TOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDE 2, 4-D DIMETHYL AMINE SALT ON BEHAVIORAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS OF AFRICAN CATFISH CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS

  • Y. Hamisu
  • J. Auta
  • Bolanle S. Bawa Dr.
Keywords: 2, 4-D Dimethyl Amine Salt, Behaviour, Herbicide, Histology, Oxidative stress biomarkers, Toxicity

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to assess the toxicological impacts of the Herbicide 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt on Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. The fishes were exposed to lethal concentration of 0.00, 1.34, 1.42, 1.48, 1.54 and 1.60ml/L for 96 hours as well as sub-lethal concentrations of 0.00, 0.069, 0.138 and 0.276ml/l of 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt for 8 weeks. The value of 96 hours LC50 was 1.385ml/L.  Respiratory disturbance, loss of equilibrium, and sudden fish death were observed in 96hrs of exposed fish, and these varied greatly with increase in concentration of the toxicant, with a trend of significant (p<0.05) increase in mortality with increasing concentrations. As the concentration of 2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt increased the beats of the tail and opercular ventilation increased at 12 and 24 but decreased at 72 and 96 hours. The lethal exposure of Clarias gariepinus fingerlings to 2, 4-D dimethyl amine salt indicate significant changes in enzymes activity of liver for SOD and CAT.  at 1.36, 1.42, 1.48, 1.54 and 1.6ml/L while sub-lethal show no significant changes. The changes for lethal and sub-lethal in gills were characterized by, inflammation of primary and secondary lamella, vacuolation, filament atropy. The liver showed, necrosis, adipocyte infiltration, and lymphocyte hyperplasia in fish exposed lethal and sub lethal concentrations of 2, 4-D Dimethyl amine salt.

References

Alan J. A. S., Genaci J. R. & Holdson P. V. (1983). Histopathological and physiological response of rainbow trout, Salmo gaidneri (R) to sub-lethal levels of lead. Water Research, 17, 1115-1118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90051-9

Banaee M., Sureda A., Shahaf S., & Fazilat N. (2015). Protective effects of silymarin extract on malathion-induced zebra cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum) hepatoxicity. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 9(28), 1239-1246.

Bawa S.B. & Idris B.A. (2021). Toxicological effects of Ricinus communis seed oil on hepatic and ovarian architecture of female Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) broodstock. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 23(03), 90-98.

Beers R. F. & Sizer J. W. (1952). A spectrophotometric method of measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. Journal of Biochemistry, 195, 133–140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50881-X

Chen M, Yin J, Liang Y, Yuan S, Wang F, Song M. & Wang H. (2016). Oxidative stress and immunotoxicity induced by graphene oxide in zebrafish. Aquatic Toxicology, 174, 54–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.02.015

Chris D. I., Samuel E. E. & Sokiprim A. (2022). Haematological and behavioral response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) (Burchell, 1822) exposed to sub-lethal concentration of xylene. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 14(01), 554–565 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.1.0344

Dey C. & Saha S. K. (2014) Comparative Study on the acute toxicity bioassay of dimethoate and lambda-cyhalothrin and effects on thyroid hormones of freshwater teleost fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton), International Journal of Environmental Research, 8, 1085-1092.

Drishya M. K., Kumari S., Kumar M., Ambikadevi A. P. & Aswin B. (2016) Histopathological changes in the gills of fresh water fish, Catla catla exposed to electroplating effluent. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 5, 1-13.

Drummond R. A., Russom C. L. & Gleger D. L. (1986). Behavioral and morphological changes in fathead minor (Pimphales promelas) as diagnostic end points for screening chemicals according to mode of action; In T.M. Poston & R.Pruddy (eds). Aquatic Toxicology and Environment Fate, 9, 415-435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/STP29043S

El-Sharkawy N. I., Rasha M., Reda. & El-Araby E.I. (2011) Assessment of Stomp (Pendimethalin) toxicity on Oreochromis niloticus Journal of American Science, 7(10), 568- 576.

Faheem M. & Lone K. P. (2017). Oxidative stress and histopathologic biomarkers of exposure to bisphenol-A in the freshwater fish, Ctenopharyngodon idella. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 10.1590/s2175-97902017000317003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902017000317003

Gaber H. S., Abbas W. T., Authman M. M. N. & Gaber S. A. (2014). Histological and biochemical studies on some organs of two fish species in Bardawil Lagoon, North Sinai, and Egypt. Global Veterinarian, 12(1), 1–11.

