SPECIATION OF METALS IN SEDIMENTS FROM DAMS AND RIVERS ALONG GOLD MINING VICINITIES IN ZAMFARA STATE
Abstract
Sediments samples from three dams and rivers in Zamfara State were analyzed for chemical association of the metals (Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb and Hg) using sequential extraction method to determine the amount of the heavy metals available for absorption. The concentrations were determined in four fractions. The concentration of heavy metals in the food crop (tomatoes) was also determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The sequential extraction was carried out using (1.0 g) of powder sample weighed into a glass centrifuge (60 ml) and fractions were obtained. Comparing the way the metals were bound to the different fractions in the sediments, it showed clearly that the metals in the sediments are bound to different fractions with different strength. Cd and Cr were primarily in the carbonate bound fraction while Zn and Hg appear mainly in the residual phase. Pb was found in carbonate, exchangeable and water soluble fractions. The distribution of the five metals studied revealed their differences in mobility. From the five elements studied, Cd (14.739- 39.931%) and Pb (0.105- 9.832%) appeared to be the most readily solubilized, thus making these elements the most potentially bioavailable. This may present a real threat as Cd and Pb are transferred into the food chain from soil contaminated by these metals. Zn and Cr levels in the tomatoes, were within international standard while Cd (0.1022 mg/l), Pb (0.2104 mg/l) and Hg (1.8818 mg/l) levels were far above (0.01, 0.01 and 0.001mg/l) USEPA standard for drinking water. Two indices such as contamination
References
Adelakan B A, Abegunde K D (2011). Determination of heavy metals concentrations in soil samples of ilaro- river. International Journal Phys. Sci. 6:1045-1058.
Ahumada, I., J. Mendoza, E. Navarrete and L. Ascar, (1999). Sequential extraction of heavy metals in soils irrigated with wastewater. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., (30): 1507-1519.
American Public Health Association, (APHA) 2005, “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,†21st Edition American Public Health Association, p.117.
Armah F A, Obiri S, Yawson D O, Pappoe A N M, Bismark A (2010). Mineral Comodity profiles-Gold. Journal Environ Stat (1):212-218.
Bassey, F.I Iwegbue C.M.A., Obi-Iyeke, G.E., Tesi G.O., Rotu, A.R., Gobe, O.A and Tsafe A.I., (2014). Heavy metals in soils and tomatoes grown in urban fringe environment in Asaba, Delta state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 22 (1&2): pp. 27-31.
Bendell-Young L.I., Dutton M. and Pick F.R (2002). Contrasting two methods for determining trace metal partitioning in oxidizable sediments. Biogeochemistry (17): 15-29.
Bitala M F (2008). Heavy metals in the environments. University of Dares Salaam. pp 1-61.
Boamponsem, L. K, Adam, J. I, Dampare, S .B, Owusu-Ansah, E and Addae G (2010). Heavy metals in the estuary. Journal Chem. Pharm. Res. 2: 504-527.
Cao, H.; Chen, J. and Zhang, J. (2010). Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. Journal. Environ. Sci., (22): 1792–1799.
Duan, D.D.; Ran, Y.; Cheng, H.F.; Chen, J.A.; Wan, G.J. (2014). Contamination trends of trace metals. Marine Pollution Bulletin, (44): 816-832.
Duruibe, T. O, Ogwuegbu, M. O. C, Egwurugwu, J. N (2007). Heavy metals in the Delta river. International Journal Phys. Sci. (2): 112-118.
Fan, W., Wang W.X., Chen J., Li, X.D. and Yen. Y.F. (2002), Cu. Ni and Pb speciation in surface sediment from a contaminated bay of northern China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, (44): 816-832.
Fernandes H.M (1997). Heavy Metal distribution in sediment and ecological risk assessment: the role of digenetic processes in reducing metal toxicity in bottom sediments. Environmental Pollution. 97: 317-325.
Garba Z.N., Hamza, S.A and Galadima, A. (2010) Arsenic level speciation in fresh water from Karaye Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria. International Journal of Chemistry, India, (4): 113-117.
Girigisu S, Ibeanu I G E, Adeyemo D J, Okoh S (2012). Metal pollution in aquatic environment. American Journal Appl. Sci. (9): 1014-1019.
Korfali S.I and Davies B.E (2004). Speciation of metal in sediment and water in a river underline by limestone role of earbonate species for purification capacity of rivers Advanced Environmental Research, 8: 599-612.
