SPECIATION, MOBILITY AND POTENTIAL TOXICITY OF METALS (CR, CO, CU AND MN) IN SOIL SAMPLES FROM DUMPSITES IN KANO METROPOLIS
Abstract
Soil pollution by heavy metals is a global environmental problem. The need to keep the environment clean is increasingly becoming a global concern. Heavy metals are one group of pollutants that are widespread in our environment. They tend to persist indefinitely once they enter the soil. Their mobility and toxicity depend on their forms and oxidation states in the soil. This research presents the speciation, mobility and potential toxicity of Cr, Co, Cu and Mn in soils from some dumpsites in Kano, using a six-step sequential extraction method and AAS analysis. The results revealed the pH of the soils to range from 6.20-7.80. Percentage composition of clay and organic matter ranged from 6.00-16.58 % and 0.48- 4.30 % respectively. The results showed that the metals are bioavailable at different forms evident from their distribution pattern in the different fractions and therefore the soils should not be used for cultivation to avoid the metals getting into the food chain. The mobility factor values ranging between 14.38 % and 61.48 % for dry season; 15.63 % and 74.74 % for rainy season showed the metals to be very mobile especially Co, Cu, and Mn. This could lead to potential pollution of the agricultural produce and ground water in this area and hence have toxic effects on human lives. This result can serve as a guide to researchers on the appropriate method to reclaim the soils in this area based on the pattern of distribution of the metals in different geochemical phases.
References
Abdourahamane, S. I., Manzo, L. O., Djima, T. I., Beido, A. M., Saidou, S. I., Moussa, B. M., Mahamane, A. and Saadou, M. (2015). Impact of solid waste disposal system on soil in Maradi, City (Niger Republic); A preliminary study of heavy metal contamination. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(5): 650-659. ISSN: 2319-7706. http:// www.ijcmas.com
Adriano, D.C. (2001). Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability and Risks of Metals. 2nd Edn. Springer-New York. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-21510-5.
Alvarez, E. A., Mochon, M.C., Sanchez, J.C.J. and Rodriguez, M.T. (2002). Heavy metal extractable forms in sludge from waste water treatment plants. Chemosphere, 47: 765-775. https;//doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00021-8
Arias, M. E; Gonzalez-Perez, J. A; Gonzalez-Villa, F. J and Ball, A. S. (2005). Soil health: A new challenge for microbiologists and chemists. Int. Microbial. 8: 13-21. Available at www.im.microbios.org
Awode, U. A., Uzairu, A., Balarabe, M. L., Harrison, G. F.S. and Okunola, O. J. (2008). Assessment of peppers and soils for some heavy metals from irrigated farm lands on the banks of River Challawa, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 7(2): 244-248. ISSN 1680-5194. https;//doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2008.244.248
Banat, K.M. (2001). Assessment of Fe, Ni, Cd, Hg and Pb in the Jordan and Yarmonk River sediments in relation to their physicochemical properties and sequential extraction characterization. Water, Air, Soil Pollutant, 132(1-2): 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A; 1012062814873
CCME, (1991). Interim Canadian environment quality criteria for contaminated sites. Report CCME EPC- CS34. ISBN 0-919074-84-7
Cezary, K. and Bal, R. S. (2001). Fractionation and mobility of copper, lead and zinc in the vicinity of a copper smelter. J. Environ. Qual., 30: 485- 492. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2001.302485x
Day, P. R. (1965). Hydrometer method of particle size analysis. In. Black, C. A. Ed. Method of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin Argon, 562-563. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr.9.1.c43
Finzgar, N; Tlustos, P and Lestan, D. (2007). Relationship of Soil Properties to Fractionation, Bioavailability and Mobility of Lead and Zinc in Soil. Plant Soil Environment. 53(5), 225-238. https://doi.org/10.17221/2201-PSE
Gillman, G. P. and Sumpter, E. A. (1986). Modification to the compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils. Aust. J. Soil Res., 24, 61-66. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9860061
He, X.T., Traina, S.J. and Logan, T.J. (1992). Chemical properties of municipal solid waste compost. J. Environ. Quality, 21: 318- 329. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeg1992.00472425002100030003x
ICEPR (2012). 2nd International Conference on Environmental Pollution and Remediation. http://ICEPR2012.Internetional-ASET.com
ISO 10390 (1994). Soil Quality-Determination of pH. International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland. 5p Available from www.iso.ch
ISO 11465 (1993). Soil Quality-Determination of Dry Matter and Water Content on a Mass Basis-Gravimetric Method International Organization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland 3p Available from www.iso.ch
Khan, A. G., Kuek, C., Chandhry, T. M., Khoo, C. S., and Hayes, W. J., (2000). Role of plants, micorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation, Chemosphere, 41: 197-207.
