EFFECTS OF DICHLOROMETHANE FRACTION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF PHYLLANTHUS AMARUS LEAF ON 1, 2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE INDUCED HEPATO-RENAL DYSFUNCTION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of the Dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of the ethanol extract from Phyllanthus amarus leaves on hepato-renal toxicity induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in Swiss albino mice. A total of twenty-five male Swiss albino mice, each weighing between 21-25g, were used in a 90-day (12-week) experiment. The mice were divided into five groups: Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (25 mg/kg DMH + 250 mg/kg DCM fraction of P. amarus), Group 3 (25 mg/kg DMH + 350 mg/kg DCM fraction of P. amarus), Group 4 (25 mg/kg DMH + 450 mg/kg DCM fraction of P. amarus), and Group 5 (25 mg/kg DMH). Each cage, made of mental steel, housed five animals. The mice had free access to food and clean water and were kept under a 12-hour light/dark cycle. DMH was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight using a dolphin gavage, three times a week for a duration of eight weeks. Following the end of DMH treatment, the DCM fraction of the ethanol extract of P. amarus leaves was administered orally for an additional four weeks. The animals were fasted overnight and were sacrificed after being anesthetized using urethane. Blood was collected into plain and EDTA containers for biochemical investigation. Liver and kidneys were excised and homogenized for the assay of some antioxidant biomarkers. Liver function indices were assayed as well as kidney function biomarkers. Portions of the liver and kidney were used for histological analysis Results obtained showed that...
References
Aparupa, B. M., Anindita B., and Sharmila, C., (2022). An insight into the potent medicinal plant Phyllanthus amarus. The Nucleus. 65, 437-472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z
Araujo, R.E., Luiz, A.S., Cinthia, R.C., Ranniere, G.F., Hugo, C.G., Pedro, R.P. (2012). Growth Inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus niruri extracts in combination with cisplatin on cancer cell lines. World J of Gastro. 18: 4162-6168. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4162 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i31.4162
Aigner, B.A., Darsow, U., Grosber, M., Ring, J., Pltz, S.G. (2010) multiple basal cell carcinomas after long-term exposure to hydrazine: Case report and review of the literature. Dermatol. ; 221:300-302. https://doi.org/10.1159/000321338 . Epub 2010 Nov 22.
Bharatiya, V.B. (1992). Selected medicinal plants of India Bombany. Tafa press. 2: 235-237.
Binyamin, Y., Frenkel, A., Brotfain, E., Koyfman, L, Shliom, O, Klein, M. (2018).Elevated CPK levels afterhydrazine inhalation exposure in an F16 aircraft technician. Toxicol.5:927-928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.023 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.023
Burkill, H.M. (1994). The useful plant of West Tropical Africa. Royal bot. 2: 234-237.
Banerjee, A., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2022). An insight into the potent medicinal plant Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn. The Nucleus: an International Journal of Cytology and Allied Topics, 1-36.Buege, J.A. and Aust, S.D. (1978).Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol.52: 302-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-022-00409-z
Cohen, G., Dembiec, D. and Marcus, J. (1970).Measurement of catalase activity in tissue extract. Ann.Biochem.34:30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90083-7 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90083-7
Etta, H. (2008). Effects of Phyllanthus amarus on litter traits in albino rats. Scientific Research and Essay. 3(8):370372.
Isah, M. B. and Ibrahim, M. A. (2014). The role of antioxidants treatment on the pathogenesis of malarial infections: a review. Parasitology Research. 113: 801805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3804-1 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-3804-1
Joseph, B. and Raj, S. J. (2011). An Overview: Pharmacognostic Property of Phyllanthus amrus li nn. Int Jour of Pharm. 1: 4145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2011.40.45
Karuna, R., Bharathi, V. G., Reddy, S. S., Ramesh, B. and Saralakumari, D. (2011). Protective effects of Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extract against renal oxidative stress in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ind Jour of Pharm. 43:414418. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.83112 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.83112
Keshavarz, M.H., Ramadan, A., Mousaviazar, A., Zali, A., Shokrollahi, A. (2011)..Reducing dangerous effects of unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine as a liquid propellant by addition of hydroxyl-ethylhydrazine, part II,performance with several oxidizers. J Energ Mater. 29(3):228-240. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2010.514320
Kloucek, P., Polesny, Z., Svobodova, B., Vlkova, E. and Kokoska, L. (2005). Antibacterial screening of some Peruvian medicinal plants used in Calleria District. Jour of Ethnopharma. 99 (2): 309-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.01.062
Kolumbaeva, S.Z., Shalakhmetova, T.M, Begimbetova, D.A., Bersimbaev, R.I., Kalimagambetov, A.M. (2007).Mutagenic effect of the rocket fuel component unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine on rats of different age. Russ J Genet. 43(6):608-12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795407060038
Krithika, A. R. and Verma, R. R. J. (2009b). Mitigation of carbon tetrachloride induced damage by Phyllanthus amarus in liver of mice. Acta Poloniae Pharma Drug Res. 66: 439445.
