PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON PRODUCED FROM CORNCOB, COW BONE, AND COCONUT SHELL AS A FILTER MEDIUM
Abstract
Inaccessibility of safe drinking water coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene and its attendance effect is estimated to cost Nigeria about 1.3 billion dollars. The rural communities adopted different methods to filter their water however these methods have proven ineffective in removing certain impurities. The use of fabric cannot remove the microorganisms and chemicals present in water. It is given that activated carbon filters are applied in the removal of these chemicals to test the performance of activated carbon made from corncob, cow bone, and coconut shell as a filter medium, activated carbons were used separately, and combined in a model filter. Raw water samples from Kubanni River and the borehole in 55 apartment Dogon Itche Samaru, Zaria were filtered by the model without pretreatment. The sieve analysis carried out on the activated corncob, cow bone, and coconut shell shows effective sizes of 0.27mm, 0.08mm, and 0.21mm; and uniformity coefficients of 2.11, 5.38, and 2.33 respectively. The analysis showed that the combined media has the highest turbidity removal, 92% for the river sample and 89% for the borehole sample. In terms of acidity and chloride removal, the activated corncob gave better filtrate quality: 19% and 13% removal respectively. In the case of alkalinity, the activated cow bone and coconut shell showed a gradual removal in alkalinity from the borehole sample. The combined media showed more tendency to remove hardness compared to the other activated carbons
References
Adie, D. B., Lukman, S., Sani, B., & Yahaya, I. A. (2013). Comparative Analysis of Filtration Using Corn Cob, Bone Char, and Wood Chippings. June 2014.
Ahmad, T., & Danish, M. (2018). Prospects of banana waste utilization in wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 206, 330–348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.10.061
Arjun, N. (2020). Uniformity Coefficient(Cu) and Coefficient of Curvature(Cc) of Soil. Geotechnical Engineering.
Balasundram, V., Ibrahim, N., Kasmani, R. M., Hamid, M. K. A., Isha, R., Hasbullah, H., & Ali, R. R. (2017). Thermogravimetric catalytic pyrolysis and kinetic studies of coconut copra and rice husk for possible maximum production of pyrolysis oil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 167, 218–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.173
Bolisetty, S., Peydayesh, M., & Mezzenga, R. (2019). Sustainable technologies for water purification from heavy metals: review and analysis. Chemical Society Reviews, 48(2), 463–487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CS00493E
Huang, T., Zhou, R., Cui, J., Zhang, J., Tang, X., Chen, S., Feng, J., & Liu, H. (2018). Fast and cost-effective preparation of antimicrobial zinc oxide embedded in activated carbon composite for water purification applications. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 206, 124–129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.11.044
Iwuozor, K. O., Emenike, E. C., Stephen, A. A., Kevin, O. S., Adeleke, J., & Adeniyi, A. G. (2023). Thermochemical recycling of waste disposable facemasks in a non-electrically powered system. Low-Carbon Materials and Green Construction, 1(1), 12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44242-023-00010-w
Jayawardane, N. S. (1996). Handbook of water and wastewater treatment technology. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 60(2–3), 213–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(97)87011-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)87011-9
Jiang, C., Yakaboylu, G. A., Yumak, T., Zondlo, J. W., Sabolsky, E. M., & Wang, J. (2020). Activated carbons prepared by indirect and direct CO2 activation of lignocellulosic biomass for supercapacitor electrodes. Renewable Energy, 155, 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.111
Lew, D. (2021). Acidity And Alkalinity - Water Quality.
Lingamdinne, L. P., Koduru, J. R., & Karri, R. R. (2019). A comprehensive review of applications of magnetic graphene oxide-based nanocomposites for sustainable water purification. Journal of Environmental Management, 231, 622–634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.063
Louis, N. S. M., & Sudha, S. (2013). Activated carbon from corn starch for treating dye wastewater. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 2(9), 45–53.
Manimaran, S., Vithusan, U., Swathy, P., Noor, A. M. I., & Viswanath, T. (2019). Portable Tap Water Filter Using Activated Carbon from Natural Waste Materials. 6(7), 422–429.
Mansour, F., Al-Hindi, M., Yahfoufi, R., Ayoub, G. M., & Ahmad, M. N. (2018). The use of activated carbon for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, 17, 109–145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-017-9456-8
Mohd Samdin, S., Peng, L. H., & Marzuki, M. (2015). Investigation of coconut shells activated carbon as the cost-effective absorbent in drinking water filter. Jurnal Teknologi, 77(22), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.6656
Odetoye, T. E., Onifade, K. R., AbuBakar, M. S., & Titiloye, J. O. (2013). Thermochemical characterization of Parinari polyandra Benth fruit shell. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 62–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.10.013
Oladipo, A. A., & Ifebajo, A. O. (2018). Highly efficient magnetic chicken bone biochar for removal of tetracycline and fluorescent dye from wastewater: two-stage adsorber analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 209, 9–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.12.030
Regti, A., Laamari, M. R., Stiriba, S.-E., & El Haddad, M. (2017). Potential use of activated carbon derived from Persea species under alkaline conditions for removing cationic dye from wastewater. Journal of the Association of Arab Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 24, 10–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaubas.2017.01.003
Reza, S., Yun, C. S., Afroze, S., Radenahmad, N., Bakar, M. S. A., Saidur, R., Taweekun, J., & Abul, K. (2020). Preparation of activated carbon from biomass and its ’ applications in water and gas purification, a review. Arab Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 27(1), 208–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2020.1766799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/25765299.2020.1766799
Ripperger, S., Gösele, W., Alt, C., & Loewe, T. (2013). Filtration, 1. Fundamentals. In Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (pp. 1–38). https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.b02_10.pub3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.b02_10.pub3
Scherer, T., & Johnson, R. (2015). Filtration : Sediment, Activated Carbon, and Mixed Media. In Extension Agricultural Engineer North Dakota State University (Vol. 1, Issue 11, pp. 200–203).
Sutherland, K. (2008). Filters and Filtration Handbook, Fifth Edition. In Elsevier (Fifth). Elsevier. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-85617-464-0.00006-7
Teow, Y. H., & Mohammad, A. W. (2019). New generation nanomaterials for water desalination: A review. Desalination, 451, 2–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.11.041
WHO. (2008). WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.35.307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs1956.35.307
WHO. (2017). Guidelines for Drinking_water Quality.
Yang, Z., Zhou, Y., Feng, Z., Rui, X., Zhang, T., & Zhang, Z. (2019). A review on reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes for water purification. Polymers, 11(8), 1252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11081252
Copyright (c) 2024 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
