RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ABO AND Rh D BLOOD GROUP PHENOTYPES AND MALARIA AMONG A POPULATION OF UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN KANO, NIGERIA
Abstract
ABO and Rh D antigens have been linked to pathogenesis of P. falciparum malaria with some phenotypes being protective while other susceptible. However, the evidence is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies of ABO and Rh D phenotypes and their association with malaria among undergraduates of Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. ABO and Rh D phenotypes were determined by monoclonal antisera (Plamatec Lab. Ltd., Bridport, UK) and malaria was assessed using rapid diagnostic test (RDT) kits RMOM-02571 (Access Bio, Inc., NJ, USA).One hundred and fifty participants, 76 males and 74 females, were recruited for the study.73.33% of the participants were aged 18 – 24 years. Prevalence of malaria was 26%. There was no statistically significant association between malaria infection and sex (X2 = 0.429, p = 0.512), marital status (X2 = 0.025, p = 0.874), age categories (X2 = 7.213, p = 0.125), and use of ITN (X2 = 0.140, p = 0.709). Blood group O phenotype was the dominant ABO group (78%) followed by A (14%), B (4.7%), and AB (3.3%). Rh D positive were92.7%.There was statistically significant association between malaria and Rh D phenotypes (X2 = 4.171, p = 0.041), however, ABO phenotypes were not statistically associated with malaria (X2 = 7.326, p = 0.062).Prevalence of malaria among the participants was moderate, O phenotype was the dominant group followed by A, B, and AB. Rh D phenotype was associated with malaria while ABO phenotypes were not.
References
Afoakwah, R., Aubyn, E., Prah, J., Nwaefuna, E. K., and Boampong, J. N. (2016). Relative Susceptibilities of ABO Blood Groups to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Ghana. Advances in Hematology, 2016:5368793.
Anifowoshe, A.T., Owolodun, O.A., Akinseye, K.M., Iyiola, O.A., and Oyeyemi, B.F. (2017). Gene frequencies of ABO and Rh blood group in Nigeria: a review. The Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics,18(2017):205-210.
Bamou, R., and Sevidzem, S. L. (2016). ABO/Rhesus blood group systems and malaria prevalence among students of the University of Dschang, Cameroon. Malaria world journal, 7(4):1-4.
Bartoloni, A., and Zammarchi, L. (2012). Clinical aspects of uncomplicated and severe malaria. Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, 4(1):e2012026.
Bayoumi, R. A., Bashir, A. H., and Abdulhadi, N. H. (1986). Resistance to falciparum malaria among adults in central Sudan. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 35;(1):45–55, 1986.
Bryan, J. H., and Smalley, M. E. (1978). The use of ABO blood groups as markers for mosquito biting studies. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 72(4):357-360.
Cox, F. E. (2010). History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors. Parasites &Vectors, 3(5):2-9.
Dawaki, S., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Ithioi, I., Ibrahim, J., Atroosh, W. M., Abdulsalam, A. M., et al. (2016). Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors, and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State. Malaria Journal, 15:351.
Kassim, O. O., and Ejezie, G. C. (1982). ABO blood groups in malaria and schistosomiasis haematobium. Acta tropica, 39(2):179-184.
Lelliott, P. M., McMorran, B. J., Foot, S. J., and Burgio, G. (2015). The influence of host genetics on erythrocytes and malaria infection: is there therapeutic potential? Malaria Journal, 14:289.
Loscertales, M-P., Owens, S., O’Donnell, J., Bunn, J., Bosch-Capblanch, X., and Brabin, B. J. (2007). ABO blood group phenotypes and Plasmodium falciparum malaria: unlocking a pivotal mechanism. Advances in Parasitology, 65:1–50.
Lwanga, S.K., Lemeshow, S. (1991). Sample size determination in health studies: A practical manual. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization.
Mackinnon, M. J., Mwangi, T. W., Snow, R. W., Marsh, K., and Williams, T. N. (2005). Heritability of Malaria in Africa. PloS medicine, 2(12):e340.
Martin, S. K., Miller, L. H., Hicks, C. U., David-West, A., Ugbode, C., and Deane, M. (1979). Frequency of blood group antigens in Nigerian children with falciparum malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 73(2):216–218.
Montoya, F., Restrepo, M., Montoya, A. E., and Rojas, W. (1994). Blood groups and malaria. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S˜ao Paulo, 36;(1):33–38, 1994
Mukhtar, I.G., and Abdulkadir, A.Y. (2019). Frequencies of ABO and Rhesus (D) blood group phenotypes among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at
Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. Journal of Medicine in the Tropics, 21(1):31-6.
Mukhtar, I. G, Muhammad, S. M., Yakasai, B.W., and Salisu, A. I. (2018): ABO and Rh Blood Group Phenotypes of Nigerian Blood Donors at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital, Kano – A One Year Retrospective Study BJMLS. 3(1): 48 – 53
Nasr, A., Eltoum, M., Yassin, A., ElGhazali, G. (2012). Blood group O protects against complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria by the mechanism of inducing high levels of anti-malarial IgG antibodies. Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, 1(1):16-22.
Olusegun-Joseph, T. S., Oboh, M. A., and Uduak, M. U. (2016). A Survey of Malaria Prevalence and Antimalarial Preventive Measures Amongst Students of University of Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 17(4):267-273.
Onanuga, A., and Lamikanra, A. (2016). Association of ABO blood group and Plasmodium falciparum malaria among Children in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 19:1-6.
Rawley, M., and Milkins, C. (2006). Laboratory aspects of blood transfusion. In: B. J. Bain I. Bates & M. A. Laffan (Eds.), Dacie and Lewis Practical haematology. (pp. 470-496). London: Elsevier.
Rowe, J. A., Handel, I. G., Thera, M. A., Deans, A-M., Lyke, K. E., and Kone, A., et al. (2007). Blood group O protects against severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria through the mechanism of reduced resetting. PNAS, 104(44):17471-17476.
Rowe, J. A., Opi, D. H., and Williams, T. N. (2009). Blood groups and malaria: fresh insights into pathogenesis and identification of targets for intervention. Current Opinion in Hematology, 16(6):480-487.
Sinden, R. E. (1989). Parasitology, immunology, and pathogenesis of malaria and babesiosis: Recent advances in the parasitology of malaria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 83(Suppl):3-9.
Traore, K., Konate, S., Thera, M. A., Niangaly, A., Ba, A., and Niare, A., et al. (2019). Genetic polymorphisms with erythrocyte traits in malaria endemic areas of Mali. PloS ONE, 14(1):e0209966.
Taylor, S. M., Cerami, C., and Fairhurst, R. M. (2013). Hemoglobinopathies: slicing the Gordian knot of Plasmodium falciparum malaria pathogenesis. PloS pathogens, 9(5):e1003327.
Tekeste, Z., and Petros, B. (2010). The ABO blood group and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Awash, Metehara and Ziawy areas, Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 9:280.
White, N. J. (2008). Plasmodium knowlesi: The fifth Human Malaria Parasite. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 46(2):172-173.
World Health Organization. (2002). WHO-FIND malaria RDT evaluation program. Retrieved fromhttps://www.who.int/malaria/areas/diagnosis/rapid-diagnostic-tests/rdt-evaluation-programme/en/ on 3rd January, 2020 at 8:30 am.
World Health Organization. (2018). World malaria report. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization.
Zhang, X., Yang, M., Zhao, H., Hu, J., and Li, L. (2017). Relationship between Malaria and ABO Blood Types in East China. Biomed Research International, 2017:8163762
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