Lia, W., Zhoua, M., Xua ,N., Hua, Y., Wanga Ch, Lib, D., Liuc, L., Lia, D.(2016).Comparative analysis of protective effects of curcumin, curcumin-b-cyclodextrin nanoparticle and nanoliposomal curcumin on unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine poisoning in mice. Bioengineered.7 (5):334-341. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1197029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2016.1197029
Makarovsky, I., Markel, G., Dushnitsky, T., Eisenkraft, A. (2008). Hydrazine: The space era agent. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008; 10 (4):302-6
Mazumder, A., Mahato, A. and Mazumder, R. (2006). Antimicrobial potentially of Phyllanthus amarus against drug resistant pathogens. Natl Prod Res. 20 (4): 323-326.Mena, S., Ortega, A. and Estrela J.M. (2009). Oxidative stress in environmental- induced carcinogenesis. Mutation Research. 674 (1-2): 3644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410600650404
Misra, H.P. and Fridovich, I. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and single assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biological Chemistry.247:3170-3175. PMID: 4623845 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45228-9
Omoregie,F.O., Okolie, N.P. and Abu O.D.(2017). Effects of aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves on cyanide-induced toxicity in New Zealand Rabbits. NISEB Journal.16 (4):142-147. http://www.nisebjournal.org
Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S. J. and Shahabimajd, N. (2006). Antioxidant activity, phenols,flavanoid contents of selected Iranian medicinal plants. S Afri J of Biotech. 5:1142-1145.
Raphael, K.R., Ajith, T.A., Joseph, S. and Kuttan, R. (2002). Anti-mutagenic activity of Phyllanthus amarus Schum & Thonn in-vitro as well as in vivo. Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 22: 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcm.10021 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tcm.10021
Rasool, H. (2012). Medicinal Plant (Importance and uses). Pharma Anal Acta. 3: 2153-2435.
Refaz, A. D., Mohd, S., and Parvaiz, H.Q. (2017). General overview of medicinal plants. Journal of Phytopharmacology. 6(6):349-351. www.phytopharmajournal.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2017.6608
Reitman, S. and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of SGOT and SGPT. Am. J. Clin.Path.28:56-58. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56
Ritz, B., Zhao, Y., Krishnadasan, A., Kennedy, N., Morgenstern, H. (2006).Estimated effects of hydrazine exposure on cancer incidence and mortality in aerospace workers. Epidemiol. 17(2):154-161. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000199323.55534 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000199323.55534.fb
Sadik, N.A.(2012). Chemopreventive efficacy of green tea drinking against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Cell Biochem Funct. 31(3):196-207. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.2873 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cbf.2873
Shebbo, S., El Joumaa, M., Kawach, R., Borjac, J. (2020). Metrics Hepatoprotective effect of Matricaria chamomilla aqueous extract against 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinogenic hepatic damage in mice. Heliyon. 6(6):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04082 . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04082
Sonia, V., Hitender, S., Munish, G. (2014). Phyllanthus Amarus: A Review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 3 (2):18-22. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2014.v3.i2.348/phyllanthus-amarus-a-review
Tasheen, M. and Mishra, G. (2013). Ethnobotany and Diuretic Activity of some Selected Indian Medicinal plants. The Pharma Innov. 2: 112. www.thepharmajournal.com
Umeaku, U., Ofusori, D.A., Umeaku, O.P., Edward, T.A. (2020). The effect of aqueous extract of Ocimum gratissium (Linn) on 1, 2 - dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in male Wistar rats. IJHA.2 (1):22-35. https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-20-3180 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14302/issn.2577-2279.ijha-20-3180
Walia, S., Kamal, R., Dhawan, D.K., Kanwar, S.S. (2018). Chemoprevention by probiotics during 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 63:900-909. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-4949-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-4949-z
Yaya, G., Benjamin, K. A. B., Fant, B., Sorho, S., Amadou, T. S. and Jean-Marie, C. (2012). Med Bact RASYAN J of Chem. 5(3): 332 340.
Copyright (c) 2024 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
