ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF THE CARBONATED DRINK EXTRACT OF ENANTIA CHLORANTHA STEM BARK

  • Gabriel Akinwale Sotade Molecular Biology Department, Federal College of Veterinary and Medical Laboratory
  • Eusebius Chukwu Onyeneke University of Benin
  • Samuel Ifidon Ojeaburu University of Benin
  • Patricia Chioma Ofoha David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu
  • Waheed Muibi Kwara State College of Health Technology Offa
  • Joseph Eniola Sotade Kings University, Gbongan-Osogbo Road, Odeomu
  • Oluwamuyiwa Olanrewaju Godson Federal College of Veterinary & Medical Laboratory Technology, Vom
  • Olumuyiwa Mark Adu Federal College of Veterinary & Medical Laboratory Technology, Vom
  • Nathaniel Olajire Olawuyi Federal College of Veterinary & Medical Laboratory Technology, Vom
  • Josephat Ejike Ozor Federal College of Veterinary & Medical Laboratory Technology, Vom
  • Abdulrahman Shehu Federal College of Veterinary and Medical Laboratory Technology, Vom
Keywords: Toxicity, Carbonated drink, Enantia chlorantha, Liver, Kidney

Abstract

Enantia chlorantha is a plant known for its medicinal properties, particularly in traditional medicine across West Africa. The acute and sub chronic toxicity studies of the extract were evaluated. Group 1 animals were given distilled water while Groups 2 – 4 were administered 50, 150 and 250 mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively. The LD50 values from the acute toxicity study of the extracts were greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and platelets levels were higher (p > 0.05) in all the extract treated groups. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the serum TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL - cholesterol levels in all the treated groups when compared to the control group. This showed that the extracts did not affect the lipid profile of the mice. There were no significant (p > 0.05) difference in ALP, AST, ALT and GGT activities. The Potassium levels were non-significantly (p > 0.05) higher in the extracts treated groups when compared to the control group. Significant (p < 0.05) increased in GSH concentration was observed in the mice administered 250 mg/kg body weight of the extract when compared with the control group. No prominent hepatocellular or glomerular damages were observed in the vital organs. The findings suggest that the carbonated drink extract of E. chlorantha stem bark is safe for use and therefore supports the traditional use of the plant in treating various disease condition.

References

Adebiyi, O. E. and Abatan, M. O. (2013b). Phytochemical and acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha(oliv) stem bark in albino rats. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 6(3): 145 151. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/intox-2013-0023

Agomo, P. U., Idigo, J. C. and Afolabi, B. M. (1992). Antimalarial medicinal plants and their impact on cell populations in various organs of mice. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 21(2): 39 46.

Bassey, A. L., Nwafor, P. A., Udobang, J. A. and Ettebong, E. O. (2017). Sub chronic evaluation of the ethanol stem bark extract of Enantia chlorantha in rodents (biochemical, haematological evaluation and effect on body weight). World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 6(9): 73 83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20179-9282

Bhardwaj, R. D., Kapoor, R. and Grewal, S. K. (2019). Biochemical characterization of oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes with high nutritional potential. LWT. 110: 32 39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.063

Buege, J. A. and Aust, S. D. (1979). Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology. 52: 306.

Cohen, D., Dembiec, D. and Marcus, J. (1970). Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extracts. Annals in Clinical Biochemistry. 34: 30 38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90083-7

Dahiru, D. and Obidoa, O. (2008). Evaluation of the antioxidant effects of Ziziphus mauritiana lam. Leaf extracts against chronic ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat liver. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines. 5(1): 39 45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v5i1.31254

Davern, T. L. and Scharschmidt, B. F. (2002). Gastrointestinal and liver disease patho-physiology, diagnosis and management. Feldman, H. and Sleisenger, M. H (Eds.), (2). 7th Eds., Elsevier Science, USA.

Davidson, I. and Henry, J. B. (Eds) (1979). Clinical diagnosis by laboratory method. 1st Edn. ELBS, New York. Pp: 340 500.

Desai, I. D. (1984). Vitamin E analysis method for animal tissues. Methods in Enzymology. 105: 138 143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05019-9

Dobiasova, M. and Frohlich, J. (2001). The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size an esterification rate inapob-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FERHDL). Clinical Biochemistry. 34(7): 583 588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00263-6

Ellman, G. C. (1959). Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 82: 70 77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6

Englehardt, A. (1970). Measurement of alkaline phosphatase. Aerztl Labor. 16: 42 43.

