THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF ALLIUM SATIVUM AGAINST SLEEP DEPRIVATION-INDUCED DYSLIPIDEMIA IN ADULT FEMALE WISTAR RATS
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) resulting from unhealthy lifestyle choices poses oxidative challenges and is strongly linked to an increased risk and prevalence of various metabolic disorders. While the negative effects of SD on mental health are well documented, its impact on lipid metabolism remains less explored. Allium sativum (Garlic) has been recognized for its cardioprotective properties in different preclinical models. This study aimed to investigate the cumulative effects of acute SD on lipid metabolism and assess the potential therapeutic benefits of aqueous A. sativum extract using female Wistar rats as the experimental model. The animals (N = 25) were categorized into five groups of five animals each (n = 5): Group I served as the normal control and was administered distilled water (1ml/kg), whereas Group II represented the negative control (sleep-deprived, untreated). Groups III, IV, and V received oral administration of A. sativum extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, respectively, over three weeks. The study analyzed plasma lipid profiles following treatment and found significant reductions in total cholesterol (T. CHOL), triglycerides (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) across most treated groups. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels increased, particularly in treated groups compared to Group II. The decrease in TG and LDL was statistically significant (P 0.05), while HDL showed a notable rise. These results suggest that Allium sativum extract may help regulate lipid metabolism and offer protective benefits against cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. However, the limitation of the study is that the acute SD model may...
References
Abdurahman, A. A., Bule, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Rezaei, S., & Djafarian, K. (2020). The association between sleep duration and risk of abnormal lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obesity medicine, 18, 100236
Abreu, G. D. A., Barufaldi, L. A., Bloch, K. V., & Szklo, M. (2015). A systematic review on sleep duration and dyslipidemia in adolescents: understanding inconsistencies. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 105(4), 418-425
Abreu, G. D. A., Barufaldi, L. A., Bloch, K. V., & Szklo, M. (2015). A systematic review on sleep duration and dyslipidemia in adolescents: understanding inconsistencies. Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia, 105(4), 418-425
Adedokun, A. K., Japhet, O. M., Adetunji, A. D., Musa, M. A., Hammed, O. O., Akinlawon, A. A., ... & Roji, S. M. (2017). Castelli risk index, atherogenic index of plasma, and atherogenic coefficient: emerging risk predictors of cardiovascular disease in HIV-treated patients. Saudi J Med Pharm Sci, 4929, 1101-10.
Arora, T., Jiang, C. Q., Thomas, G. N., Lam, K. B. H., Zhang, W. S., Cheng, K. K., ... & Taheri, S. (2011). Self-reported long total sleep duration is associated with metabolic syndrome: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Diabetes care, 34(10), 2317-2319.
Baker, F. C., Lampio, L., Saaresranta, T., & Polo-Kantola, P. (2018). Sleep and sleep disorders in the menopausal transition. Sleep medicine clinics, 13(3), 443-456.
Berentzen, N. E., Smit, H. A., Bekkers, M. B., Brunekreef, B., Koppelman, G. H., De Jongste, J. C., ... & Wijga, A. H. (2014). Time in bed, sleep quality and associations with cardiometabolic markers in children: the Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy birth cohort study. Journal of sleep research, 23(1), 3-12
Bhardwaj, S., Bhattacharjee, J., Bhatnagar, M. K., Tyagi, S., & Delhi, N. (2013). Atherogenic index of plasma, castelli risk index and atherogenic coefficient-new parameters in assessing cardiovascular risk. Int J Pharm Biol Sci, 3(3), 359-64.
Bitzur, R., Harats, D., & Rubinstein, A. (2005). Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and cardiovasculer diseases: general recommendations--hypertension. Harefuah, 144(7), 506-12.
Bule, M., Albelbeisi, A. H., Nikfar, S., Amini, M., & Abdollahi, M. (2020). The antidiabetic and antilipidemic effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Food Research International, 130, 108980
Chaput, J. P., Leblanc, C., Prusse, L., Desprs, J. P., Bouchard, C., & Tremblay, A. (2009). Risk factors for adult overweight and obesity in the Quebec Family Study: have we been barking up the wrong tree?. Obesity, 17(10), 1964-1970
Charan, J., & Kantharia, N. D. (2013). How to calculate sample size in animal studies? Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics, 4(4), 303306. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.119726
David, K., Naiyana, W., Gayle, S.S. and Mark, L.W. (2001). Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric coated garlic supplement. Journal of American College of Nutrition, 225 231.
Dharmaraj, S., Rajaragupathy, S., & Denishya, S. (2022). A descriptive study of atherogenic indices in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital. Cureus, 14(12), e32231. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32231
D'souza, A. M., Beaudry, J. L., Szigiato, A. A., Trumble, S. J., Snook, L. A., Bonen, A., ... & Riddell, M. C. (2012). Consumption of a high-fat diet rapidly exacerbates the development of fatty liver disease that occurs with chronically elevated glucocorticoids. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 302(8), G850-G863
El-Demerdash, FM., Yousef, MI., & El-Naga, NIA. (2005). Biochemical study on the hypoglycemic effects of onion and garlic in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 43(1), 5763.
