RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF MALARIA PREVALENCE IN SELECTED HOSPITALS IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-462Keywords:
Retrospective, Malaria, Prevalence, Hospital, ZariaAbstract
A retrospective study of laboratory records in selected hospitals in Zaria was carried out to determine the trend of malaria prevalence between 2001 and 2005. Data was obtained from the following selected hospitals: St Luke’s Anglican Hospital, Wusasa, Salama Infirmary, Saidu Dange railway Hospital and Sick Bay, Ahmadu Bello University, Main campus, Samaru. The selection of the hospitals was based on their geographical location and sizes. The prevalence was consistently high over the years; 2001–44.1%, 2002–59.45%, 2003–59.35%, 2004–58.30% and 2005–64.25%. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between malaria infection in males and females. Infection rates were significantly higher in children than adults (P<0.05) in all hospitals sampled except Salama Infirmary. Sick Bay in the main campus, Samaru had the least prevalence consistently over the five years period – 2001-27.0%, 2002-26.3%, 2003-21.8%, 2004-25.9% and 2005-33.2%. No clear seasonal variation over the years was observed. The study clearly showed consistent high prevalence over the five years period. Record keeping was useful as it provided data bur devoid of specific ages of attendees. Specific ages of hospital attendees rather than “children†or “adults†should be recorded and other demographic variables such as occupation and other socio-economic proxies should be included in laboratory record books
References
Abel, M.S. and Mashesha, N. (2007). Heat transfer in MHD viscoelastic fluid flow over a stretching sheet with variable thermal conductivity, non-uniform heat source and radiation. J. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 32: 1965-1983.
Andrian , N, Stefan , N,. Martins, N. and Holger, V. (1997). Interpolation Correlation for properties of humid air in the temperature range 100 to 200. American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society, 26(4):1111-1123.
Adomian, G. (1994). Solving Frontier Problems of Physics: The Decomposition Method, Boston, MA Kluwer.
Ajibade, A.O. and Yusuf, A.B. (2019). Variable Fluid Properties and Thermal Radiation Effects on Natural Convection Couette Flow through a Vertical Porous Channel. Journal of Advances in Mathematics and Computer Science, 3(1):1-17.
Blas, Z. Effects of thermophysical variable properties on liquid sodium convective flows in a square enclosure, J. Heat Trans., 141, 031301, 2019.
Carey, V.P. and Mollendorf, J. C. (1978). Natural convection in liquid with temperature dependent viscosity. In proceedings of the 6th International Heat Transfer Conference.Toronto, 2:211-217.
Dubuffet, F., Yuen, D.A. and Rabinowicz, M. Effects of a realistic mantle thermal conductivity on the patterns of 3D convection. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 171 (3): 401 – 409, 1999.Elbashbeshy, E. M. A. and Bazid, M.A. (2000). The effect of temperature dependent viscosity on heat transfer over a continuous moving surface. Journal of Applied Physics, 33: 2716-2721.
Ganji, D.D., Mohsen, S., Younus, M.J. and Ellahi, R. (2015). Effect of thermal radiation on magneto hydrodynamics nanofluid flow and heat transfer by means of two phase model. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 374: 36-43.
Gray, J., Kassory, D.R., Tadjeran, H. and Zebib, A. (1982). Effect of significant viscosity variation on convective heat transport in water-saturated porous media. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 117: 233-249.
Hofmeister, A.M. (1999). Mantle values of thermal condtivity and the geotherm from phanon life times Science. 283:1699-1706.
Jha, B K and Ajibade, A. O. (2010). Unsteady Free Convective Couette Flow of Heat Generating/Absorbing Fluid. International Journal of Energy and Technology. 2(12): 1-9.
Hossain, M. A., Khanafer, K., and Vafai, K. (2001). The effect of radiation on free convection flow of fluid with variable viscosity from a porous vertical plate. Int. Therm. Sci., 40: 115-124.
