EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE PRODUCED WITH VOLCANIC ASH AND METAKAOLIN AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT
Abstract
Cement being the binder in concrete production, is an extensive industrial commodity, the production of which leads to the emission of a vast amount of carbon dioxide which causes greenhouse gas emission and global warming. There is need for alternative materials that are environmentally friendly, economical and accessible. The research investigates the strength properties of concrete produced with volcanic ash and metakaolin as a partial cement replacement. Cement was partially replaced at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Volcanic-metakaolin Fresh and hardened strength tests on mortar and concrete were carried out by adding 0–30% pozzolana, in which the water-to-binder ratio was 0.5 kept the same for all replacement levels. Density, compressive strength, flexural strength, and water absorption tests were carried out. Incorporation of volcanic ash and metakaolin reduces total voids in concretes. The result showed that VA-MTK has a pozzolanic effect on concrete properties by considering the strength activity index, higher compressive strength, higher flexural and splitting strength comparable to the control concrete 10% pozzolanic content. The maximum compressive strength at 28 days was the 10% VA/MTK as partial cement replacement, which achieved 28.5N/mm2 compared to the control, which achieved 28.2N/mm2. The flexural strengths at 10% achieved 5.22N/mm2, while the control concrete achieved 5.11 N/mm2. Considering the environmental and strength performance, a 15% cement replacement with metakaolin was convincing. Thus, the research shows that the use of VA/MTK as a partial replacement for cement in concrete, at a lower volume of replacement, will enhance the reduction of cement...
References
Agboola, S. A., Abbas, K. A., Musa, A. K., Shabi, M. O., Abdulwaheed, A. A., & Zakari, A. (2024). Performance of Concrete Using Metakaolin as Cement Partial Replacement Material. ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, 20(4), 749759.
Agboola S.A., Aliyu A.A., Abbas K. I., Akewusola R.A., Musa A.K. & Shabi M.O. (2024b). Experimental Investigation of The Durability Properties of Concrete Produced with Metakaolin as Partial Cement Replacement. FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS). 8(2), 149 162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0802-2127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0802-2127
Agboola S.A., Abbas K, A., Musa A.K., Shabi, M. O., Abdulwaheed A.A., & Zakari A. (2024c). Performance of Concrete Using Metakaolin as Cement Partial Replacement Material. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering Technology and Environment (AZOJETE). Vol. 20(4), Pp. 749 759.
Agboola S.A., Bappah H., Adamu S. A., and Tukur M. (2022). Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Durability Properties of Concrete Subject to Aggressive Chemical Environment. African Journal of Environmental Sciences & Renewable Energy. (AJESRE). 5(1), 16 37, ISSN: 2617-3072X.
Agboola S.A., Amina O.S., Simdima G.G., & Solomon W.P. (2021). Effect of Volcanic Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Subject to Aggressive Chemical Environment. International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology (IJEAST). 6(5). 100 108, ISSN: 2455-2143. September 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33564/IJEAST.2021.v06i05.012
Agboola S.A., Mamman A.I., Tapgun J., and Bappah H. (2020). Strength Performance of Concrete Produced with Volcanic Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT). 9(3), 372 378, ISSN: 2278-0181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17577/IJERTV9IS030396
American Society for Testing and Materials. (2006). Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, No. C125. USA.
Bjegovic, D., Stirmer, N., & Serdar, M. (2012). Durability properties of concrete with blended cements. Materials and Corrosion, 63(12), 1087-1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206699
BSI, BS EN 196-1: 2016: Methods of testing cement. Determination of strength. London, UK, BSI.
BS EN 12390-7 (2009)'' Testing Hardened Concrete: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens British Standard Institution, London.
BS EN 12390-5 (2009) Testing Hardened Concrete. Flexural Strength of Test Specimens". British Standards Institution, London.
BS EN 12390: part 6 (2000) Testing Fresh Concrete - density British Standard Institution, London.
BS EN 12350: Part 2 (2000). Method for Determination of Slump. British Standards Institution, London.
British Standard European Norm (1995). Cement: Composition, specification and conformity criteria for common cements. BS EN 197-1, BSI, Linfordwood, Milton Keynes MK14 6le, U.K.
British Standard European Norm (1995). Methods of testing cement: Determination of setting time and soundness. BS EN 196-3, BSI, Linfordwood, Milton Keynes MK14 6le, U.K.
British Standard, (1992). Specification of Aggregate from Natural Sources for Concrete. BS 882, BSI, London 1997.
British Standard, (1983). Testing concrete: Method for determination of water absorption. BS 1881-122, BSI, Linfordwood, Milton Keynes MK14 6le, U.K.
British Standard, 812 part 2 (1975). Methods for determination of relative densities and water absorption of coarse aggregate (Specific gravity of aggregate). BSI Publication British Standards Institution, London.