El-Sabban, F. and Abouazra, H. (2008). Effect of garlic on atherosclerosis and its factors. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 14(1), 195-206.
Fang, J., Wheaton, A.G. and Keenan, N.L. (2012). Association of sleep duration and hypertension among US adults varies by age and sex. American Journal of Hypertension, 25(3), 335341.
Gnocchi, D., Pedrelli, M., Hurt-Camejo, E. and Parini, P. (2015). Lipids around the clock: focus on circadian rhythms and lipid metabolism. Biology , 104132.
Gonona, W. (1997). Circulating body fluids review of Medical Physiology. California: Lane Medical Production.
Gorinstein, S., Leontowicz, H., Leontowicz, M., Drzewiecki, J., Najman, K., Katrich, E., Barasch, D., Yamamoto, K. and Trakhtenberg, S. (2006). Raw and boiled garlic enhances plasma antioxidant activity and improves plasma lipid metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Life Sciences, 72, 2593 2606.
Grandner, M.A., Chakravorty, S. and Perlis, M.L. (2014). Habitual sleep duration associated with self-reported and objectively determined cardiometabolic risk factors. Sleep Medicine, 15(1), 4250.
Guan, R., Van Le, Q., Yang, H., Zhang, D., Gu, H., Yang, Y. & Peng, W. (2021). A review of dietary phytochemicals and their relation to oxidative stress and human diseases. Chemosphere, 129499.
Hasler, G., Buysse, D.J., Klaghofer, R. (2004). The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: a 13-year prospective study. Sleep, 27(4), 661666.
Hosseini, A. & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2015). A review on the effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) in metabolic syndrome. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 1147-1157.
Iftikhar, IH., Donley, MA., Mindel, J., Pleister, A., Soriano, S. and Magalang, UJ. (2015). Sleep duration and metabolic syndrome: an updated dose-risk metaanalysis. Ann American Thorac Society, 12(9), 13641372.
Kaneita, Y., Uchiyama, M., Yoshiike, N. (2008). Associations of usual sleep duration with serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Sleep, 645652.
Kang, M. J., Lee, S. J., Shin, J. H., Kang, S. K., Kim, J. G. & Sung, N. J. (2008). Effect of garlic with different processing on lipid metabolism in 1% cholesterol fed rats. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 37(2), 162-169.
Katsiki, N., Nikolic, D., Montalto, G., Banach, M., Mikhailidis, DP. and Rizzo, M. (2013). The role of fibrate treatment in dyslipidemia: an overview. Current Pharmacological Des, 19(17), 31243131.
Kay, H. Y., Yang, J. W., Kim, T. H., Kang, B., Ryu, J. H., Jeon, R., & Kim, S. G. (2010). (n.d.). Ajoene, a stable garlic by-product, has an antioxidant effect through Nrf2-mediated glutamate-cysteine ligase induction in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes. The Journal of nutrition, 140(7), 1211-1219.
Khan, FA, Pati,l S, Tnakar, AS, Khan, MF, and Murugan, K. . (2014). Lipid profile in thyroid dysfunction: A study on patients of Baster. Journal of Clinical and Analytic Medicine, 4-12.
Khan, MAH, Majumder, I, Hoque, M., Fariduddin, M., Mollah, FH., and Arslan, MI. (2013). Lipid Profile in Hypothyroid Patients: A Cross Sectional Study. Medicine Today, 25(1), 2124.
Kim, T.W., Jeong, J.H. and Hong, S.C. (2015). The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. International Journal of Endocrinology.
Kong, A.P., Wing, Y.K. and Choi, K.C. (2011). Associations of sleep duration with obesity and serum lipid profile in children and adolescents. Sleep Medicine, 12(7), 659665.
Kumar, R, Akhtar, F, and Rizvi, SI. (2020). Hesperidin attenuates altered redox homeostasis in an experimental hyperlipidemic model of rat. Clinical Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 571582.
Lin, H., Chen, C., Chen, Y., Lin, Y., Mersmann, H.J. and Ding, S. . (2014). Enhanced Amelioration of High-Fat Diet-Induced FattyLiver by Docosahexaenoic Acid and Lysine Supplementations. Biomedical Research, 310981.
Mahmood, Z.A. Ahmed, S.W. and Mahmood, S.B.Z. (2009). Hyperlipidemia development and consequences. Journal of Medical Channel, 15(3), 14-17.
Metwally, M. M. and Hashem, M. A. . (2009). Protective role of garlic against cadmium toxicity in rats: Clinicopathological and histopathological studies Egypt. Journal of Comparative Pathology and Clinical Pathology, 114140.
