ORGANOCHLORINE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAINS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS: A REVIEW

Stella Okereafor; S. Garba; O. J. Okunola; H. I. Adamu

doi:10.33003/fjs-2022-0604-1061

Authors

Stella Okereafor
okereaforstella577@gmail.com

NDA
S. Garba
O. J. Okunola
H. I. Adamu

Keywords:

Organochlorine, Organophosphorus, Pesticides, levels of residues

Abstract

Organochlorin and organophosphorus pesticides are broadly applied in agriculture, primarily to boost crop yields and protect crops from pests to reach the needs of a growing global population. This review aims to assess levels of pesticide residues in grains, fruits, and vegetables from already established secondary data from different authors or journals. The data obtained adequately confirmed the presence of concentrations of Organochlorin and organophosphorus residues in vegetables, grains and fruits. Both high and low concentration levels of pesticide residue were documented based on data obtained which showed application of the synthetic pesticides by farmers. The high or minute concentration of synthetic pesticides poses adverse health effect on human. This review suggest that consumers of these type of pesticides contaminated food are liable to contact diseases associated with pesticides. Pesticides have been related to damage to the kidneys, liver, and nervous system, birth defects, cancer, immunodeficiency, reproductive process disruption, and altering or interfering with normal endocrine system function. Thereby, the use of natural pesticides as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for pest control is highly recommended for food security and sustainable environmental practices.

Dimensions

REFERENCES

Agu-era A., Piedra, L., Hernando, M.D., Ferna´ ndez-Alba, A.R and Contreras, M. (2000). Splitless large-volume GC-MS injection for the analysis of organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides in vegetables using a miniaturised ethyl acetate extraction. Analyst., 125:1397–1402.

Akinneye, J.O, Adedolapo, A.O and Adesina, F. P. (2018). Quantification of Organophosphate and Carbamate residue on stored grains in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journals of Biology and Medicine 2(1): 001-006.

Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S.J., Štajnbaher, D and Schenck, F.J .(2003). Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solidphase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. J. AOAC. Int., 86: 412-431.

Andrew, G.R. (2002). Pem sticides Residue Analysis and Its Relationship to Hazard Characterization and Intake Estimations. Pest Management Science.58:1073-1082. Hittps://dio.org 110.1002/ps.544. Retrieved on May 3rd, 2022.

Baird, C., and Cann, M. (2005).Environmental Chemistry 3rd Edition.Book and Media ReviewsW.H Freedom, New York. pp650.

Bai, Y., Zhou, L and Wang, J. (2006).Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Market Foods in Shaanxi Area, China. Food Chem. 98: 240-242.

Bamigboye, A.Y., Adepoju, O.T and Olalude, C.B. (2017). Assessment of Dichlorvos and Endosulfan Pesticides Residue Levels in Selected Fruits Markets in Ibadan, Oyo State , Nigeria. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 22(5): 1-6.

Barnett, J.B., Rodgers, K.E., J.H., Luster, M.I and Munson, A.E. (1997).Pesticides.Dean In; immunopharmacology, 2nd edition. Raven Press Ltd, New York .pp191-211.

Bulut, S., Akkaya, L., and Gök Veli, K. M. (2011). Organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues in cow’s, buffalo’s, and sheep’s milk from Afyonkarahisar region, Turkey. Springer Science, Business Media, 181, 555–562.

Cemile, O. (2016), Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Some Vegetable Samples Using GC-MS. Polish Journals of Environmental Studies, 25(3):1141 – 1147.

Cerejeira, M. J., Viana, P., Batista, S., Silva E., Valerio, M. J., Silva, A., Ferreira, M and Silva-Fernandez, A. M (2003). Pesticides in Portuguese surface and ground waters. 37:1055-1063.

Cook, J., Beckett, M.P., Reliford, B., Hammock, W., Engel, M. (1999). Mutiresidue analysis of pesticides in fresh fruits and vegetables using procedures developed by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. J. AOAC Int., 82: 1419-1435.

Deigna-Mockey, V., Biego., G. Henri, Kouadio, K.R, Nyamien, Y.B and Coulibaly, A. (2021). Organochlorine Pesticide Residue Levels in Kola Nuts (Cola nitida Schott Endl.) and Estimation of Risk Exposition in Côte d’Ivoire. European Journal of Nutrition and Food Safety, Pp 23-37.

Fillion, J., Sauvé, F., Selwyn, J. (2000). Multiresidue method for the determination of residues of 251 pesticides in fruits and vegetables by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. AOAC Int., 83: 698-

Food and Agriculture Organisation.(2002). International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides. Retrieved 2 April, 2022.

Food and Drug Administration.(1999). Pesticide Analytical Manual Volume I: Multiresidue Methods, 3rd Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC.

Fontcuberta, M., Arques, J.F., Villalbi, J.R., Martinez, M., Centrich, F., Serrahima, E., Pineda, L., Duran, J., Casas, C. (2008). Chlorinated Organic Pesticides in Marketed Food: Barcelona, 2001-06. Sci. Total Environ. 389: 52-57.

