EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC HEAVY METALS IN DRINKING WATER CONSUMED IN YAR’AKWA QUARTERS, NA’IBAWA, TARAUNI LGA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA

Authors

  • Sulaiman Nasir Mujahid Bayero University Kano
  • Muhammad Umar Bala
  • Adam Mubarak Isyaku
  • Musa Abba
  • Suleiman Sani
  • Hussaini Aliyu
  • Aliyu Muhammad
  • Yahuza Jamilu
  • Sani Shafiu
  • Musa Yusuf Umar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0803-2470

Keywords:

AAS, Concentration, Drinking water, Heavy metals, WHO

Abstract

The study focused on analyzing selected heavy metals in drinking water used in Yar’akwa Quarters. Water samples were collected from boreholes, taps, and wells across different locations and times. Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (PerkinElmer PinAAcle 900h AAS), the samples were tested for Ni, Pb, Co, Zn, and Cu. Results showed that Lead (Pb) was not detected in any samples. Cobalt concentrations ranged from 0.032 to 0.050 mg/L, with a maximum of 0.050 mg/L, while copper ranged from 0.040 to 0.057 mg/L, peaking at 0.057 mg/L. Nickel levels ranged from 0.026 to 0.052 mg/L, with a maximum of 0.052 mg/L, and zinc ranged from 0.020 to 0.027 mg/L, reaching up to 0.027 mg/L, all observed in the Na’ibawa borehole water sample. These values conform to World Health Organization (WHO 2020) standards, suggesting that the water in this area is suitable for drinking, domestic, and other purposes. However, ensuring ongoing monitoring of boreholes and tap water sources is recommended.

References

Adekulu, J.E.O and Fagbami, A.H (1983). Arthropod borne virus antibodies in sera of residents of Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 77 (2): pp 149 – 151.

Adel, A.A, Azza, M, Eman, A.A, Abdelwahab, K, Mohamed, G and Ashraf, M.A (2024). Mosquito abundance and physicochemical characteristics of their breeding water in El-Fayoum Governorate, Egypt. Journal of King Saud University - Science 36 103040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.103040.

Akhir, M.A., Mustafa, F.F.W., Sebastien, L., Ghows, A., Izhan, S.J., Noor, A.S.U. and Intan, H.I (2022). Knockdown resistance (kdr) gene of Aedes aegypti in Malaysia with the discovery of a novel regional specific point mutation A1007G. Parasites & Vectors 15:122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-022-05192-z.

Asma’u, M, Adamu, J.A, Chimaobi, J.O, Nura, L, Sadiya, A.B, Sani, A.H, Firdausi A.S and Abdullahi, A.I (2021). Larval density and physicochemical properties of three different breeding habitats of Anopheles mosquitoes in Sudan savannah region of Jigawa State, Nigeria. Dutse Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7 (4b): pp. 50-59.

Barde, A.A., Aliyu, A.O., Sam, M.P., Suwaiba, H. and Abdulrasheed, D(2019). Studies on the composition and distribution of the different sibling species of Anopheles gambiae complex within Katagum area in Bauchi state, Nigeria. International Journal of Mosquito Research, 2019; 6(3): 01-04.

Beebe, N. W., Whelan, P. I., Van Den Hurk, A. F., Ritchie, S. A., Corcoran, S. and Cooper, R. D. (2007). A polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic to identify larvae and eggs of container mosquito species from the Australian region. Journal of Medical Entomology, 44, 376-380.

Bernard, E. and Ayeni, N. (2012). Physicochemical analysis of groundwater samples of Bichi Local Government Area of Kano State of Nigeria. World Environment, 2 (6), pp.116-119.

Brown, J. E., Evans, B. R., Zheng,W., Obas, V., Barrera-Martinez, L., Egizi, A. (2014). Human impacts have shaped historical and recent evolution in Aedes aegypti, the dengue and yellow fever mosquito. Evolution, 68 (2), 514–525. doi: 10.1111/evo.12281.

Gopalakrishnan, R, Das, M, Baruah, I, Veer, V. and Dutta, P. (2013). Physicochemical characteristics of habitats in relation to the density of container-breeding mosquitoes in Asom. India Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 50 (3), 215.

Liu, X, Zhang, M, Cheng, Q, Ye, G, Huang, X, Zhao, Z, Rui, J, Hu, Q, Frutos, R, Chen, T, Song, T. and Kang, M. (2021). Dengue fever transmission between a construction site and its surrounding communities in China. Parasites & Vectors, 14 (22), 1–14. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04463-x.