Kunhikrishnan, A, (2011). Role of Recycled Water Sources in the Mobilization and Bioavailability of Copper in Soils. Available from
Lu, Y., Gong, Z. T.,Zhang, G. L. and Burghardt, W. (2003). Concentrations and chemical speciations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cr of urban soils in Nanjing, China. Geoderma, 115(1-2): 101 – 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00079-x
Maiz. I., Arambarri, I, Garcia, R. and Millan, E. (2000). Evaluation of Heavy Metals Availability in Polluted Soils by Two Sequential Extraction Procedures using Factor Analysis. Environmental Pollution, 110, 3-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00287-0
Nasr, S. M., Okbah, M. A. and Kasem, S. M. (2006). Assessment and chemical speciation of heavy metals in the Gulf of Aden sediments, Yemen. 1st Inter. Conf. on Envir. Change of Lakes, Lagoons and wetlands of the Southern Mediterranean Region, 3-7 January, Cairo, Egypt, ECOLLOLW.
Nguyen, T. L. H., Ohtsubo, M., Loretta, L., Higashi, T. and Kanayama, M. (2010). Heavy metal characterization and leachability of organic matter-rich river sediments in Hanoi, Vietnam. International Journal of Soil, Sediment and Water, 3(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620009370637
Obasi, N.A., Akubugwo, E.I., Ugbogu, O.C. and Glory, O. (2012). Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Heavy Metals Bioavailability in Dumpsites along Enugu-Port Harcourt Expressways, South-East, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(6): 342-356. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajaps.2012.342.356
Odhiambo, O., Afullo, A., Eunice, G., Maghenda, M. (2015). Heavy metal concentration and pH levels in soils of the main dumpsites of Narok central County. International Journal of Advanced Research, 3(8): 899-904. ISSN 2320. www.journalijar.com
Olubunmi, F.E; and Olorunsola, O.E. (2010). Speciation of Heavy Metals in Soils of Bitumen Deposit Impacted Area of Western Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 47(2): 265-277. ISSN 1450-216x. Available from http://www.eurojournals.com/eisr.htm
Ramirez, M., Massolo, S., Fraiche, R. and Correa, J.A. (2005). Metal speciation and environmental impact on sandy beaches due to El. Salvador copper mine, chile. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 50: 62-71. https://doi.ord/10.1018/j.marpolbul.2004.08.010
Salami, L., Fadayini, M. O., and Madu, C. (2014). Assessment of a closed dumpsite and its impact on surface and groundwater integrity; A case study of Oke Afa dumpsite, Lagos Nigeria. IJRRAS, 18(3): 222-230. www.arpapress.com/volumes/vil18Issue3/IJRRAS_18_3_03.
Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A.S. and Poonia, P. (2009). Phytomining: a review. Mineral Engineering, 22: 1007-1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2009.04.001
Tokalioglu, S., Kantal, S. and Elci, L. (2000). Determination of heavy metals and their speciation in lake sediments by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer after a four stage sequential extraction procedure. Anal. Chem. Acta, 413: 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)00726-1 Ulrich, S.M., Ramsey, M. H. and Helios-Rybicka, E. (1999). Total and exchangeable concentrations of heavy metals in soils near Bytom, an area of Pb/Zn mining and smelting in Upper Silesia, Poland. Appl Geochem, 14: 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(98)00042-0
USEPA, (1986). Test methods of evaluation of solid waste Visser W.J.F (1993). Contaminated Land Policies in some industrialized countries. TCB report R02 UK. Pp 38- 41.
Violante, A; Cozzolino, V; Perelomove, L; Caporate, A.G. and Pigna, M. (2010). Mobility and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soil Environments. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 10(3): 268-292. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-95162010000100005
Walkley, A. J. and Black, I. A. (1934). Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003.
Yoo, M.S. and James, B.R. (2002). Zinc attractability as a function of pH in organic waste contaminated soils. Soil Sci., 167: 246-259. https://doi.org/10.0038-075C/02/16704-246-259
Zhao, F. J., Jiang, R. F., Dunham, S.J. and McGrath, S.P. (2006). Cadmium uptake, translocation and tolerance in the hyperaccumulator Arabidopsis halleri. New Phytol., 172: 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01867.x
Copyright (c) 2022 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