General Inspectorate for Health Protection (1996). Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues in Foodstuffs, 6th edition, Ministry of Health Welfare and Sport, The Netherlands.

Habib, M., Kaium, A., Khan, M.S.I., Prodhan, M.D.H., Begum, N., Chowdhury, M.T.I. and Islam, M.A. (2012). Residue level and health risk assessment of organophosphorus pesticides in eggplant and cauliflower collected from Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Food Research 5 (3) : 369 – 377.

Hassal, K.A. (1990). Biochemistry and Uses of Pesticides: Structure Metabolism, Mode of Action and Uses in Crop Protection. Macmillan Press Ltd., Basingstoke, U.K. pp536.

Hedley, A.J., Hui, L.L., Kypke, K., Malisch, R., van Leeuwen, F.X., Moy, G., Wong, T.W. and E.A. (2010) Residues of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Human Milk in Hong Kong. Chemosphere, 79, 259-265.

Housséni, A., Kissao, G., Gnon, T., Kamilou, O., Jean-Christophe, Y., Edmond, C.E and Christian, M. (2018). Assessment of pesticides residues contents in the vegetables cultivated in urban area of Lome (southern Togo) and their risks on public health and the environment, Togo. International Journals of biological and chemical sciences 12(5): 2172-2185.

How-Ran, C., Shu, W., Ta-Chang, L and Xu-Hui, C. (2006). Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in Human Milk From Central Taiwan. Journal of Chemosphere. 62(11): 1774-1785.

Huber, A., Bach, M., and Frede, H. G. (2000). Pollution of Surface Waters With Pesticides in Germany: Modeling Non Point Surface Input. Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment.80:191-204.

Ibotom, M.O and Mohammade, F. (2016). Determination of Pesticides Residues in Fruits and Vegetables in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journals of Environmental Science and Toxicology Research. 4(10): 185- 189.

Ibrahim, E.G., Yakubu, N and Nnamonu, L. (2018). Determination of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Pumpkin, Spinach and Sorrel Leaves Grown in Akwanga, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. JEP .9 No(5): 508-515.

Isaac, O., Laetitia K., Paul Z., Jochem L., Ivonne M.C.M. Rietjens, A and Hans, M. (2021). Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya.

Isegbe1, V., Habib, M., Obaje, J., Ekoro, S and Solomon, S. (2016). Residues of Organochlorine Pesticide in Dried Beans (Vigna unguiculata) Originating from Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Food, Nutrition and Sustainable Agriculture 4(4):25-30.

Jagadish, G.K., Jaylakshmi, S.K and Sreeramulu K. (2015). Evaluation of pesticide residue in rice, wheat and pulses of Bidar district Karnataka, India. Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research Journalissues Vol.3(9),pp.100-106.

Kidd, K. A., Boots man, H. A., Hesslein, R. H., Muir, D. G., and Hecky, R.E. (2001). Biomagnifications of DDT, Through the Benthic and Pelagic Food Webs of Lake Malawi, East Africa: Importance of Tropic Level and Carbon Source. Environmental Science and Technology. 35:14-20.

Koehler, P. G and Belmont, R. A. (1998).UF/IFAS Basic Pesticide Training Manual (SM-59) University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; (352) 392 – 326.

Koleayo, O., Kelechi , N., Sunday, A., John, O., Olapeju, A., Kayode, O., Julie, A and Ifeoma, I. (2017). Assessment of Pesticides Residue Levels in Common Fruits Consumed in Lagos State, Nigeria. Journals of Research and Reviews in science. 32: 53-60.

Lankondjoa, K., Gbénonchi, M., Komla, S. (2016), Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Vegetable Samples from Some Agricultural Areas in Togo. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 7, 332-341.

Lee, S.M., Papathakis, M.L., Hsiao-Ming, C.F and Carr, J.E (1991). Multipesticide residue method for fruits and vegetables: California Department of Food and Agriculture. Fresenius Journals of Analytical Chemistry, 339, 376-383.

Lehotay. S.J., Hiemstra, M., van Bodegraven, P., de Kok, A. (2007). Validation of a fast and easy method for the determination of more than 200 pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using gas and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometric detection. J. AOAC Int., 88 (2005) 595.

Lehotay, S.J. (2000). Determination of pesticide residues in non-fatty foods by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: collaborative study. J. AOAC Int., 83, 680-697.

Lobe, J (2006).WHO urges DDT from malaria control strategies. Inter Press Service.

Loganathan, B.G. (2012) Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals: An Overview

McKinney, M.L and Schoch, R. M. (2003). Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions. Web Enhanced edition. Sadbury, MA; Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 234.

McConnell, R and Hruska, A. J .(1993). An Epidemic of Pesticide Poisoning in Nicaragua: Implications for Prevention in Developing Countries. Am J Public Health 83 (11):1559-1562.