Kuo S. and Baker A.B. (1983). Distribution and forms of copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Iron and Manganese in soils near a copper smelters. Soil Science, 135: 101-9.
Li X., Coles B.J., Ramsey, M.H. and Thornton I. (1995b). Chemical partitioning of the new National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Materials (SRM 2709-2711) by sequential extraction using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analyst, 120: 1415-1419.
Lopez-Gonzalez N., Borrego J., Morales J.A., Carro O. and Lazano-Soria O. (2006). Metal fractionation in toxic sediments of an estuary affected by acid mine drainage (southwestern Spain). Estuary and Coastal Shelf Science. 68: 297-304.
Manohara, B. and Belagali, S.L., (2014). Characterization of essential nutrient and heavy metals during municipal solid waste composting International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 3 (2): p. 9664-9672.
Medhi, S; Deka, M.; Sarma M.P.; Bhattacharjee, M.; Ghazanavi Idris M.D. and Ahmed, G.(2012). High content of aflatoxin in the indigenous foods as a possible risk factor for liver cancer: An experience from Assam, India, Journal. Environ. Res. Develop., 7(2A):838-843,
Muchuweti, M.J., Birkett, J.W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M.D., and Lester, Muraleedharan V, Antony KP, Perigreen PA, Gopakumar K (2006). Utilization of unconventional fish resources for surimi preparation. Proceedings of the second workshop on scientific results of FORV SAGAR. Sampada. Dept. of Ocean development. New Delhi, (India). pp. 539-543.
Naimo D., Adamo P., Imperato M. and Stanzione D. (2005). Mineralogy and geochemistry of a marine sequence. Gulf of Salerno, Italy. Quaternary International, 53-63.
Narwal, R.P., B.R. Singh and B. Salbu, (1999). Association of cadmium, zinc, copper and nickel with components in naturally heavy metal-rich soils studied by parallel and sequential extractions. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 30: 1209-1230.
Noor-ul, A. and Tauseef A., (2015). Contamination of Soil with heavy metals from industrial effluent and their translocation in green vegetables of Peshawar, Pakistan RSC Advances, p. 14322 - 14329.
Oktem, F., Yavrucuoglu, H., Turedi, A. and Tune, B., (2005). The effect of nutritional habits on hematological parameters and trace elements in children. SuleymanDemirel Univ. Tip Fak.Der. (12): 6-10.
Olaoye, O.A., A.A., Onulide (2009) Assessment of Microbial quality of sachet-packaged drinking water in western Nigeria and its public health significance. Public Health, 123: 729-734.
Oshodi, A.A, Olaofe O. and Hall, G.M (1993): Amino Acid, Fatty acid and mineral composition of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus Cajan). International Journal of Food Science and Nutriiton 43:187-191.
Perez M., Usero J. and Garcia I. (1991). Trace metals in sediments from Ria de Huelva. Toxic and Environmental Chemistry, 31: 275-283.
Ramos I. Ilernandez, L. M., and Gonzalez. M.J (1994). Sequential extraction of copper, lead, cadmium and zinc in the soil from or near Donana National, Park. Journal of Environmental Quality, 63: 50-57.
Rao C.H.M, and Murty, P.S.N. (1990). Geochemistry of the continental margin sediments of the central west coast of India. Journal of Geological Society of India, 35: 19-37.
Rauret G., Rubio, R., Lopez-Sanchez, J.F. and Casassas, E. (1988). Determination and speciation of copper and lead in sediments of a Mediternean river (River Tenes. Catalonia, Spain). Water Resource, 22: 449-455.
Sharma, R.K., Agrawal, M., and Marshall, F. (2007). Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. Journal. Doi:101016/jecenv
Stecko J.R.P. and Bendell-Young, L.I (2000). Contrasting the geochemistry of suspended particulate matter and deposited sediment within an estuary. Applied Geochemistry, 15: 735-775.
Tessier, A; Campbell, P.G.C and Blosson, M. (1979). Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Analytical Chemistry, 51(7): 844-851.
UNEP. (2010). Clearing the waters. A focus of water quality solutions. Nursing times. P. 99, http://www.unep.org/PDF/Clearing_the_Waters.pdf. 04/06/2016.
Wong, C.S.C., Wu, S.C., Duzgoren-Aydin, N.S., Aydin, A. and Wong, M.H (2007). Trace metals contamination of sediments in an e-waste processing villages in China. Environmental Pollution, 145: 434-442.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
