APPLICATION OF COX PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL IN TIME TO EVENT ANALYSIS OF HIV/AIDS PATIENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-360Keywords:
HIV/Aids, survival, analysis, cox, proportional, hazards, modelAbstract
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) remains a public health crisis that has contributed to the majority of deaths recorded in the past decade, affecting Nigeria and other countries of the world as it has become drug resistance in some patients. This study was aimed at estimating the effects of covariates on the survival time for HIV/AIDS patients using the Cox PH model. The KM results indicated that 91 patients were males, out of which 31 experienced the event of interest, and 60 (68.9%) were censored, 209 were females, 65 died due to AIDS, and 144 were censored (68.9%) respectively. The results of the Cox PHM indicated that sex, age, and health of patients are positively associated with death due to AIDS with the associated negative length of survival for HIV/AIDS patients with HR (1.149, 1.235, 1.887, and 1.306) respectively. The study concluded that CD4 cell counts are the only variable or covariate that showed a lower risk of death due to AIDS. The results further stated that patients with high CD4 cell counts have lower risks of death due to AIDS but an increase in survival time considering other factors. The study, therefore recommends that survival analysis should be used to assess the various risk factors and the confounding effects associated with them stressing that a patient’s lifestyle should be improved to live healthy as they continue to age older.
References
Abdullahi, H.G., Fullen, M.A. and Oloke, D. (2016). Socio-economic effects of drought in the semi-arid Sahel: a review. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, 1: 95-99.
Akintola, F.O. and Ikwuyatum, G.O. (2012). Issues in sustainable flood management in Nigeria. In Ivbijaro FA, Akintola FO. Editors; Sustainable Environmental Management in Nigeria. Ibadan, Oxford University publishers.
Anih, S.C. (2004). Effective survival measures against natural hazards in settled area. In L. Mbah, U. uchegbu and L. Muoghalu, management of environmental problems and hazards in Nigeria. England: Ashgate publishing limited.
Brooks, N. (2003). “Vulnerability, Risk and Adaptation: A conceptual frameworkâ€. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Working Paper 38:1-16.
Campbell, K.A., Finn L., Jeffrey C., Adriana K., Stefan, H. and Marilyn, M. (2019). First insights from the Flood Resilience Measurement Tool: A large-scale community flood resilience analysis. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, (40): 101257.
Etuonovbe, A.K. (2011). The devastating effect of flooding in Nigeria, Hydrography and Environment, TS06J, Epworth, Zimbabwe.
Fussel, H.M. (2007). “Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change researchâ€. Global Environmental Change 17(2):155-167.
Hassan, A.G., Fullen, M.A. and Okole, D. (2019). Problems of drought and its management in Yobe State, Nigeria. Weather and Climate Extremes, 23: 100192.
Hinkel, J. (2011). “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacityâ€: Towards a clarification of the science-policy interfaceâ€. Global Environmental Change 21(1):198-208
http://www.Un ocha.org
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014a) Climate Change 2001—Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability: Summary for Policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working Group II Report. IPCC, Geneva, 89 pp.
IPCC, (2007). “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate changeâ€. Eds. Martin L Parry, Osvaldo F Canziani, Jean P Palutikof, Paul J Van der Lindeen and Clair E Hanson: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
IPCC, (2014). Summary for Policy makers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.
IPCC, (2007). "Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change." (eds). Martin L Parry, Osvaldo F Canziani, Jean P Palutikof, Paul J van der Linden and Clair E Hanson: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Ismawaty, Nur and Krishna, K. Shrestha (2017). An Integrative Perspective on community vulnerability to flooding in cities of developing countries. Urban Transitions conference, Shanghai, September 2016.
Keating, A., Campbell, K., Szoenyi, M., McQuistan, C., Nash, D. and Burer, M. (2016). Development and testing of a community flood resilience measurement tool. Natural Hazards Earth System Science, 77–101, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-772016.
Kelly, P.M. and Adger, W.N. (2000). “Theory and Practice in Assessing Vulnerability to climate Change and Facilitating Adaptationâ€. Climate Change 47(4):325-352.
Kim, C.R. (2019). Framework of Extreme Flood Risk Management in the Typhoon Country Region.
Kolawole, O.M., Olayemi, A.B. and Ajayi, K.T. (2011). Managing flood in Nigerian cities: Risk analysis and adaptation options-Ilorin city as a case study. Archives of Applied Science Research 3: 17-24.
Lankao, Patricia, R. and Hua Qin (2011). “Conceptualizing urban vulnerability to global climate and environmental changeâ€. Environmental sustainability, 3(3):142-149.
Marcellinus, A.H. and Joseph, C.U. (2015). An assessment of the impact of flood events in Makurdi, Nigeria. Civil and Environmental Research. Vol.7:No. 10, 2015.
Masud, S., John, M. and Daniel F. R. (2015). "Adapting a holistic approach to flood management in the Hawkesbury– Nepean region: complexities and perceptions of the agencies involved." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, (ahead of-print):1-22.
Mmom, P.C. and Aifesehi, P.E. (2013). Vulnerability of Niger Delta Coastal Communities to Flooding. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 10(6), 27-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-1062733.
NEMA (2013). Report on flood disasters in Nigeria. Abiya: Government press
Nkwunonwo, UC., Malcolm, W. and Brian, B. (2015). Flooding and Flood Risk Reduction in Nigeria: Cardinal Gaps. J Geogr Nat Disast, 5:136. Doi: 10.4172/2167-0587.1000136.
NPC (2006). Nigeria Population Commission Official Result for 2006 House and Population Census Figures. Bureau for National Statistics, Abuja, Nigeria.
Nur, I. and Shrestha, K. K. (2017). An integrative perspective on community vulnerability to flooding in cities of developing countries. Procedia Engineering, 198: 958 – 967.
Odunga, S. (2008). Urban land use change and the flooding in Ashimowu watershed, Lagos, Nigeria. University of Lagos, Nigeria.
Okereke, R.A. (2007). “Incidence of Flooding in Southern Nigeriaâ€. International Journal of Environmental Issues, Vol.5, (1-2), pp20-28
Olorunfemi, F.B. (2011). Managing flood disasters under a changing climate. Lessons from Nigeria and South Africa. NISER Research Seminar Series, NISER, Ibadan.
Terpstra, T. and Gutteling, J.M., 2008. Households' perceived responsibilities in flood risk management in the Netherlands. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 24(4), pp.555-565.
UNDP, (2007). “The other half of climate change: why Indonesia must adapt to protect its poorest peopleâ€. United Nations Development Programme Indonesia, Jakarta.
UNEP, (2006). Gathering Storm: The Humanitarian Impact of Climate Change
Wilhite, D.A. (2005). Drought and Water Crises Science, Technology and Management Issues, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
Wilson, S., and Temple, B., Million, M., Vazquez, C., Packard, M., et al (2007). The lack of disaster preparedness by public and its effect on communities. The internet Journal of rescue and Disaster Medicine.
Yobe State Emergency Management Agency (YOSEMA) (2019). Flood Report-Update. August 2019: PP 9.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