Livak, K. J. (1984). Organization and Mapping of a Sequence on the Drosophila-Melanogaster X-Chromosome and Y-Chromosome that is Transcribed during spermatogenesis. Genetics, 107, 611-634.

Lourenço-de-Oliveira R., Vazeille, M., de Filippis, A.M.B. and Failloux, A.B. (2004). Aedes aegypti in Brazil: genetically differentiated populations with high susceptibility to dengue and yellow fever viruses. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 98:43–54.

Mereta, S.T., Yewhalaw, D., Boets, P., Ahmed, A., Duchateau, L., Speybroeck, N., Vanwambeke, S.O., Legesse, W., Luc De Meester, Goethals, P.L.M. (2013). Physico-chemical and biological characterization of anopheline mosquito larval habitats (Diptera: Culicidae): implications for malaria control. Parasite and Vectors, 6, 320.

Muhammad, M.M and Sulaiman S.I (2022). Temporal Evaluation of Insecticide Resistance in Populations of the Major Arboviral Vector Aedes Aegypti from Northern Nigeria. Insects, 13, 187. https:// doi.org/10.3390/insects13020187.

Ononamadu, C.J., Datit, J.T. and Imam, A.A. (2020). Insecticide Resistance Profile of Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes: A Study of a Residential and Industrial Breeding Sites in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. Environmental Health Insights, 14: 1–9. doi: 10.1177/1178630219897272.

Olajide, J.A., Joseph, O.A. and Aminat M.A (2019). Identification, Abundance and Diversity of Mosquitoes in Akure South Local Government Area, Ondo State Nigeria. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology. 80: 39. doi: 10.1186/s41936-019-0112-4.

Overgaard, A.J., Víctor, A.O., Juan, F.J., María, I.M., Diana, S., Thor, A.S and Neal, A. (2017). A cross-sectional survey of Aedes aegypti immature Abundance in urban and rural household containers in central Colombia. Parasites & Vectors, 10:356. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2295-1

Rasika, D., Deepika, A. and Nayana G. (2022). Water quality characteristics of breeding habitats in relation to the density of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in domestic settings in Gampaha district of Sri Lanka. Acta Tropica, 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106339.

Rydzanic, K. and Lonv, E. (2003). Species composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquito larvae in the Wroclaw, Poland area. Journal of Vector Ecology, 28 (2) : 255-266.

Sowilem, M, Elshaier, M, Atwa, W, El-Zeiny, A, and El-Hefni, A. (2017). Species composition and relative abundance of mosquito larvae in Suez Canal Zone. Egypt. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences, 3 (3), 1–12.

Umar, A. and Don Pedro, K.N. (2008). The effects of pH on the larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2, 58–62.

Waewwab, P., Sungvornyothin, S., Okanurak, K., Soonthornworasiri, N., Potiwat, R. and Raksakoon, C. (2019). Characteristics of water containers influencing the presence of Aedes immatures in an ecotourism area of bang kachao Riverbend. Thailand Journal of Health Research, 33, 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhr-09-2018-0096.

Wan-Norafikah, O., Nazni, W.A., Noramiza, S., Shafa’ar-ko’ohar, Heah, S.K., Nor-azlina, A.H, Khairul-asuad and Lee, H.L (2012). Distribution of Aedes Mosquitoes in Three Selected Localities in Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana 41(10): 1309–1313.

Wilder-Smith, A., Lindsay, S.W, Scott, T.W, Ooi, E.E, Gubler, D.J, Das, P. (2020). The Lancet Commission on dengue and other Aedes-transmitted viral diseases. Lancet , 395, 1890–1891.

Wilkerson, R.C., Linton, Y.-M., Strickman, D. (2021). Mosquitoes of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press.

World Health Organization (2020). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases. Retrieved January 10, 2023, 2023.

World Health Organization (2020). Treatment, Prevention and Control Global Strategy for Dengue Prevention and Control; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/75303

Published

2024-06-30

How to Cite

Mujahid, S. N., Bala, M. U., Isyaku, A. M., Abba, M., Sani, S., Aliyu, H., Muhammad, A., Jamilu, Y., Shafiu, S., & Umar, M. Y. (2024). EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC HEAVY METALS IN DRINKING WATER CONSUMED IN YAR’AKWA QUARTERS, NA’IBAWA, TARAUNI LGA, KANO STATE, NIGERIA. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 8(3), 208 - 213. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2024-0803-2470

Most read articles by the same author(s)