GENETIC DIVERSITY OF EXTRA-EARLY YELLOW MAIZE HYBRIDS UNDER STRIGA ENVIRONMENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2021-0501-568Keywords:
Cluster analysis; Extra-early maize; Genetic diversity; Principal component; StrigaAbstract
The success of any breeding program depends on the ability to determine germplasm diversity and genetic relationships among breeding materials. Genetic diversity is an invaluable aid in crop improvement. This study was carried out to determine the genetic diversity among 70 extra-early yellow maize hybrids under Striga environments. Cluster and principal component (PC) analyses were used to determine the genetic diversity of the hybrids. Data on morphological and agronomical data were collected. The experiment was set up in two locations (Abuja and Mokwa) in a randomized incomplete block design experiment with two replications. A significant difference was observed among the hybrids in all the traits studied and a significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for all traits except for plant height, anthesis silking interval and Striga count at 8 and 10 WAP. The principal component reveals that the first three components account for 86% variability. PC1 gave maximum variability (43%) and was loaded with PC1 and the first four PCs can be utilized in hybridization programs. The principal component biplot reveals the relationship among traits and the distance of each variable in determining variability among hybrids. The cluster diagram reveals five distinct groups. Group IV consisted of Striga tolerant hybrids and group I consisted of susceptible hybrids. Both principal component and cluster analysis revealed the genetic diversity among the hybrids and identified genotypes that were Striga tolerant and could be selected as choice of parental materials to develop Striga resistant materials
References
Abd El Monssef, R.A., Hassan, E.A. and Ramadan, E.A. (2016). Production of laccase enzyme for their potential application to decolorize fungal pigments on aging paper and parchment. Annals of Agricultural Science, 61(1):145-154.
Abdulredha, S.S. (2013). Production of laccase from Pleurotus spp. by Solid State Fermentation using agricultural wastes A Thesis submitted to the College of Science as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.Sc in Biotechnology. College of Science, University of Baghdad.
Afreen, S., Anwer, R., Singh, R.K. and Fatma, T. (2018). Extracellular laccase production and its optimization from Arthrospira maxima catalyzed decolorization of synthetic dyes. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 25: 1446-1453
Amutha, C. and Abhijit, M. (2015). Screening and Isolation of Laccase Producers, Determination of Optimal Condition for Growth, Laccase Production and Choose the Best Strain. Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 6(4):1-8.
Amutha, C., Subramanian, P. and Manna, A. (2014). Bio-remediation its basic modern methods application a review. International Journal of Trends in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3:49-76.
AOAC (2010). Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists, (18th edition). Washington, D.C. Association of Analytical Chemists.
Bellettini, M.B., Fiorda, F.A., Maieves, H.A., Teixeira, G.L., A´vila, S., Hornung, P.S., Junior, A.M. and Ribani, R.H. (2019). Factors affecting mushroom Pleurotus spp. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26: 633-646
Bhuvaneshwari, V., Preethikaharshini, J., Amsaveni, R. and Kalaiselvi, M. (2015). Isolation, optimization and production of laccase from Halobacillus halophilus. International Journal of Biosciences and Nanosciences, 2(2):41-47.
Birhanli, E. and Yeşilada, Ö. (2017). The utilization of lignocellulosic wastes for laccase production under semisolid-state and submerged fermentation conditions. Turkish Journal of Biology, 41: 587-599.
Chan, M.Y., Goh, S.M., Gaik, L. and Ong, A. (2016). Isolation and Screening of Laccase Producing Basidiomycetes via Submerged Fermentations. International Journal of Biological, Biomolecular, Agricultural, Food and Biotechnological Engineering, 10(2):77-80.
Das, N., Dey, D. and Mishra, S. (2015). Isolation and physico-chemical characterization of extracellular lingo-cellulolytic enzymes of Pleurotus pulmonarius in submerged fermentation. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 6(3), 15-23.
Desai, S.S., Tennali, G.B., Channur, N., Anup, A.C., Deshpande, G. and Azhar Murtuza, B.P. (2011). Isolation of laccase producing fungi and partial characterization of laccase. Biotechnology, Bioinformatics and Bioengineering, 1(4):543-549.
Dos Santos Bazanella, G.C., De Souza, D.F. and Castoldi, R. (2013). Production of laccase and manganese peroxidase by Pleurotus pulmonarius in solid state cultures and application in dye decolorization. Folia Microbiology, 58:641-647.
Edae, T. and Alemu, M. (2017). Selection and optimization of lignocellulosic substrate for laccase production from Pleurotus species. International Journal of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Research, 8(4): 38-48.
Geethanjali, P.A., Gowtham, H.G. and Jayashankar, M. (2020). Optimization of culture conditions for hyper‑production of laccase from an indigenous litter dwelling fungus Mucor circinelloides GL1. Environmental Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-020-00137-7
Giardina, P., Faraco, V., Pezzella, C., Piscitelli, A., Vanhulle, S. and Sannia, G. (2010). Laccases: a never-ending story. Cellular and Molecular Life Science, 67:369-385.