Gul S., Kurutas E. B., Yyldyz E., Sahan A. & Doran F. (2004). Pollution correlated modification of liver antioxidant systems and histopathology of fish (Cyprinidae) living in seyhan Dam lake, Turkey. Environments, 30, 605-609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00059-X

Inyang I. R, Patani D. E. & Izah S. C (2020). The Effect of 2, 4 Dimethylamine salt on the Blood, Liver and Muscle of Oryclotagus cuniculus. Journal of Plant and Animal Ecology, 1(3), 21-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2637-6075.jpae-20-3198

Ladipo M. K., Doherty V. F. & Oyebadejo S. A. (2011). Acute toxicity behavioural changes and histopathological effect of Paraquat dichloride on tissue of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Biology, 3(2), 67 – 74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v3n2p67

Lasheen M. R., AbdelGawad F. K., Alaneny A. A. & AbdElbary H. M. H. (2012). Fish as bioindicators in aquatic environmental pollution assessment: a case study in Abu-Rawash Area, Egypt. World Applied Science Journal, 19, 265-275.

Liebel S., Tomotake M. E. M., & Ribeiro C. A. O. (2013). Fish histopathology as biomarker to evaluate water quality. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Contamination, 8(2), 9–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5132/eec.2013.02.002

Lowry O. H, Rosebrough N. J, & Farr A. L. (1951). Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 193, 265–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6

Slauoi M. & Fiette L. (2014). Histopathology procedures from tissue sampling to Histopathological evaluation. Research Gate, 61. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-849-2_4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-849-2_4

Nair V. & Turner G. E. (1984). The thiobarbituric acid test for lipid peroxidation: Structure of the adduct with malondialdehyde. Lipids, 19, 84-85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02534475

Owolabi O. D. & Abdulkareem S. I. (2021). Antioxidant and malondialdehyde levels in the tissues of Heterobranchus longifilis following lethal and sublethal exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles. Biokemistri, 33, 4.

Okayi R. G., Tachia M. U., Ataguba G. A. & Dikwahal S. H. (2010). Toxicity of herbicides propanil on Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Fisheries Society of Nigeria -EN 0001.

Olufayo M. O. & Alade O. H. (2012). Acute toxicity and histological changes in gill, liver and kidney of catfish, Heterobranchus bidorsalis exposed to cypermethrin concentration. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(31), 4453 – 4459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.167

Pereira L., Fernandes M. & Martinez C. (2013) Hematological and biochemical alterations in the fish Prochilodus lineatus caused by the herbicide clomazone. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 36, 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.019

Ramesh H. & Muniswamy D. (2009) Behavioural Responses of the Freshwater Fish, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) Following Sublethal Exposure to Chlorpyrifos, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9, 233-238.

Reddy P. B. (2012). Histopathogical studies as potential and direct biomarkers of pollution. Trends in Life Sciences, 1(1), 27–31.

Ranjan K. P. & Kumari A. (2022) Effects of herbicide, glyphosate on behaviour response & blood metabolite of Clarias batrachus (Linn.). International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Studies, 10(4), 109-112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2022.v10.i4b.2692

Salim A. M., Dauda A. B. & Yusuf M. A. (2021). Behavioural responses of african catfish (Clarias gariepinus burchell, 1822) juveniles exposed to acute concentrations of butachlor (herbicide). FUDMA Journal of Sciences ISSN online: 2616-1370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-592

Tudi M., Ruan H. D., Wang L., Lyu J., Sadler R., Connell D., Chu C. & Phung D. T. (2021). Agriculture development, pesticide application and its impact on the environment. International journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 1-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031112

Vali S., Majidiyan N., Azadikhah D., Varcheh M., Tresnakova N. & Faggio C. (2022). Effects of diazinon on the survival, blood parameters, gills, and liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Valenciennes, 1844). Teleost Water, 14. 1357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w14091357

Published
2024-12-05
How to Cite
HamisuY., AutaJ., & BawaB. S. (2024). TOXICITY OF THE HERBICIDE 2, 4-D DIMETHYL AMINE SALT ON BEHAVIORAL, HISTOLOGICAL AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BIOMARKERS OF AFRICAN CATFISH CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) FINGERLINGS . FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 8(6), 177 - 185. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0806-2958