Jha, B.K., Yabo, I.B. and Lin, J. {2017). Transient Natural Convection in an annulus with Thermal Radiation. Journal of Applied Mathematics, 8: 1351- 1366.
Kafoussius, N.G. and Williams, E.W. (1995). The effect of temperature-dependent viscosity on the free convective laminar boundary layer flow past a vertical isothermal flat plate, Acta Mech., 110: 123-137.
Kafoussius, N.G. and Rees, D.A.S. (1998). Numerical study of the combined free and forced convective laminar boundary layer flow past a vertical isothermal flat plate with temperature-dependent viscosity, Acta Mech., 127: 39-50.
Costa, A. and Macedonio, G. (2003). Viscous heating in fluids with temperature dependent viscosity: Implication for magma flows. Non-linear Proceeding Geophysics., 10: 545-555.
Cherruault, Y. (1990). Convergence of Adomian’s method. J. of Mathl Comput. Modelling. 14: 83-86. Elbashbeshy, E. M. A. and Bazid, M.A. (2000). The effect of temperature dependent viscosity on heat transfer over a continuous moving surface. Journal of Applied Physics, 33: 2716- 2721.
Kay, A. (2017).Comments on ‘Combined effect of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity on free convection flow in a vertical channel using DTM’ by J.C. Imavathi and M. Shekar. Meccanica, 52 (6): 1493-1494.
Mandal, H.,K., Das, S. and Jana, R.N. (2014). Transient Free Convection in a Vertical Channel with Variable Temperature and Mass Diffusion. IISTE, 23.
Magyari, E. and Pantokratoras, A. (2011). Note on the effect of thermal radiation in the linearized Rossseland approximation on the heat transfer characteristics of various boundary layer flows. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer.38: 554-556.
Mehta, K.N. and Sood, S. (1992). Transient free convection flow with temperature-dependent viscosity in a fluid saturated porous medium. International Journal of Engineering Science, 30: 1083-1087.
Makinde, O.D. and Ogulu, A. (2011). The effect of thermal radiation on the heat and mass transfer flow of a variable viscosity fluid past a vertical porous plate permeated by a transverse magnetic field. Journal of Chemical Engineering Communications. 195:1575-1584.
Makinde, O.D. (2008). Entropy generation analysis for variable viscosity channel flow with non- uniform wall temperature. Journal of Applied Energy. 85:384-393.
Makinde, O. D., Olajuwon, B. I. and Gbolagade A.W. (2007). Adomian Decomposition Approach to a Boundary Layer Flow with Thermal Radiation past a Moving Vertical Porous Plate. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 3(3):62-70.
Makinde, O.D. and Ibrahim, S.Y. (2011). Radiation effect on chemically reacting magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) boundary layer flow of heat and mass transfer through a porous vertical flat plate. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(6): 1508-1516.
Miyatake, O., Fuzii, T., and Tanaka, T. (1973). Natural Convection heat transfer between vertical plates, one plate with a uniform heat flux and the other thermally insulated, Heat Transfer-Jap.Res.4:25-33.
Miyatake, O. and Fuzii, T. (1972). Free convection heat transfer between vertical parallel plates-one plate isothermally heated and the other thermally insulated. Heat Transfer Jap. Res., 3:30-38.
Nelson D.J. and Wood, B.D. (1989a). Combined heat and mass transfer natural convection between vertical parallel plates. Int. J. Heat and Transfer, 32:1779-1787.
Nelson D.J. and Wood, B.D. (1989b). Fully developed combined heat and mass transfer natural convection between vertical parallel plates with asymmetric boundary conditions. Int. J. Heat and Transfer, 32:1789-1792.
Makinde, O.D. and Chinyoka, T. (2010). Numerical Investigation of Transient Heat Transfer to Hydromagnetic Channel Flow with Radiative Heat and Convective Cooling. Communication in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15:3919-3930.
