LIVER FUNCTION AND BIOMARKERS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS LEVELS IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS TREATED WITH LEAVES EXTRACT OF CARICA PAPAYA
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is defined an in adequate insulin secretion or activity. Oxidative stress brought on by both experimental and human diabetes can harm multiple organs, including the liver. The present study investigated the liver ameliorating and antioxidant effects of hydroethanol extract of matured (yellow) Carica papaya leaf on streptozotocin-induced diabetes. We randomly assigned a total of 48 adult male Wistar rats into six groups of eight rats each. Normal control, diabetic untreated, diabetic + metformin, diabetic + 250 mg/kg body weight extract, diabetic + 500 mg/kg, and diabetic + 750 mg/kg body weight extract. A type I model of diabetes was induced in the rats via intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin. Treatment lasted for 14 days. Biochemical assays such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total and direct bilirubin, albumin, total protein and globulin were analyzed for liver function. Biomarkers of oxidative stress activity such as catalase, superoxide dimutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were conducted using standard methods. Histopathological evaluation of the rats’ liver was also carried out. The results obtained revealed a significant improvement in the liver function and likewise the antioxidant levels of the diabetic rats treated with the plant extracts, which was further confirmed by the histology evaluation. This study suggests that hydroethanol extract of the mature (yellow) leaves of Carica papaya has liver damage ameliorating potentials and can enhance the antioxidant defense system in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
References
Abu, O.D., Iyare, H.E. & Ogboi, K.U. (2022). Antioxidant Property of Total Saponins and Tannins of Dialium guineense Stem Bark in Rats Hearts Exposed to CCl4. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology & Toxicology, 3(3):1-4. https://doi.org/10.47363/JCET/2022(3)129 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47363/JCET/2022(3)129
Acharya, P., Chouhan, K., Weiskirchen ,S., & Weiskirchen, R. (2021). Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis. Frontier of Pharmacology, 12:671640. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.671640 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.671640
Alam S, Sarker M.M.R., Sultana, T.N., Chowdhury, M.N.R., Rashid, M.A., Chaity, N.I., Zhao, C., Xiao, J., Hafez, E.E., Khan, S.A. & Mohamed, I.N. (2022). Antidiabetic Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants: Prospective Candidates for New Drug Discovery and Development. Frontiers in Endocrinolog, 13:800714. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.800714 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.800714
Bratovci, A. (2020). Antioxidant Enzymes and their Role in Preventing Cell Damage. Acta Scientific Nutritional Health, 4.3: 132-138. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASNH.2020.04.0659 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31080/ASNH.2020.04.0659
Buege, J.A. & Aust, S.D. (1978). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. In Methods in enzymology (Vol. 52, pp. 302-310). Academic press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(78)52032-6
Caturano, A., D'Angelo, M., Mormone, A., Russo, V., Mollica, M. P., Salvatore, T., Galiero, R., Rinaldi, L., Vetrano, E., Marfella, R., Monda, M., Giordano, A., & Sasso, F. C. (2023). Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes: Impacts from Pathogenesis to Lifestyle Modifications. Current issues in molecular biology, 45(8), 66516666. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45080420
Cohen, G., Dembiec, D. and Marcus, J. (1970). Measurement of Catalase Activity in Tissue Extracts. Analytical Biochemistry, 34(1) 30-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90083-7
Doumas, B.T. & Biggs, H.G. (1972). Determination of Serum Albumin. In: Standard Methods of Clinical Chemistry. G. A. Cooper, Ed. NY Academic Press Inc. 7:175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-609107-6.50022-2
Elisa, J., Daisy, P., Ignacimuthu, S., Duraipandiyan, V. (2009). Antidiabetic and Antilipidemic Effect of Eremanthin from Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm., in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions182:6772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2009.08.012
Ellman, G. L. (1959). Tissue Sulfhydryl Groups. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 82(1), 70-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6
Eluehike, N., Innih S.O., Ukwuonwo-Ediale, A.C. and Onoagbe, I.O. (2022). Liver function status in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats Treated with Extracts of some Anti-diabetic Medicinal plants. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environment Management 26(3) 399-40. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i3.5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i3.5
Gornall, A.G, Bardawill, J.C. & David, M.M. (1949). Determination of Serum Proteins by Means of Biuret Reaction. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 177: 751-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57021-6
Igbashio, M.D., Alonge, P.O. & Okoye, C.E. (2023). Phytochemicals and Minerals Composition of Matured (Yellow) Carica Papaya Leaves. Journal of Energy Technology and Environment, 5(4)28 36. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10431935.
