DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MULTI-PURPOSE MINERAL LEACHING EQUIPMENT
Abstract
With much amount of money the nation had invested into the extractive sector of the economy, minerals are still mined and exported out of the country for beneficiation which results into much economic losses in the mining and extractive industries. The need to reduce the huge amount of losses expended on extracting valuable metals from ores by local miners and out springing cottage industries motivates this work. This report covers the design and construction of a laboratory size leaching equipment suitable for dissolution of clean pulverised minerals in acid and alkaline media via agitation and in-situ leaching techniques in single operation system. The dissolved metals are easily recovered from the solution by other techniques. The design and fabrication is based on the fundamentals of stoichiometric calculations and chemical reactions, engineering design drawings using AUTOCAD and INVENTOR softwares, material selection and safe environmental ethics. The equipment is produced from combination of highly corrosion resistant plastic materials, mild steel, stainless steel and other components. For the purposes laboratory studies, the machine can process about 320-350 kg mineral feeds charged manually and in batches for working period of 1 to 8 hours per day. The estimated fabrication cost is about N194,500.00.
References
Abdel-Basir S.M. and Rabah M.A., (1999). Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from brass melting slag. Hydrometallurgy 53 (1), 31–44.
Ajibola O.O, Alamuoye O.F, Omoyeni D.O., Adebayo A.O., Borisade S.G., Olotu V., Adetoye O., Adebanji S. (2020) Design and fabrication of a multi-purpose homogenizer, NIPES Journal of Science and Technology Research 2(3) 2020 pp. 21-35
Ajibola O.O, Oloruntoba D. T, Owa A.F (2015): “Leach-Electrowinning of Zinc from Abakaliki Complex Sulphide Ore†Proceedings of Lead-Zinc Conference (Pb-Zn 2015) on Modern Processes and Future Development. June 14-17 2015, Dusseldorf, Germany. Volume 25, pg. 561-575.
Ajibola O.O. and Jimoh B.O. (2014) Agitation leaching recovery of lead and zinc from complex sulphide ore deposit using HF, HCl and H2SO4. Advances in Applied Science Research, 5(3), 68-72.
Ajibola, O. O., Adebayo, A. O., Borisade, S. G., Adegbenro, A. E., Oloruntoba, D. T. and Olubambi, P. A. (2020). Direct Bioleaching of Zinc using Manihot Esculenta Crantz (Cassava) Extract without Additives. FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS). Vol. 4 No. 2, June, 2020, pp 645 – 657. Doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-199
Akcil A. (2002), A preliminary research on acid pressure leaching of pyritic copper ore in Kure Copper Mine, Turkey, Minerals Engineering, 2002, 15(12), 1193–1197.
Alafara A. Baba, Adekola, F. A. Lawal, A J, Investigation of chemical and microbial leaching of iron ore in sulphuric acid, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 2007, 11 (1) 39 - 44.
Altman K., Schaffner M. and McTavish S. (2002). D. J. Barrat; H. N. Doug; A. L. Mular (eds.). Mineral Processing Plant Design, Practice and Control. Littleton, Colorado, USA: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. (SME). pp. 1631–1643
Amer, A.M., 1994. Hydrometallurgical processing of Egyptian black shale of the Quseir-Safaga region. Hydrometallurgy 36 (1), 95–107.
Asamoah R.K, Skinner W, Addai-Mensah J, Alkaline cyanide leaching of refractory gold flotation concentrates and biooxidised products: The effect of process variables. Hydrometallurgy 179 (2018) 79–93
Biermayer P.J, (2006) Trends in Shower design and their effect on energy and water use, 2006 ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Buildings
Critchley R. and Phipps D. (2007) Water and energy efficient showers: Project Report, United Utilities 23rd May 2007, pp 1-54
D.W. Dew, C. Van Buuren, K. Mcewan, And C. Bowker, Bioleaching of base metal sulphide concentrates: A comparison of high and low temperature bioleaching. The Journal Of The South African Institute Of Mining And Metallurgy, 2000,409-414.
Debaraj Mishra And Young-Ha Rhee, Current research trends of microbiological leaching for metal recovery from industrial wastes, Formatx, 2010, 1282-1289.
Egunlae O. O. (2011) Investigation of NaOH and KOH drossing potentials on lead recovery from scrap. International Research Journal in Engineering, Science and Technology (IREJEST). June 2011, 8(1) 1-9. ISSN-1597-5258. www.irejestjournal.org
Egunlae O.O, Obisesan P.O and Adeloye A.O (2006a) Lithium recovery from Ekiti clays. Nigeria Journal of Engineering Management (NJEM) 7(4): 46-52. ISSN-1595-3610
Egunlae, O.O and Oluwaseyi, A.O (2007). Leaching Ilesha Gold-Silver Ore with NaCN, Thiourea and Agro-Cyanide under similar Hydrometallurgical conditions. Journal Of Engineering and Earth Sciences (JEES), 2(1): 96-102.
Egunlae, O.O, Adeloye A.O and Oloruntoba D.T. (2006b) Selective Flotation of Galena from Abakaliki Lead-Zinc Sulphide Ore using Local Plant Oils. Journal Of Engineering and Earth Sciences (JEES), 1(1): 57-65.
Fan X.X, Xing W, Dong H, Zhao J, Wu Y, Li B, Production of cobalt, nickel and copper at the 794 Fredericktown Metals Refinery. Presented to the Mid America 795 Minerals Conference of AIME in St. Louis, Missouri, October 796 23–25, 1958.
Feng L, Yang X, Shen Q, Xu M, Jin B. (2007) Pelletizing and alkaline leaching of powdery low grade zinc oxide ores. Hydrometallurgy 89 (2007) 305–310
Freeman T. (2009), Modern tools for hopper design, Freeman Technology. April 2009, pp 1-8. Available at http://www.freemantech.co.uk/
Ghorbani, Y., Franzidis, J.P., Petersen, J., 2016. Heap leaching technology – current state, innovations and future directions: A review. Minerals Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 37 (2), 73–119.
Hackl, R.P., Dreisinger, D.B., King, J.A., Effect of sulphur dispersing surfactants on the oxygen pressure leaching of chalcopyrite. Proc. Copper '95, Cobre '95. Montreal: CIM, 749 1995, pp. 559–578.
Hämäläinen, M., Hyvärinen, O., Jyrälä, M., Solution purification in the Outokumpu Hydrocopper Process. Proceedings of Hydrometallurgy 2003. Warrendale: TMS, 2003, pp. 545–553.
http://www.neatitems.com/triple_showers.htm
Jenike, A. W. (1980) Storage and flow of solids. Bulletin 123 of the Utah Engineering Experiment Station, Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA, (Revised 1980).
Kalembkiewicz J, Sitarz-Palczak E, (2015) Efficiency of leaching tests in the context of the influence of the fly ash on the environment, Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2015, 16(1), 67–80.
Kohler Body Spa Systems web site, http://www.us.kohler.com/tech/products/)
Kopetka P. and Galowin L., (1982) Development and evaluation of a test method for shower heads - National Bureau of Standards, Department of Commerce Washington, D.C. 20234, NBSIR 82-2630
Kulkarni SJ. A review on studies and research on various aspects of leaching. International Journal of Research and Review. 2015; 2(9):579-583.