Gomaa, E.Z. (2013). Some applications of α-amylase produced by Bacillus subtilis NCTC-10400 and Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 under solid state fermentation. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 7(29):3720-3729
Hernández-Monjaraz, W.S., Caudillo-Pérez, C., Salazar-Sánchez, P.U. and MacÃas-Sánchez, K.L. (2018). Influence of iron and copper on the activity of laccases in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 49S: 269-275
Herrera, J.L.T., Osma, J.F. and Couto, S.R. (2007). Potential of Solid-State Fermentation for Laccase Production. Communicating Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology.
Hong, L.S., Ibrahim, D. and Omar, C. (2011). Lignocellulolytic materials as raw materials for the production of fermentable sugars. Asian Scientific Research, 4(1):53-61.
Ibrahim, D., Puspitaloka, H., Abdul Rahim, R. and Hong, L.S. (2012). Characterization of Solid State Fermentation Culture Conditions for Growth and Mananase Production by Aspergillus niger USM F4 on Rice Husk in Tray System. British Biotechnology Journal 2(3): 133-145.
Kalra, K., Chauhan, R., Shavez, M., Sachdeva, S. (2013). Isolation of laccase producing Trichoderma spp. and effect of pH and temperature on its activity. International Journal of Chemistry and Environmental Technology, 5(5):2229-2235.
Madika, A., Ameh, J.B. and Machido, D.A. (2017). Production of Alpha Amylase by Bacillus subtilis Using Maize Husk as Substrate. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 6(2): 1-9.
Masutti, D., Borgognone, A. and Setti, L. (2012). Production of enzyme from rice husks and wheat straw in solid state fermentation. Chemical Engineering Trends, (27):133-138.
Megersa, S., Gure, A., Alemu, M. and Feleke, S. (2017). Qualitative Assays and Quantitative Determinations of Laccases of White Rot Fungi from Plantation and Natural Forests of Arsi Forest Enterprise, Ethiopia. World Scientific News, 67(2):303-323.
Mtui, G.Y.S. (2012). Lignocellulolytic enzymes from tropical fungi: Types, substrates and applications. Scientific Research and Essays, 7(15):1544-1555.
Niladevi, K.N., Sukumaran, R.K. and Prema, P. (2007). Utilization of Rice Straw for Laccase Production by Streptomyces psammoticus in Solid-State Fermentation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 34:665-674.
Patel, H., Gupte, A. and Gupte, S. (2009). Effect of different culture conditions and inducers on production of laccase by a Basidiomycete fungal isolate Pleurotus ostreatus HP-1 under solid state fermentation. Bioresources, 4(1):268-284.
Perdani, M.S., Margaretha, G., Sahlan, M. and Hermansyah, H. (2020). Solid state fermentation method for production of laccase enzyme with bagasse, cornstalk and rice husk as substrates for adrenaline biosensor. Energy Reports, 6: 336–340
Risdianto, H., Sofianti, E., Suhardi, S.H. and Setiadi, T. (2012). Optimisation of Laccase Production using White Rot Fungi and Agriculture Wastes in Solid State Fermentation. ITB Journal of Engineering Science, 44(2):93-105.
Robinson, P.K. (2015). Enzymes: principles and biotechnological applications. Essays in Biochemistry, 59, 1-41.
Saqib, H.H., Muhammad, J.A., Muhammad, G., Muhammad, A., Nasir, M.M., Raja T.M., Shehnaz, Z. and Nasir, M. (2015). Solid State Fermentation for the production of Laccase by Neurospora sitophila using agro-wastes and its partial purification. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 4(5):564-573.
Sayyed, R.Z., Bhamare, H.M., Sapna, Marraiki, N., Elgorban, A.M., Syed, A., El-Enshasy, H.A. and Dailin, D.J. (2020) Tree bark scrape fungus: A potential source of laccase for application in bioremediation of non-textile dyes. PLoS ONE 15(6): e0229968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229968
Shraddha, S.R., Sehgal, S., Kamthania, M. and Kumar, A. (2011). Laccase: microbial sources, production, purification, and potential biotechnological applications, Enzyme Research, 2011:1-11.
Simoes, M.L.G., Tauk-Tornisielo, S.M. and Tapia, D.M.T. (2009). Screening of culture condition for xylanase production by filamentous fungi. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(22): 6317-6326.
Sinha, S., Chattopadhyay, P., Pan, I., Chatterjee, S. and Chanda, P. (2009). Microbial transformation of xenobiotics for environmental bioremediation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8:6016-6027.
Sondhi, S. and Saini, K. (2019). Response surface based optimization of laccase production from Bacillus sp. MSK-01 using fruit juice waste as an effective substrate. Heliyon, 5: e01718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01718
Szabo, O.E., Csiszar, E., Toth, K., Szakacs, G. and Koczka, B. (2015). Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes produced by solid state fermentation. Ultrasonic Sonochemistry, 22:249-256.
Thakkar, A.T., Pandya, D.C. and Bhatt, S.A. (2020). Optimization of Laccase Enzyme Production by Amesia atrobrunnea A2: A First Report. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia, 17(1): 65-72
Vantamuri, A.B. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2015). Isolation, Screening and Identification of Laccase Producing Fungi. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, 6(3):242 - 250
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences