GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC- MS) ANALYSIS OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS IN HENNA (Lawsonia inermis L.) AND BITTER MELON (Mormodica charantia L.) LEAVES EXTRACTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0905-3634Keywords:
Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Lawsonia inermis, Mormodica charantia, PhytochemicalsAbstract
Phytochemical analysis using GC-MS is a novel approach in analysis of bioactive compounds in plant materials. The study was carried out with the objective of investigating the phytochemical constituents of leaves extracts of Henna and Bitter melon using GC-MS analysis to identified the bioactive compounds there in. The plant materials were obtained in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council (MMC) in March 2024, air dried in shade for two days and pulverized into fine powder, 100g of each of the plants powder was dissolved in methanol to obtain the extract. An aliquot of the extracts of Henna and Bitter melon were then divided into two part. One part was used for phytochemical analysis while the second part use in the GC-MS analysis. Results for the phytochemical analysis indicate the presence of eight phytochemical compounds in Henna, they includes the following; Flavonoid, Tannins, Saponin, Alkaloids, Glycosides, Anthraquinones, Phenols and Steroids while Bitter melon had six phytochemical compounds; Flavonoid, Tannins, Saponin, Alkaloids, Anthraquinones and Phenols. The GC-MS analysis indicate the presence of 14 bioactive compounds in each of the leaves samples of Henna and Bitter melon identified to have antimicrobial activity. It can be concluded that both Henna and Bitter melon could be used effectively in the integrated management of plant diseases in the study area as both plants are readily available, safe, cheap and easy to obtained.
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Thomson, N.A., Hammer, K.A., Riley, T.V., Van-Belkum, A. and Carson, C.F. (2013). Effect of habituation to tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil on the subsequent susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp to antimicrobials, triclosan, tea tree oil, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol. Int. J Antimicrob Ag. 41(4): 343-351
Alina, P., Ewa, P.K and Zigo, F.(2023). Antimicrobial activity of saponin containing plants: a review. Journal of Dairy, Veterinary and Animal Research, 2(2):121 137
Aljohi, A., Matou-Nasri, S., and Ahmed, N. (2016). Antiglycation and Antioxidant Properties of Momordica charantia Miele C, ed. PLoS One 11(8):1-14.
Banu, K. S and Catherine, L. (2015). General techniques involved in phytochemical analysis. International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences, Vol. 2(4): 25 32. Website, http:// www.arcjournal.org
Bobate, S., Bokade, P., and Bajaj, A. (2023). Engineered yeasts as biocatalysts for pesticide degradation. Advances in Yeast Biotech. For Biofuels and Sustainability, Vol.1: 449 474
Borade AS, Babasaheh N.K and Shete R.V. (2011). A psychopharmacological review on Lawsonia inermis (Linn). International Journal pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2(1): 536-541
Cao, J., Zheng, Y., Cheng, X.Y., Zhen, X. (2010). The relationship between fasting plasma concentration of selected flavonoid and their ordinary dietary intake. Br, J. Nutri. 103(2): 249 255
Deng, Y.Y., Yi, Y., Zhang, L.F., Zhang, R.F., Zhang, Y., Wei, Z.C., Tang, X.J. and Zhang, M.W. (2014). Immunomodulatory activity and partial characterization of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. 19(9):13432-13447.
Deng, Y.Y., Yi, Y., Zhang, L.F., Zhang, R.F., Zhang, Y., Wei, Z.C., Tang, X.J. and Zhang, M.W. (2014). Immunomodulatory activity and partial characterization of polysaccharides from Momordica charantia. 19(9):13432-13447.
El-Mohamedy, S.R., Abdel-Kader, M.M., Abdul El- Kareem, F., El-Mougy, N.S. (2013). Essential oils, inorganic acids and potassium salts as control measures against the growth of tomato root rot pathogens in vitro. Journal of Agricultural Technology 9, 1507 1520.
Elshafie, H.S., Mancini, E., Camele,I., Martino, L.D., De-Feo, V. (2015). In-vivo antifungal activity of two essential oils from Mediterranean plants against postharvest brown rot disease of peach fruits. Industrial Crops and Products. 66(1):11-15, doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.12.031.
Etare, P.M. (2019). The effects of Calotropis procera, Adansonia digitata and Manihot esculenta in the remediation of soilborne fungal diseases of tomato. Journal of Agricultural Research and Advances,
Farone, N., Hillier, N.K and Cutler, G.C. (2015). Plant essential oils synergize and antagonize
Garba, S. and Okeniyi, S.O. (2012). Antimicrobial activities of total alkaloids extracted from some Nigeria medicinal plants. Journal of Microbiol. and Antimicrobials, Vol. 4(3): 60 63
Giannousi, K., Avranmidis, I. and Dendrinou-Samara, C. (2013). Synthesis, Characterization and evaluation of copper based nanoparticles as agrochemicals against Phytophtora infestans, RSC Adv, 3(1):217-243
(Hikal, et al., 2017)Idris, Z.K., Egbosa, O., Usman, H.B and Bilyaminu, A.(2024). The use of botanicals as pesticide: History,Development and Challenges, Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. Vol. 10(1): 191 206
Khan, A.R, Ijaz M., Haq1, I.U, Farzand1, A and Tariqjaved1, M. (2014). Management of Cercospora leaf spot of groundnut (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum) through the use of systemic fungicides. Cercetri Agronomice n Moldova, (2): 1-5
Lengai, G.M.G., Muthomi, J.W and Mbega, E.R (2020). Phytochemical activity and the role of botanical pesticide in pest management for sustainable agricultural crop production, Scientific African, 7:e00239. Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf2019.e00239.
Liu, X. L., Li, L., Sun, T., Fu, S.J., Hu, M. Y. and Zhong, G.H. (2017). Inhibition of Echinochloa crusgalli using bioactive components from the stems and leaves of Camellia oleifera. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 195, 10311038.
Lu, L.P., Mu, J.S, Li, Y.S (2014). Copolymerization of ethylene with 10-undecene-1-ol using highly active vanadium (III) precatalyst bearing bis (imino) pyrrolyl ligands. Chinese journal of polymer science, 32(5) https://doi.org/10.1oo7/s10118-014-1436-7
Lum, A. F and Takor, M.C (2021). Taro leaf blight: disease assessmentn, Farmers knowledge and management potential of goatweed extract in South West Cameroon. Journal of Agricultural Crops 7(1): 159-166
Mancini, E., Camele, L., Khoshraftar, Z., Safekordi, A.A., Shamel, A. and Zaefizadeh, M. (2019). Synthesis of natural nanopesticides with the origin of Eucalyptus globulus extracts for pest control. Green Chem Lett. Rev., 12(3): 286-298
Mary, A.F. and Giri, R.S (2018). GC MS analysis of bioactive compounds of Achyranthes aspera. World J. Pharm Res. 7(1): 1045 - 1056
Misra,P., Singh, P.P., Singh, S.K. and Varma, H. (2019). Sustainable agriculture and benefits of organic farming to special emphasis on PGPR.In: Role of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture and Nanotechnology, 75 87
Ndiform,EM and Lum, AF (2023).antimycotic effect of synthetic fungicides and plant extracts on Aspergillus flavus. Scientia AfricanaI 22(): 311-316
Rahmatullah, M.., Mukti I. J., Haque, A.K.M., Fahmidul, M.D, Mollik A.H anf Parvin (2009). An ethnobotanical survey and pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Garo tribal community living in Netrakona district, Bangladish. Advances in Natural Applied Sciences 3(3): 402-418
Reddy, L.H and Patrick, C. (2009). Squalene: a natural triterpene for use in disease management and therapy, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 61(1): 1412 1426
Sani, S. and Gwa, V.I, (2018). Fungicidal effect of Azadiracta indica and Zingiber officinale extracts in the control Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. Innovative techniques in Agriculture, 2(4):439-448
Starlin, T., Prabhap, P.S., Thayakumar, B.K.A., Gopalakrishnan V.K (2019). Screening and GC MS profiling of ethanolic extracts of Tylophora pauciflora. Biomed. Inform 15(5):425 -429
Stoclet J.C and Schain, K.V. (2011). Dietary flavonoids and human health. Ann. Pharmacother, 69: 78 90
Tang, L.I.C., Ling, A.P.K., Koh, R.Y., Chye, S.M. and Voon, K.G.L. (2012). Screening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants. BMC Complement. Alternative Medicinal Plant 12(1):3pp.
Thomson, N.A., Hammer, K.A., Riley, T.V., Van-Belkum, A. and Carson, C.F. (2013). Effect of habituation to tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil on the subsequent susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp to antimicrobials, triclosan, tea tree oil, terpinen-4-ol and carvacrol. Int. J Antimicrob Ag. 41(4): 343-351
Published
2025-05-28
How to Cite
Mohammed, Z. H., Busami, F. B., Tata, S., & Gaya, S. S. (2025). GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY – MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC- MS) ANALYSIS OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOUNDS IN HENNA (Lawsonia inermis L.) AND BITTER MELON (Mormodica charantia L.) LEAVES EXTRACTS. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 9(5), 23 - 27. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0905-3634
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Research Articles
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