Chowdhury, S., Mishra, M., & Suganya, O. M. (2015). The incorporation of wood waste ash as a partial cement replacement material for making structural grade concrete: An overview. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 6(2), 429437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.11.005
Crawford, R. H. (2022). Greenhouse gas emissions of global construction industries. In IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering (Vol. 1218, No. 1, p. 012047). IOP Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1218/1/012047
Dadu, D. W. (2011). Investigation into Pozzolanic Characteristics of Jos Plateau Volcanic Deposits for Partial Replacement of Portland Cement in Concrete. Unpublished Ph.d. Dissertation Work. Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Design, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Falade A.A., Agboola S.A., Ishaq S. A., Muhammed A.J., Shabi M.O., & Musa A.K. (2024). Interdisciplinary Effects of Metakaolin as a Pozzolanic Material on Chloride Ingress in Concrete. NIPES Journal of Sciences and Technology Research. Vol. 6(4), Pp. 55 72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14316852
Getso, A. (2014). Evaluation of the Properties of Binary Cementitous Matrix Concrete Containing Metakaolin. Unpublished Masters Thesis. Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
He, Z., Zhu, X., Wang, J., Mu, M., & Wang, Y. (2019). Comparison of CO2 emissions from OPC and recycled cement production. Construction and Building Materials, 211, 965-973. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.289
Joergensen, S. W. (2014). Grinding of Clinker Replacement Materials. Special Report by General Manager Grinding Technology, 1-15.
Jehad, A. and Kamel, K. (2014). Effect of volcanic tuff on the characteristics of cement mortar Cermica 60, 279-284. alzboon@bau.edu.jo. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0366-69132014000200018
Kajaste, R., & Hurme, M. (2016). Cement industry greenhouse gas emissionsmanagement options and abatement cost. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 4041-4052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.055
Kazjonovs, J., Bajare, D. and Korjakins, A. (2010). Designing High-Density Concrete by Using Steel Treatment Waste. Paper Presented on Modern Building Materials, Structure and Techniques International Conference May 19-21, 2010. Vilnius, Lithuania, 138-142.
Mikuli, H., Kleme, J. J., Vujanovi, M., Urbaniec, K., & Dui, N. (2016). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions by fostering the deployment of alternative raw materials and energy sources in the cleaner cement manufacturing process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 136, 119-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.145
Mohammad, N. F. (2010). Performance of Concrete by Using Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA) as Cement Replacement Material. Unpublished B.Sc Project. Department of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, University of Malaysia Pahang.
Naik, T. R. (2020). Sustainability of the cement and concrete industries. In Sustainable construction materials and technologies (pp. 1925). CRC Press.
Ndahi, A., Agboola, S., Abubakar, A. S., Olawale, S. M., Abdulmutakabir, S., & Ibrahim, A. K. (2024). Effect Of Corn Cob Ash and Locust Bean Pod Ash on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete. coou African Journal of Environmental Research, 5(2), 113-129.
Neville, A.M. & Brooks, J.J. (2010). Concrete Technology. 2nd edition. Longman Group United Kingdom Limited, 30269.
Nodehi, M., Ozbakkaloglu, T., Gholampour, A., Mohammed, T., & Shi, X. (2022). The effect of curing regimes on physico-mechanical, microstructural and durability properties of alkali-activated materials: A review. Construction and building materials, 321, 126335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126335
Ogunbode, E. B. and Hassan, I. O. (2011). Effect of Addition of Calcium Nitrate on Selected Properties of Concrete Containing Volcanic Ash. Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practice and Technologies, 29-38. Retrieved from http://www.lejpt.academicdirect.org.
Olawuyi, B. J., Olusola, K. O. and Babafemi, A. J. (2012). Influence of Curing Age and Mix Composition on Compressive Strength of Volcanic Ash Blended Cement Laterized Concrete. Civil Engineering Dimension, 14(2), 84-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.14.2.84-91
Petroche, D. M., & Ramirez, A. D. (2022). The environmental profile of clinker, cement, and concrete: a life cycle perspective study based on Ecuadorian data. Buildings, 12(3), 311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030311
Pitroda, J. and Shah, D. S. (2014). An Experimental Study on Durability and Water Absorption Properties of Pervious Concrete. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(3), 439-444. Retrieved from http://www.ijret.org DOI: https://doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0303082
Rahmat, Y., Abdulazeez, A. S., Gambo, I., Audu, I., & Isah, A. A. (2024). Investigation of the Properties of Concrete Made with Fly-Ash and Dry Waste Okra Powder. ARID ZONE Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 20(2), 473-482.
Sanjay, N. P., Anil, K. G. and Subhash, S. D. (2013). Metakaolin-Pozzolanic Material for Cement in High Strength Concrete. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering (SICETE'13), 46-49.
Shetty, M. S. (2005). Concrete Technology Theory and Practice. New Delhi, India, S. Chand and Company Ltd.
Siddique, R., & Siddique, R. (2008). Metakaolin. Waste materials and by-products in concrete, 4192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74294-4_2
Vijayakumar1, G., Vishaliny, H. and Govindarajulu, D. (2013). Studies on Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete Production, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013). Retrieved from www.ijetae.com.
Copyright (c) 2025 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
