MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF INDOOR AIR QUALITY OF STUDENT HOSTELS AND CANTEENS IN A NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY CAMPUS: RISKS ON STUDENTS’ HEALTH
Abstract
Microbial air contaminants affect the quality of air we breathe and these microbial air contaminants can settle on body parts, clothes, food etc. which poses a serious threat to human health. Therefore, the level of bacterial contamination in various in-door air of the students’ hostels and canteens of Kaduna State University (KASU) and their antibiotics susceptibility patterns was studied. A total of 44 samples were collected from the rooms (18), toilets (18) of the students hostels and canteen (8) of KASU; using the settle plate method. Gram staining and standard biochemical methods were used to identify the bacterial isolates and antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined by disc diffusion method. The bacteria load was between 1.2 x 103 to 6.7 x 103 cfu/ml3. A total of 30 bacteria isolates were identified, Staphylococcus aureus had the highest (9, 30%) occurrence, followed by Streptococcus spp (6, 20%), Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium spp had similar (4, 13.2%) occurrence, The antibiotic susceptibility testing carried out revealed that the Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria isolates were more susceptible to vancomycin (75%, 43.5%), tetracycline (75%, 47.8%) and gentamicin (50%, 43.5%) while high resistance was observed with chloramphenicol (100%, 73.9%), ceftriaxone (100%, 100%), cefoxitin (100%, 73.9%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (100%, 87%), and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (100%, 78%). All the indoor samples were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and there was high level of multidrug resistance. This is very dangerous to the students’ health because it can be a source of transmission infections and antibiotic resistant bacterial strains.
References
Adetitun D.O., and Oladele I.L. (2016). Air borne microbial load and diversity in some offices in University of Ilorin. Nig. J. Pure and Appl. Sci. 29: 2715-2723.
Atalay Y.A., Embialle M., Alemu T., Belete B., Getachew A., Gebeyehu N.A., and Gelaw K.A. (2023). Indoor air bacterial load and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates at Adare General Hospital in Hawassa, Ethiopia, Frontiers in Public Health 11:1194850. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194850 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194850
Borrego S., Guiamet P., de Saravia S.G., Batistini P., Garcia M and Lavin P. (2010). The quality of air at Archives and the Biodeterioration of Photographs. Int. Biodetetrior. Biodegradation; 64: 134-145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.12.005
Brooks J.P., Gerba C.P., Pepper I.L. (2004). Bioaerosol emission, fate, and transport from municipal and animal wastes. J. Residuals Sci. Technol. 1:13–25.
Cheesbrough M. Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: University Press Cambridge; 2002, 508-511.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2018). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing approved standard M100, M02, M07, and M11. 28th Edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA.
Cheesbrough, M. (2000). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Part. The Anglo-
Egyptian Bookshop. Cambridge University Press, 70-234.
Davies J. and Davies D. (2010). Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiological DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00016-10
Molecular Biology Review; 74(3):417–433.
Ekhaise F.O. and Erhunmvunsee M.I. (2013). Microbiological indoor air quality of male student hostels in University of Benin, (Ugbowo Campus), Benin City, Nigeria. Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology Journal, 13 (3,4); 91-98.
Fields B.S., Benson R.F., and Besser R.E. (2002). Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation. Clinical Microbiology Review, 15(3), 506-526. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.3.506-526.2002
Ghosh B., Lal H. Srivastava A. (2015). Review of Bioaerosols in indoor environment with special reference to sampling, analysis and control mechanisms. Environmental International, 85:254-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.018
Gizaw Z., Gebrehiwot M., Yenew C. (2016). High bacterial load of indoor air in hospital wards: the case of University of Gondar teaching hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Multidiscip Respir Med. 11:1–7.10.1186/s40248-016-0061-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40248-016-0061-4
Gutarowska B. (2010). Metabolic activity of moulds as a factor of building materials Biodegradation. Pol J. Microbiol. 59: 119-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2010-018
Karottki, D.G., Spilak, M., Frederiksen, M., Jovanovic Andersen, Z., Madsen, A.M., Ketzel, M., Massling, A., Gunnarsen, L., Møller, P., Loft, S. (2015). Indoor and outdoor exposure to ultrafine, fine and microbiologically derived particulate matter related to cardiovascular and respiratory effects in a panel of elderly urban citizens. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12, 1667–1686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201667
Klepeis N.E., Nelson W.C., Ott W.R., Robinson J.P., Tsang A.M., Switzer P., et al. (2001). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Anal Env Epid.; 11: 231–252 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500165
Ilusanya O.A.F., Banjo O.A., Orjinta A.J., Oluwole O.M., Garuba H.M. (2020). Microbiological Assessment of Indoor air quality of science laboratories in Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. Equity Journal of Science and Technology, 7(2): 66-70.
Luksamijarulkul P., Aiempradit N., Vatanasomboon P. (2014). Microbial contamination on used surgical masks among hospital personnel and microbial air quality in their working wards: a hospital in Bangkok. Oman Med J. 29:346. 10.5001/omj.2014.92 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2014.92
Mack, S.M., Madl, A.K., Pinkerton, K.E. (2019). Respiratory Health Effects of Exposure to Ambient Particulate Matter and Bioaerosols. Compr. Physiol. 10, 1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c180040
Mandal J., Brandl H., (2011). Bioaerosols in Indoor environment: a review with special reference to residential and occupational locations,” The Open Environmental & Biological Monitoring Journal,4(1),83-96.. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/1875040001104010083
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). (2020). Management of Legionella in water systems. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.https://doi.org/10.17226/25474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/25474
Nevalainen A., and Morawska Lidia (2009). Biological Agents in Indoor Environments Assessment of Health Risks, Work conducted by a WHO Expert Group between 2000-2003. Edited by Aino Nevalainen and Lidia Morawska.
Obajuluwa A.F. Igwe JC, Parom SK, Jimoh AH, Sani SM, Durowaiye MT, Firdausi N. (2021). Evaluation of indoor air bacteria load and the antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates from libraries in Kaduna State University, Nigeria. Archives of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biotechnology, 1 (1); 58-67.
Ozougwu, J.C., Nwachukwu, I., Imakwu C.A, Nwafia A.E., Uzochukwu C.U., Ihevueme C.P. (2021). Bacteriological Assessment of the indoor air of a private university in Nigeria; South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology, 10 (4): 11-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2021/v10i430234
Pepper I.L., and Gerba C.P. (2015). Aeromicrobiology. Environmental Microbiology, 89-110. Doi: 10. 1016/B978-0-12-394626-3.00005-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394626-3.00005-3
Prussin, A.J., and Marr L.C. (2015). Sources of airborne microorganisms in the built environment. Microbiome; 3 (78). Doi: 10.1186/s40168-015-0144-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-015-0144-z
Sharma R., Gaur S.N., Singh V.P., Singh A.B. (2011a). Association between Indoor fungi in Delhi Homes and Sensitization in Children of Respiratory Allergy. Med Mycol. 50 (3):281–290. doi:10.3109/13693786.2011.606850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/13693786.2011.606850
Sharma R., Deval R., Priyadarshia V., Gaur S.N., Singh V.P, Singh A.B. (2011b). Indoor fungal concentration in the homes of allergic/asthmatic children in Delhi India. Allergy Rhinol. ;2:21–32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2500/ar.2011.2.0005
Shiferaw T, Gebr-silasse L, Mulisa G, Zewidu A, Belachew F, Muleta D, et al. (2016). Bacterial indoor-air load and its implications for healthcare-acquired infections in a teaching hospital in Ethiopia. Int J Infect Control.12.10.3396/ijic.v12i1.15808
Shittu A.I., Njoku K.L., Adesuyi A.A. (2019). Indoor air quality and microbial assessment of the Nigerian University Campus in Lagos, Nigeria. Ecological Safety and Balanced Use of Resources, 1(19): 94-103. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31471/2415-3184-2019-1(19)-94-103
Shiva C. Aithal. (2009) ‘Air microbiology’ Department of microbiology, DSM College,
PARBHANI. (shiva.aithal@rediffmail.com).
Stefanovic O.D., Radosavljevic J.D., Kosanic M.M. (2021). Microbiological indoor air quality in faculty’s rooms: Risks on students’ health. Kragujevac J. Sci. 43: 63-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5937/KgJSci2143063S
Wang C.C., Prather K.A., Josue-Sznitman, Jimenez J.L. Lakdawala S.S., Tufekci Z., Marr L.C. (2021). Airborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Science, 373(6558): eabd9149. Doi: 10.1126/science.abd9149 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd9149
Wanner H.U., Gravesen S. (1993). Biological Particles in idoor environments: European Collaborative Action. Indoor air quality and its impact on man Report No 12. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Commiunities.
World Health Organization. (1983). Indoor Air Pollutants: Exposure and Health Effects, Copenhagen, WHO Regional office for Europe (EURO Reports and Studies No 78)
WHO (2009). Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Dampness and Mould, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, Denmark.
WHO. Antimicrobial resistance. 2021. https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
Copyright (c) 2024 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