Jendrassik, L. & Grof, P. (1938). Vereinfachte Photome Trische Methoden zur Bestimmung des Blubilirubins. Biochemische Zeitschrift, 297: 81- 89.
Jugran, A. K., Rawat, S., Devkota, H. P., Bhatt, I. D., & Rawal, R. S. (2020). Diabetes and Plantderived Natural Products: From Ethnopharmacological Approaches to their Potential for Modern Drug Discovery and Development. Phytotherapy Research, 35(1), 223245. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6821 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6821
Kharroubi, A.T. & Darwish, H.M. (2015) . Diabetes Mellitus: The Epidemic of the Century. World Journal of Diabetes, 6:85067. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v6.i6.850
Kumar, S.S., Gayathri, T. V. , Krishnakumar K. & John, M. (2024). Antioxidant potential and mineral elemental profiling of young and mature fruit and leaf of Carica papaya L. cultivar 'Red Lady'. Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals, 9, 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100166 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemin.2024.100166
Mahfoz, A.M. & Gawish, A.Y. (2022). Insight into the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic impacts of aliskiren in streptozotocin-induced diabetic liver disease in mice. Dibetology and metabolic syndrome, 14 (163). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-022-00935-5
Misra, H.P. & Fridovich, I. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the autooxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for seperoxide dismutase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 25;247(10)3170-3175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9
Mohamed, J., Nafizah, A.N., Zariyantey, A., & Budin, S.B. (2016). Mechanisms of Diabetes-Induced Liver Damage: The role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 16(2):e132. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2016.16.02.002
yman, M. (1959). Serum hatoglobin; methodological and clinical studies. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 11, 1-169.
Omonkhua, A. A., Adebayo, E. A., Saliu, J. A., Ogunwa, T. H., & Adeyelu, T. T. (2014). Liver function of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Orally Administered Aqueous Root-Bark Extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera (Taub). Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(3-4), 99-106.
Qinna, N. A., & Badwan, A. A. (2015). Impact of streptozotocin on altering normal glucose homeostasis during insulin testing in diabetic rats compared to normoglycemic rats. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 9, 25152525. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S79885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S79885
Reitman, S., Frankel, S.A. (1957). Colorimetric Method for Determination of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate and Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminases. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 28:56- 59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
Salih, N. D., Kumar, G. H., Noah, R. M. & Muslih, R. K. (2014). The effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus on liver activity in mice, Advances in Applied Sciences, 03: 67-75.
Spengler, U., Fischer, H. P., & Caselmann, W. H. (2012). Liver Disease Associated with Viral Infections. Zakim and Boyer's Hepatology, 629643. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0881-3.00034-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-0881-3.00034-6
Spiers, J.G., Steiger, N., Khadka, A., Juliana., J., Hill, A.F., Lavidas, N.A., Anderson, S.T. & Chen, H.C. (2021). Repeated Acute Stress Modulates Hepatic Inflammation and Markers of Macrophage Polarisation in the Rat. Biochimie, 180:30-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2020.10.014
Yogiraj, V., Goyal, P. K., Chauhan, C. S., Goyal, A., & Vyas, B. (2014). Carica papaya Linn: an overview. International journal of herbal medicine, 2(5), 01-08.
Copyright (c) 2025 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
