EVALUATION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION AND POLLUTION INDEX IN DUST SAMPLES IN KADUNA METROPOLIS

Abrahim, G.M.S. & Parker, P.J. (2008). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment factors and the degree of contamination in marine sediments from Tamaki Estuary. Auckland, New Zealand. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 136(1-3): 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9678-2.

Bikis, A. (2023). “Urban Air Pollution and Greenness in Relation to Public Health”. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol 2023, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8516622.

Appenroth, K.J. (2010). Definition of “heavy metals” and their role in biological systems. Soil Heavy Metals, 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02436-8_2.

Atiemo, S.M., Ofosu, F.G., Kuranchie-Mensah, H., & Tutu, O.A. (2011). Contamination assessment of heavy metals in road dust from selected roads in Accra, Ghana. Reasearch Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 3(5): 473-480.

Barakat, M.A. (2011). New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 4(4): 361–377.

Brook, R.D., Brook J.R. & Rajagopalan, S. (2003). Air Pollution: The ‘heart’ of the problem. Current Hypertension Reports, 5(1): 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-003-0008-y.

Burakov, A.E., Galunin, E.V., Burakova, I.V., Kucherova, A.E., Agarwal, S., Tkachev, A.G. & Gupta, V.K. (2018). Adsorption of heavy metals on conventional and nanostructured materials for wastewater treatment purposes: A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148: 702–712.

Feng, H., Jiang, H., Gao, W., Weinstein, M., Zhang, Q., Zhang. W., Yu, L., Yuan, D. & Tau, J. (2011). Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries. China Journal of Environmental Management, 92(4): 1185–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.11.020.

Fu, Z., Guo, W., Dang, Z., Hu, Q., Wu, F., Feng, C., Zhao, X., Meng, W., Xing, B. & Giesy, J. P. (2017). Refocusing on nonpriority toxic metals in the aquatic environment in China. Environmental Science & Technology, 51: 3117–3118. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00223.

Kaiser, H.F. (1960). The Application of Electronic Computers to Factors Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20: 141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000116.

Kaler, N.S., Bhardwaj, S.K., Pank, K.S. & Rai, T.S. (2016). Determination of leaf dust accumulation on certain plant species grown alongside national highway, India. International Research Journal of Environmental Science, 11(1): 77. https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.11.1.10.

Khan S., Cao, Q., Zheng Y.M., Huang Y.Z. & Zhu Y.G. (2008). Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils and Food Crops Irrigated with Wastewater in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 152: 686 - 692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.056.

Khillare, P.S. & Sarkar, S. (2012). Airborne inhalable metals in residential areas of Delhi, India. Distribution, Source appointment. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 3: 46–54. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2012.004.

Kim, J., Tsouris, C., Mayes, R. T., Oyola, Y., Saito, T., Janke, C.J. & Sachde, D. (2013). Recovery of uranium from seawater: a review of current status and future research needs. Separation Science and Technology, 48(3): 367–387.

Likuku, A.S., Mmolawa, K.B. & Gaboutloeloe, G.K. (2013). Assessment of heavy metal enrichment and degree of contamination around the copper-nickel mine in the Selebi Phikwe Region, Eastern Botswana. Environment and Ecology Research, 1(2): 32-40. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2013.010202.

Lu, X., Wang, L., Lei K., Huang, J., & Zhai, Y. (2009). Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 61: 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.04.052.

Mafuyai, G.M., Ishaq, S.E. & Rufus S. (2014). Concentration of heavy metals in respirable dust in Jos metropolitan area, Nigeria. Open Journal of Air Pollution, 3(1): 10-19. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojap.2014.31002.

Molnar, V.E. (2016). Elemental Concentration in Deposited Dust on Urban Tree Leaves Depending on Applied Washing Method. Journal of Landscape & Environment. 10(1): 45-52. https://doi.org/10.21120/LE/10/1/4.

Monika, Z. & Romic, M. (2011). Soil Contamination by Trace Metals: Geochemical behavior as an element of risk assessment. Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 19: 349-452. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/25448.

Mustafa, S.K. & AlSharif, M.A. (2018) Copper (Cu) an Essential Redox-Active Transition Metal in Living System—A Review Article. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 9: 15-26. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2018.91002.

Okunola, O.J., Azairu, A., Ndukwe, G.I., & Adewusi, S.G. (2008). Assessment of Cd and Zn in roadside surface soils and vegetations along some roads of Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. Research Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2(4): 266-274. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2008.266.274.

Omaka, O.N., Offor, I.F. & Ehiri, R.C. (2014). Heavy metal speciation in dust samples from various parts of Ebonyi State Nigeria. African Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(1): 19-26. https://doi.org/10.5539/ep.v2n1p19.

Querol, X., Viana, M., Alastuey, A., Amato, F., Moreno, T., Castillo, S., Pey, J., de la Rosa, J., Sánchez de la Campa, A., Artíñano, B., Salvador, P., García Dos Santos, S., Fernández-Patier, R., Moreno-Grau, S., Negral, L., Minguillón, M.C., Monfort, E., Gil, J.I., Inza, A., Ortega, L.A., Santamaría, J.M. & Zabalza, J. (2007). Source origin of trace elements in PM from regional background, urban and industrial sites of Spain, Atmospheric Environment. Atmospheric Environment, 41: 7219-7231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.022.

Rishav, K. (2018). Understanding principal component analysis. https://newonlinecauses. science.psu.edu.

Salvador, P., Artinano, B., Alonso, D.G., Querol, X. & Alastuey, A. (2004). Identification and characterization of sources of PM10 in Madrid (Spain) by statistical methods. Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 38, 435-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.070.

Sana’a, O. (2013). Calculating pollution indices of heavy metal along Irbid/Zarqa highway-Jordan. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3(8): 1-10.

Shirdhar, V., Khillare, P.S., Agarwal, T. & Ray, S. (2010). Metallic species in ambient particulate matter at rural and urban location of Delhi. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175: 600-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.047.

Singh, R., Singh, S., Parihar, P., Singh, V.P. & Prasad, S.M. (2015). Arsenic contamination, consequences and remediation techniques: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 112: 247–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.009.

Sunyer, J., Dadvand, P., Foraster, M., Gilliland, F., & Nawrot, T. (2021). Environment and the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental research, 195: 110819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110819.

Taylor, A.A., Tsuji, J.S., Garry, M.R., McArdle, M.E., Goodfellow Jr., M.L., Adams, W.J. & Menzie, C.A. (2020). Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper. Environmental Management, 65: 131–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-019-01234-y. .

Verma, V. & Chandra, M. (2014). Biochemical and ultrastructural changes in Sida cordifolia L. and Catharanthus roseus L. to Auto Pollution. International Scholarly Research Notices, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/2630942.

Wang, Q. & Huang, R. (2021). “The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sustainable development goals – A survey. Environmental Research, 202: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111637.

Wedepohl, H.K. (1995). The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7): 1217–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.

World Health Organization, (WHO) (2004) & Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA, 1998). Guidelines and standards for environmental pollution control in Nigeria