
WHO. (2018). World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Zhou G, Afrane YA, Vardo-Zalik AM, Atieli H, Zhong D, Wamae P, Himeidan YE, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G. (2011). Changing patterns of malaria epidemiology between 2002 and 2010 in western Kenya: The fall and rise of malaria. PLoS One 6(5):e20318. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020318
Copyright (c) 2021 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
