IN-VIVO ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA GAERTN F. (SAPOTACEAE)
Abstract
Different parts of Vitellaria paradoxa plant have many applications in ethno-medicine. Some of the uses of this plant include treatment of diarrhoea and other GIT disorders. In this study the antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa was evaluated using three experimental models: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; small intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) models in mice. Five groups of five mice were used for each model. Group one mice received 10 ml/kg of distilled water, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract orally respectively. Group 5 mice received Loperamide 5 mg/kg orally. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined using OECD (2008) Guideline 425. Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and there were no signs of mortality or visible signs of toxicity in all the mice treated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones glycosides. Extract showed a dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal activity by reducing stool frequency and consistency. The extract at the higher doses significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited GIT motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling, comparable to that of the reference control drug Loperamide. The study showed that ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa possess anti-diarrhoeal activity and thus justifies its ethno-medicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.
References
Agunu, A., Yusuf, S., Andrew, G.O., Zezi, A.U., Abdurahman, E.M. (2005). Evaluation of five medicinal plants used in diarrhea treatment in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 101(1-3); 27-30. Dio: 10. 1016/j.jep.2005.03025.
Al-Fartosy, A.J.M. (2013). Some Pharmacological studies on the methanol extract of Inula graveolense L. Journal of Biomedical Science Eng. 6: 1040-9.
Atta, A.H., Mouneir, S.M. (2004). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of some Egyptian medicinal plant extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 92(2-3): 303-9.
Bizaneh, W., Reta, R., Tibebu, A and Mea, M. (2018). Medicinal plants for treatment of diarrhoeal related diseases in Ethiopia. Review Article/Open Access. Vol. 2018/Article ID 4630371/20 pages. http://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4630371.
Sharkey, K.A and Wallace, J.L. (2011). Treatment of Disorders of Bowel Motility and Water Flux: Antiemetics, Agents used in Biliary and Pancreatic Diseases. In: Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Edition, Brunton, L.L., Chabner, B.A., Knollmann, B. C. (Ed) New York. McGraw-Hill Medical. P1336-1339.
Dharmalingam, S.R., Madhappan, R., Ramamurthy, S., Chidambaram, K., Srikanth, M.V., Shanmugham, S and Senthil Kumar, K.L. (2014). Investigation on ant-idiarrhoeal activity of Aristolochia indica Linn root extracts in mice. African Journal of Traditional Complementary Alternative Medicine. 11(2): 292-294.
Eke, I.G, and Anaga, A.O. (2013). Anti-diarrhoeic properties of the aqueous methanol extract of Palisota hirsute leaves and its fractions in mice. International Journal of Recent Science Res. 4(4): 410-4
El-Mahmood, A.M., Doughari, J.H., Ladan, N. (2008). Antimicrobial screening of stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa against some enteric pathogenic microorganisms. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2(5), 089-094.
Evans, W.C. (2009). Trease and Evans ‘Pharmacognosy’ 16th Edition; Edinburgh: Saunders Ltd.
Ferry, M.P., Gessain, M and Gessain, R. (1987). Vegetative propagation of Shea, Kola and Pentadesma. Cocoa Research Institute Ghana Ann. Rep 1987/88: 98-100
Hasan, K.A., Brenda, A.T., Patrick, O.E. (2011). In-vivo anti-diarrhoeal activity of the ethanol leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus Linn (Apocyanaceae) in Wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 5(15): 1797-800
Liu, L., Oza, S., Hogan, D. (2016). Global regional and national cases of under-five mortality in 2000-2015: An updated systematic analysis with implications for the Sustainable Development Goals. The Lancet. Vol. 388, no. 10063, pp 3027-3035. View at: Publisher site/Google Scholar.
Matu, E.N and Van-Staden, J. (2003). Anti-diarrhoeal and anti-inflammatory activities of some plants used for medicinal purposes in Kenya. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 87, 35-41
Mazumdar, S., Akter, R., Talukder, D. (2015). Antidiabetic and anti-diarrhoeal effects on ethanol extracts of Psidium guajava (L) Bat. Leaves in Wistar rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomed; 5(1): 10-4.
Ndukwe, I.G., Amupitan, Y., Isah, Y and Adegoke, K.S. (2007). Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the crude extracts from the root, stem bark and leaves of Vitellaria paradoxa. African Journal of Biotechnology; 6: 1905-1909.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). 2008 Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, acute oral toxicity- up and down procedure No. 425. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Sadraei, H., Asghari, G and Shams, M. (2011). Anti-diarrhoeal action of Hydroalcoholic extract of Pycnocyclaspinose in comparison with Loperamide and Dicyclomine. Iran J. Pharm Res. 10(4): 835-4.
Sofowora, A. (2008). Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. Third edition Spectrum Books Ltd Ibadan, Nigeria. 199-202.
Soladoye, M.O., Orhere, S.S., Ibimode, B.M. (1989). Ethno-botanical study of two indigenous multipurpose plants in the Guinea Savanna of Kwara State – Vitellaria paradoxa and Parkia biglobosa. Biennial Conference of Ecological Society of Nigeria. August 1989. Forestry Research Institute, Ibadan, 1989: 13.
Solako, O.A., Akindele, A.J., Shitta, O.M., Elegunde, O.O and Adeyemi, O.O. (2015). Anti-diarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Caladium bicolor (Araceae) and its possible mechanism of action. Journal of Ethnopharmacology; Dec 24, 176: 225-31.
Tanko, Y, Alladey, O, Ahmed, M.K., Mohammed, A., Musa, K.Y. (2012). The effect of methanol leaves extract of Ficus glumosa on gastrointestinal motility and on Castor oil-induced diarrhoea in Laboratory animals. Journal of Natural Product Plant Resource. 2(3): 360-7.
Tunaru S, Althoff TF; Nusing RM; Diener M and Offermanns S. (2012). Castor oil induces laxation and uterus contraction via ricinoleic acid activating prostaglandin EP3 receptors. Proc. National Academy of Science U.S.A. 109(23) 9179-84.
Tzeng, T.F., Liu, I.M., Cheng, J.T. (2005). Activation of Opiod µ-receptors by Loperamide to improve interleukin-6-induced inhibition of insulin signals in myoblast C2C12 cells. Diabetologia. 48(7):1386-92.
United Nations International Children Education Fund (UNICEF). (2016). ‘One is too many’: Ending child death from pneumonia and diarrhoea. http: //www.unicef.org/publications/index-93020.html
Vogel, H.G., Vogel, W.H., Scholkens, B.A., Sandow, J., Muller, G., Vogel, W.F. (2002). Drug discovery and evaluation: Pharmaceutical assays. 2nd ed. Berlin; Springer-Verlag
Copyright (c) 2020 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