Modesti, P.A., Calabrese, M. and Perruolo. (2016). Sleep history and hypertension burden in first-generation Chinese migrants settled in Italy: the CHIinese in prato cross-sectional survey. Medicine, 95(14)
Mulvihill, EE., Burke, AC., and Huff., MW. (2016). Citrus flavonoids as regulators of lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Annual Review of Nutrition, 275299
Nelson, R. (2013). Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Primary Care Clinical Office Practice, 40(1), 195211
Obisike, U.A.., Ibioku, A., Constancy, P., and Christian, S. (2016). Effect of Garlic Extract (Allium Sativum) on Lipid Profile of Wister Rats. American Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 1-8
Orekhov, AN., and Tertov, VV. (1997). In vitro effect of garlic powder extract on lipid content in normal and atherosclerotic human aortic cells. Lipids, 32(10), 10551060
Osai, U. (1998). The transition challenge from pilot to large scale manufacturing of herbal drugs Nigeria. Journal of Natural Procedre medicine, 16-17
Pandey, A., and Kar, SK. (2018). Rapid Eye Movement sleep deprivation of rat generates ROS in the hepatocytes and makes them more susceptible to oxidative stress. Sleep Science, 11(04), 245-53.
Patrick, A.T., Faith, P. S. and Umaru, H. A. (2015). The Effects of Crude Extracts of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) On Some Lipid Profile Parameters In High Fat Fed Rats. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 5(18), 1-7.
Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Setorki, M., Doudi, M., Baradaran, A. & Nasri, H. . (2014). Atherosclerosis: process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes. International journal of preventive medicine, 927.
Rahman, K. and Billington, D. (2000). Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 2262-2265.
Ried, K. (2016). Garlic lowers blood pressure in hypertensive individuals, regulates serum cholesterol, and stimulates immunity: an updated meta-analysis and review. The Journal of nutrition, 142, 389-396
Rizk NI, Rizk MS, Mohamed AS, Naguib YM. (2020). Attenuation of sleep deprivation dependent deterioration in male fertility parameters by vitamin C. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 18, 1-3
Saba, F. Mohammed, Z.Q., Sabiha, K. and Rukhshan, K. . (2011). Effect of feeding garlic (Allium savitum) on body weight and serum cholesterol levels in Rats. Pakistan Journal of Physiology
Sasikala, T., and Kalyan, G. (2020). Castelli risk index-1 and atherogenic coefficient are better predictors of cardiometabolic risk in patients with hypothyroidism. International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research, 254-260
Shekhar, R., Srinivas, CH., and Das, MC. (2011). Lipid profile in newly diagnosed and on treatment hypothyroid. Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Resource, 9981000
Singh, B., Kumar, A., Singh, H., Kaur, S., Arora, S., & Singh, B. (2022). Protective effect of vanillic acid against diabetes and diabetic nephropathy by attenuating oxidative stress and upregulation of NF-B, TNF- and COX-2 proteins in rats. Phytotherapy Resource, 36(1), 13381385
Sivanesan, H. and Bhatti, J.A.. (2017). Effects of sleep deprivation on neurocognitive capacities in obese individuals not qualifying for sleep treatment: a systematic review. Obesity Medicine, 4-14
Spano GM, Banningh SW, Marshall W, de Vivo L, Bellesi M, Loschky SS, Tononi G, Cirelli C. (2019). Sleep deprivation by exposure to novel objects increases synapse density and axonspine interface in the hippocampal CA1 region of adolescent mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(34), 6613-6625
Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., and Penev, P. (2004). Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annual Internal Medicine, 141(11), 846850
Wang Z, Ge Q, Wu Y, Zhang J, Gu Q, Han J. (2020). Impairment of long-term memory by a short-term high-fat diet via hippocampal oxidative stress and alterations in synaptic plasticity. Neuroscience, 24-33
Wu, J., Xu, G.,and Shen, L. (2015). Daily sleep duration and risk of metabolic syndrome among middle-aged and older Chinese adults: cross-sectional evidence from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort study. BMC Public Health, 178
Wu, Y., Zhai, L. and Zhang, D. (2014). Sleep duration and obesity among adults: a metaanalysis of prospective studies. Sleep Medicine, 15(2), 14561462
Xiong, H., Wang, J., Ran, Q., Lou, G., Peng, C., Gan, Q., Hu, J., Sun, J., Yao, R., and Huang Q . (2019). Hesperidin: a therapeutic agent for obesity. Drug Despense and Development Therapy, 38553866
Zhan, Y., Chen, R. and Yu, J. (2014). Sleep duration and abnormal serum lipids: the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Sleep Medicine, 15(7), 833839.
Zitser, J., Anatrk, M. and Zsoldos, E. (2020). Sleep duration over 28 years, cognition, gray matter volume, and white matter microstructure: a prospective cohort study. Sleep.
Copyright (c) 2025 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