Eteng, M. U., Etarrh, R. R. and Owu, D. U. (2003). Effect of Theobromine exposures on haematological parameters of rats. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences. 18(1-2): 46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/njps.v18i1.32609

Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I. and Fredrickson, D. S. (1972). Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without the use of preparative centrifuge. Clinical Chemistry. 18: 499 502. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499

Ikewuchi, C. J. and Ikewuchi, C. C. (2009). Alteration of plasma lipid profiles and atherogenic indices by Stachytarpheta jamaicensis L. (Vahl). Biokemistri. 21(2): 71 77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/biokem.v21i2.56473

Ikpeme, E. V., Udensi, O., Ekaluo, U. B., Nta, A. I. and Takon, I. A. (2011). Evaluation of therapeutic potentials of Enantia chlorantha (Oliv). Elixir Applied Botany. 41: 6032 6036.

Jendrassik, L. and Grof, P. (1938). Colorimetric method of determination of bilirubin. Biochemistry Z. 297: 81 82.

Lorke, D. (1983). A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Archives of Toxicology. 54: 275 - 287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01234480

Misra, H. P. and Fridovich, L. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the antioxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 247: 3170 - 3175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9

Moody, J. O., Ogundipe, O. D., Akang, E. U. and Agbedana, E. O. (2007). Toxicological studies on the purified protoberberine alkaloidal fraction of Enantia chlorantha Oliv (Annonaceae). African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 36(4): 317 323.

Nyman, N. (1959). Determination of glutathione peroxide in tissue. Analytical Biochemistry. 28: 481.

Olamide, S. O. and Agu, G. C. (2013). The assessment of the antimicrobial activities of Ocimum gratissimum (wild basil) and Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) on some enteric pathogen causing dysentery or diarrhea. International Journal of Engineering Science. 2(9): 83 96.

Olasehinde, O. and Ojeaburu, S. I. (2024). Hypoglycaemic and anti-inflammatory effects of stem bark extracts of Enantia chlorantha in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA. 2(2): 167-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2024-0202-23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2024-0202-23

Olfert, E. D., Cross, B. M. and McWilliam, A. A. (1993). Guide to the care and use of experimental animals. Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1(2): 191 198.

Omaye, S. T., Turnabull, J. C. and Sanberlick, H. E. (1979). Selected methods for the determination of ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids. Methods in Enzymology. 62: 3 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(79)62181-X

Ramaiah, S. K. (2007). A toxicologist guide to the diagnostic interpretation of hepatic biochemical parameters. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 45: 1551 1557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2007.06.007

Reitman, S and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 28: 50 63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56

Rezg, R., Mornagul, B., El-Fazaa, S. and Gharbi, N. (2008). Biochemical evaluation of hepatic damage in subchronic exposure to malathion in rats: effect on superoxide dismutase and catalase activities using native PAGE. Comptes rendus. Biologies. 331(9): 655 662. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.06.004

Rizvi, S. A. A., Einstein, G. P., Tulp, O. L., Sainvil, F. and Branly, R. (2022). Introduction to traditional medicine and their role in prevention and treatment of emerging and re- emerging diseases. Biomolecules. 12(10): 1442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12101442

Satheesh, M. A. and Pari, L. (2008). Effect of pterostilbene on lipids and lipid profiles in streptozotocinnicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Applied Biomedicine. 6: 31 37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32725/jab.2008.005

Sotade, G. A., Ojeaburu, S. I., Onimisi, O. S. A., Otokiti, A. U., Duile, P. T., Azees, A. S., Abioye, R. E. and Biodun, V. A. C. (2024). Proximate, phytochemical and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the carbonated drink (Soft Drink) extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark. Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences. 12 (2): 34 - 53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajopacs/2024/v12i2223

Szasz, G. (1976). A kinetic photometric method for serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase. Clinical Chemistry. 15: 124 - 136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/15.2.124

Tan, P. V., Boda, M., Enow-Orock, G. E., Etoa, F. X. and Bitolog, P. (2007). Acute and sub- acute toxicity profile of the aqueous stem bark extract of Enantia chlorantha Oliver (Annonaceae) in laboratory animals. Pharmacology online. 1304 1313.

Tietz, N. W. (1976). Fundamentals of clinical chemistry. WB Saunders Co. Philadelphia. Pp. 874.

Tietz, N. W., Prudent, L. E. and Andersen, S. (1996). Electrolytes In: Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, Tietz N. W. (2nd edn). W. B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia USA. Pp: 721 738.

Vasudevan, M. D. and Sreekumari, S (2007). Textbook of biochemistry for medical students. 5th Ed., Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. New Delhi, India, pp. 283 287, 309 313, 318 320, 322.

World Health Organization. (2019). WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019. World Health Organization.

Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Sotade, G. A., Onyeneke, E. C., Ojeaburu, S. I., Ofoha, P. C., Muibi, W., Sotade, J. E., Godson, O. O., Adu, O. M., Olawuyi, N. O., Ozor, J. E., & Shehu, A. (2025). ACUTE AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES OF THE CARBONATED DRINK EXTRACT OF ENANTIA CHLORANTHA STEM BARK. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 9(6), 141 - 147. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0906-3533