Li J, Meng X, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Liu R, Gu G (2021). Efficient separation of zinc from zinc containing copper sulfide concentrate by chemical leaching, Geochemistry (2021), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2021.125773
Lobato J. C. M.; Mascarenhas F. P.; Mesquita A. L. A.; Mesquita L. A. (2016) Conical hopper design for mass flow – Case of red mud. HOLOS, vol. 2, 2016, pp. 120-131
Martensa E, Prommer H, Dai X, Suna J, Breuer P, Fourie B. (2018) Electrokinetic in situ leaching of gold from intact ore, Hydrometallurgy 178 (2018) 124–136
Mbayo J.J.K, Simonsen H, Ndlovu S. (2019) Improving the gold leaching process of refractory ores using the Jetleach reactor. Minerals Engineering 134 (2019) 300–308
Mohammadreza F., Mohammad N., Ziaeddin S.S. (2014) Nickel extraction from low grade laterite by agitation leaching at atmospheric pressure. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 24 (2014) 543–548
Ntakamutshi P.T, Kime M, Mwema M.E, Ngenda R, Kaniki T.A (2014) Agitation and column leaching studies of oxidised copper-cobalt ores under reducing conditions. Minerals Engineering 111 (2017) 47–54
Okada T, Tojo Y, Tanaka N and Matsuto T (2007) Recovery of zinc and lead from fly ash from ash-melting and gasification-melting processes of MSW - Comparison and applicability of chemical leaching methods, Waste Management, Vol. 27 No.1
Onyemaobi O.O (1989) Flotability of Ishiagu galena as raw materials for smelters, Nigerian Journal of Applied Science, Vol 8, pp93-101
Onyemaobi O.O (1990) Evaluation of flotation performance of Nigeria’s (ZnS) sphalerite w/o action by copper, Ife Journal of Technology, Vol 2, No 2, pp21-25
Onyemaobi O.O (2001) Sustainable national mineral resources development. Proceedings Of The Nigeria Society Of Engineers, 2001 National Conf, And Annual General Meetings. Port Harcourt, Nov 5-9, 2001
Oraby E.A, Eksteen J.J., Karrech A, Attar M. (2019). Gold extraction from paleochannel ores using an aerated alkaline glycine lixiviant for consideration in heap and in-situ leaching applications. Minerals Engineering 138 (2019) 112–118
Osvald M, Kilpatrick A, Rochelle C.A, Szanyi J, Raucsik B, Medgyes T, Kobor B, Laboratory investigations of the physical parameters influencing the in situ leaching of tungsten. Geothermics 89 (2021) 101992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2020.101992
Oxley A, Sirvanci N, Purkiss S. Caldag nickel laterite atmospheric heap leach project. Assoc Metall Eng Serbia 2006.
Schulze, D. Powder and bulk solids. Springer, 2007.
Staden P.J, Petersen J. (2021). Towards fundamentally based heap leaching scale-up. Minerals Engineering 168 (2021) 106915
Strzałkowska A., Wojtala M., Siwka J., (2012). Pb(II) Leaching from waste crt funnel glass in nitric acid solutions, Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, Vol. 55 No. 2, pp825-828.
Unuabonah E.I, Olu-Owolabi B, Adebowale K.O and Ofomaja A.E (2007) Adsorption of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions by tripolyphosphate-impregnated Kaolinite clay, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Vol.292 No.2
Vargas T, Estay H, E Arancibia , DÃaz-Quezada S. (2020) In situ recovery of copper sulfide ores: Alternative process schemes for bioleaching application, Hydrometallurgy 196 (2020) 105442
Vladislav Matkovic, Natasa Vuckovic, Miroslav Sokic, Jovica Stojanovic, Branislav Markovic, Investigation of selective leaching process of nickel silicate ore from the deposit "rudinci", Proceedings of 3rd BMC-2003-Ohrid, R. Macedonia,49-53.
Wang J, Wang S, Olayiwola A, Yang N, Liu B, Weigand J.J, Wenzel M, Du H, (2021) Recovering valuable metals from spent hydrodesulfurization catalyst via blank roasting and alkaline leaching. Journal of Hazardous Materials 416 (2021) 125849
Weifeng Tong, Xiaofeng Wu, Factors research on the influence of leaching rate of nickel and cobalt from waste superalloys with sulfuric acid. International Journal of Nonferrous Metallurgy, 2013, 2, 63-67.
Woolf d., Pau I, Shouler M. (2006) Shower head design: Increasing performance at lower flow rates, CIB W062 Symposium 2006, http:
Zhang J, Wu A, Wang Y, Chen X, (2008). Experimental research in leaching of copper-bearing tailings enhanced by ultrasonic treatment, Journal of China University of Mining And Technology, 2008, 18(1), 98–102.
Copyright (c) 2021 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