Ndidi M.E., Omotayo, O.S., Olamide A.I., Samuel, A and Saburi, A.A. (2019). Assessment of pesticide residue in Vigna unguiculata L. Walp in Iddo Market Lagos State, Nigeria. Conference Proceeding. International Conference on Developmental Sciences and Technologies.

Noora, M.A., Mohammad, A.A., Ismail., A and Saeed, H.A and Talaat, A.A. (2016 ). Evaluation of pesticide residues of organochlorine in vegetables and fruits in Qatar: statistical analysis.

Nthabiseng, M., Somandia, N., Mathew, M.N., Zenzile, P.K and Nutrition, J.M.(2021). Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in Beta vulgaris, Brassica oleracea, and Solanum tuberosum in Bloemfontein markets, South Africa. Food science and Nutrition 9(9):4770-4779.

Ntow, W.J. (2001). Organochlorine pesticides in water, sediments crops and human fluids in a farming community. Ghana. Archives of Environmental Conmination and Toxicology. 40: 557-563.

Olawale, O and Confidence, C. Lewis. (2021). Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in bean samples from Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental chemistry and Toxicology. Vol.13(1), pp. 1-13

Olufade, Y.A., Sosan, M.B., Oyekunle, J.A.O. (2014). Levels Of Organochlorine Insecticide Residues In Cowpea Grains And Dried Yam Chips From Markets In Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria: A Preliminary Survey. Ife Journal of Science vol. 16, no. 2.

Planas, C., Caixada, J., Santos, F. J., and Rivers, J .(1997). Occurrence of Pesticides in Spanish Surface waters.Analysis by High-Resolution Gass Chromatography Coupled to Mass spectrometry. Chemosphere. 34:2393-2406.

Ritter, S.K, (2009). Pinpointing trends in pesticides use in 1939, chemical and engineering news. 87(7). ACS.ISSN 0009-2347.

Safiatou, B. D. (2007). Pesticide residues in soil and water from four cotton growing area of Mali, West Africa. Journal of Agriculture, Food and Environment Sciences, 1, 1–9.

Sattler, C., Kachete, H., and Verch, G. (2006).Assessing the Intensity of Pesticide Used in Agriculture. Agriculture Ecosystems And Environment. 46-49.

Sheridan, R.S and Meola, J.R. (1999). Analysis of pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, and milk by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J. AOAC Int., 82, 982-990.

Soliman, K.M. (2001). Changes in Concentration of Pesticide Residues in Potatoes During Washing and Home Preparation. Food Chem. Toxicol. 39(8): 887-891.

Sosan, M. B.1., Oyekunle, J. A.O and Odewale, G. O.1(2018). Occurrence and Levels of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Maize Samples from Open Markets and Stores in Ile-Ife and Ondo, Southwestern Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Entomology NJE Vol. 34: 25-37.

Srivastava, A.K., Purushottam, T., Srivastava, M.K and Laxman, P.S. (2011). Monitoring of Pesticides Residues in Market Samples of Vegetable FromLucknow City, India: Quechers Method. Journals of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.176 (1-4): 465-72.

Susan , M.B and Onyekunle, J.O. (2017). Organochlorin Pesticides Residue Levels and Potential Human Risks in Kolanuts From Selected Markets in Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Asian Journal of Chemistry Science. 2(4):1 – 11.

Tahir, N., Imtiaz, A and Seema, T. ( 2010). Determination of Pesticides Residue in Fruits of Nawabsha District, Sindh, Pakistan. Pakistan Journals of Botany 42(6): 1133-1139.

Thiphavanh, S., Surat, H., Chitchol, P., Sompog L., Tanyaporn, K., Vanvimol, P., and Tippawan P. (2017). Determination of Organophosphate Pesticides Residues in Fruits, Vegetables and Health Risk Assessment Among Consumers in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology.Volume: 11, Issue: 1, Page No.: 20-27.

Tilman,D., Cassiman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., and Polasky, S (2002). Agricultural Sustainability and Intensive Production Practices. Nature. 418, 671-677.

US Environmental. (2007). What is a Pesticide?. Retrieved from www.epa.gov. on March 15, 2022.

WHO (2005). Codex Alimentarius Commissions Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Agenda item 7a. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme codex committee on pesticide residue 37th session.

Yawar, L., Syed, T.H and Muhammade, I.B. (2001). Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Commonly Used Fruits in Hyderabad Region, Pakistan.American Journal of Analytical Chemistry.2:46-52.

Wasim, A., Dwaipayan, S., and Chowdhury, A. (2008). Impact of pesticides use in agriculture, their benefits and hazard. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2(1):1–12.

Washington DC, (1993). Pesticides in the diets of infants and children. National Research Council: National Academy Press

ORGANOCHLORINE AND ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN GRAINS, VEGETABLES AND FRUITS: A REVIEW

Authors

Keywords:

Abstract

REFERENCES

Published

How to Cite

Issue

Section

How to Cite

Most read articles by the same author(s)

Make a Submission

Browse

Developed By

Information

Latest publications