BACTERIOLOGICAL EVALUATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPLIANCE OF PACKAGED WATER SOLD IN ILORIN, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0901-3015Keywords:
Packaged water quality, Bacteriological contamination, Physicochemical parameters, Coliform bacteria, Water safety monitoringAbstract
This study evaluated the quality of sachet and bottled water sold in Ilorin, Nigeria. Water samples were procured from selling points, and their physicochemical and bacteriological quality was assessed using standard methods. The results showed that the respective physicochemical parameters for sachet and bottle waters: temperature (26.6 °C and 23.9 °C), electrical conductivity (142.0 µs/cm and 111.0 µs/cm), total dissolved solids (68.5 mg/L and 58.0 mg/L), pH (7.5 and 7.3), and salinity (0.05 and BDL) of both sachet and bottled water samples respectively were within the permissible range recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Bacteriological analysis revealed that total heterotrophic bacterial counts (52.5*Z ± 4.7 and 35.0Z ± 0.9) for sachet and bottled water samples were within WHO limits; however, total coliform counts (51.50*Z ± 2.6 and 33.5Z ± 1.5) exceeded the acceptable range of 0 CFU/mL. Seven bacterial isolates identified were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Enterobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Bacillus subtilis. The number of bacterial isolates in bottled water was higher, with Klebsiella spp. being the most prevalent. The findings suggest varying degrees of microbiological contamination, indicating that some packaged water samples are not of the highest quality. These results highlight the need for stricter monitoring and quality control measures to ensure the safety of packaged water.
References
Aktas, H. and Cagman, N. (2007). Soft sets and soft groups. Information Science, 177:2726–2735. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2006.12.008
Blizard, W. D. (1991). The development of multiset theory. Modern Logic, 1:319–352. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-development-of-multiset-theory-Blizard/2f039fd3122f046e4475768345b5fc2689b4d939
Biswas, R. (1990). Intuitionistic fuzzy subgroups. Mathematical Forum, 10:37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-218X (83)90097-5.
Dresher, M. and Ore, O. (1938). Theory of multigroups. American Journal of Mathematics, 60:705–733. https://doi.org/10.2307/2371606
Ejegwa P.A (2020). Concept of Anti Multigroups and Properties. Earthline Journal of Mathematical Sciences, ISSN (Online): 2581-8147, 4(1): 83-97. https://doi.org/10.34198/ejms.4120.8397
Kleiner, I. (1986). The evolution of group theory: a brief survey. Mathematics Magazine, 59(4):195–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.1986.11977247
Knuth, D. (1981). The art of computer programming. Semi Numerical Algorithm, Second Edition, 2, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts.
Nazmul, S. K. and Samanta, S. K. (2011). Fuzzy soft groups. Journal of Fuzzy Mathematics, 19(1):101–114. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1616865814000077
Nazmul, S. K., Majumdar, P., and Samanta, S. K. (2013). On multisets and multigroups. Annals of Fuzzy Mathematics and Informatics, 6(3):643–656. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/On-multisets-and-multigroups-Nazmul-Majumdar/37755f1cfa369a301ee1d131c803d8ab8235a75b
Nazmul, S. K. and Samanta, S. K. (2015). On soft multigroups. Annals of Fuzzy Mathematics and Informatics, 10(2):271–285. https://scholar.google.co.in/citations? user=8LmgYukAAAAJ&hl=en
Rosenfeld, A. (1971). Fuzzy groups. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Application, 35:512–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-247x(71)90199-5
Shinoj, T. K., Baby, A., and Sunil, J. J. (2015). On some algebraic structures of fuzzy multisets. Annals of Fuzzy Mathematics and Informatics, 9(1):77–90. https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=WBDc6jMAAAAJ&hl=en
Shinoj, T. K. and Sunil, J. J. (2015). Intuitionistic fuzzy multigroups. Annals of Pure and Applied Mathematics,9(1):133–143. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335610997_On_Normal_Sub_Intuitionistic_Fuzzy_Multigroups
Singh, D. (1994). A note on the development of multisets theory. Modern Logic, 4:405–406. https://projecteuclid.org/journals/review-of-modern-logic/volume-4/issue-4/A-note-on-The-development-of-multiset-theory/rml/1204835356.full
Singh, D., Ibrahim, A. M., Yohanna, T., and Singh, J. N. (2007). An overview of the applications of multisets. Novi Sad Journal of Mathematics, 37(2):73–92. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228354475_An_overview_of_the_applications_of_multisets
Singh, D., Ibrahim, A. M., Yohanna, T., and Singh, J. N. (2008). A systematization of fundamentals of multisets. Lecturas Mathematicas, 29:33–48. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259268098_A_Systematization_of_the_Fundamentals_of_Multisets
Syropoulos, A. (2001). Mathematics of multisets. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45523-x_17
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