Mukhopadhyay, S. (2009). Effects of Radiation and Variable Fluid Viscosity on Flow and Heat Transfer along a Symmetric Wedge. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 2(2): 29-34.
Ostrach, S. (1952). Laminar Natural Convection flow and Heat Transfer of fluids with and without Heat sources in channels with constant wall Temperatures, NACA TN, pp 2863.
Ostrach, S. (1954). Combined natural and forced convection laminar flow and heat transfer of fluids with and without heat sources in channel with limberly varying temperature, NASA TN No.3141.
Reynold, O. (1883). An experimental investigation of the Circumference which determine whether the motion of water shall be director sinusoidal and of the law of resistance in parallel channels. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 174: 935-982.
Rihab, H. Raoudha, C., Faouzi, A., Abdelmajid, J. and Sassi, B.N. Lattice Boltzmann method for heat transfer with variable thermal conductivity. Int, J. Heat and Technology, 35(2):313-324, 2017.
Rosseland, S.E. (1931). Astrophysik and atom-theorische Grundlagen. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. 41-44
Singh, A.K. and Paul, T. (2006). Transient natural convection between two vertical walls heated/cooled asymmetrically, Int. J. of Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 1:143-154.
Seddeek, M. A. and Salem, A. M. (2006). Further results on the variable viscosity with magnetic field on flow and heat transfer to a continuous moving flat plate. Physics. Letter A., 353: 337-340.
Sheikholesmi, M., Ganji, D.D. , Javed, Y. and Ellahi, R. (2015). Effect of thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamics nanofluid flow and heat transfer by means of two phase model, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 174:36-43.
Sharma, V. K. and Aisha, R. (2014). Effect of Variable Thermal Conductivity and Heat Source/Sink Near a Stagnation Point on a Linearly Stretching Sheet using HPM. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: Mathematics and Decision Making. 14(2):56-63.
Sparrow, E. M. and Cess., R. D. (1962). Radiation Heat Transfer, augmented edition, Hemisphere,Washington,D.C.
Sparrow, E.M., Eichhorn, T. and Gregg, J.L. (1959). Combined forced and free convection in boundary layer flow. Physics of Fluids. 2:319-328.
Starlin, I., Yuen, D.A. and Bergeron, S.Y. Thermal evolution of sedimentary basin formation with temperature-dependent conductivity, Geophys, Res, Lett., 27(02):265– 268, 2000.
Van den Berg, A.P., Rainey, E.S.G. and Yuen, D.A. (2005). The combined influence of variable thermal conductivity, temperature- and pressure- dependent viscosity and core-mantle coupling on thermal evolution. Physics on the earth and Planetary Interior, 149:259-278.
Van den Berg, A.P., Yuen, D.A. and Steinbach, V. (2001). The Effects of Variable Thermal Conductivity on Mantle Heat-Transfer. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(5): 875-878.
Yabo, I.B., Jha, B.K. and Lin, J. (2016). Combined Effects of Thermal Diffusion and Diffusion-Thermo Effects on Transient MHD Natural Convection and Mass Transfer Flow in a Vertical Channel with Thermal Radiation. Journal of Applied Mathematics. 6: 2354-2373.
Yasutomi, S., Bair, S. and Winer, W.O. (1984). An application of a free volume model to lubricant rheology I. Dependence on viscosity on temperature and pressure, J. Tribol.Trans. ASME., 106:291-303.
Yusuf, A.B. and Abiodun O.A. (2018a). Combined Effects of Variable Viscosity and Thermal Radiation on Unsteady Natural Convection Flow through a Vertical Porous Channel. FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), 2(2): 273-287.
Yusuf A. B. and Ajibade, A.O. (2020). Combined effects of variable viscosity, viscous dissipation and thermal radiation on unsteady natural convection Couette flow through a vertical porous channel. FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS), 2(2): 273-287, 4(2):135- 150.s
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences