ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN SOIL AT A REFUSE DUMPSITE IN UNIVERSITY OF CROSS RIVER STATE (UNICROSS), CALABAR, SOUTH-SOUTH, NIGERIA
Abstract
Total concentration and pollution indices of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) in dumpsite soil located in University of Cross River State, Calabar were evaluated in this work. Soil samples were collected at 0 - 15cm depth from two sampling stations at the dumpsite once in the months of April, August and December, 2021 and analyzed to the closest mg/kg using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of the heavy metals showed that Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr>As>Co. All the concentrations of the heavy metals examined when compared with those of average value of heavy metals in shale showed that all the metals were lower than their corresponding world average value except Cd. Geoaccumulation index indicated unpolluted to moderately polluted for all metals studied except Cd which indicated strong to very strongly polluted. Contamination factor for Cd indicated very high contamination. Contamination degree for site 1 and 2 indicated considerable degree of contamination and moderate degree of contamination respectively. Pollution load index values investigated were within the baseline level for all the stations. The heavy metal pollution is attributable to the waste deposited at the dumpsite located in the institution. It is recommended that the dumpsite be relocated to another location that is far away from the residential area and from drinking water sources like boreholes.
References
Adeoye, P. A., Saidu, A., Kuti, A. I., Ibrahim, J., and Adabembe, B. A. (2018). Assessment of Heavy Metals Uptake by Vegetables Cultivated on Soil Receiving Industrial Wastewater in Minna, Nigeria. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology & Environment, 14 (4): 106-115.
Adewole, A. T. (2009). Water Management Towards Sustainable Development in Nigeria. A Case Study of Lagos State. Int. NGO. J, 4 (4): 173 – 179.
Anetor, J. I. (2012). Rising Environmental Cadmium Levels in Developing Countries: Threat to Genome Stability and Health. Niger J Physiol Sci., 18, 27 (2): 103-115.
ATSDR (2012). A Toxicological Profile of Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry, Atlanta, pp. 430.
Ayodele, O. J., Shittu, O. S., Balogun, T. (2014). Heavy Metal Pollution Assessment of Granite Quarrying Operations at Ikole-Ekiti, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2 (6): 333-339.
Daniel, E. S., Musa, J. J., Akos, M. P., Yerima, I. Y., Dada, P. O., Jibril, I. and Manta, I. H. (2016). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Some Nigerian Soils: A Review. 37th Annual Conference and Annual General Meeting of Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers–Minna 2016.
Emori, W., Etiuma, R. A., Okafor, R. C. and Ekerenum, O. (2015). Assessment of Heavy Metals Contamination in Leachate Under Waste Dumpsites and Automobile Workshops in Calabar, Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 4 (10): 999-1015. Retrieved on August 21, 2023.
Environment Agency (2014a). Soil Guideline Values for cadmium in soil Science Report SC050021 / Cadmium SGV https://www.thenbs.com/PublicationIndex/documents/details?Pub=EA&DocID=311850. Retrieved on August 22, 2023.
EU (2007). European Union Risk Assessment Report – Cadmium Oxide and Cadmium Metal Part 1. https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/4ea8883d-bd43-45fb-86a3-14fa6fa9e6f3. Retrieved on August 22, 2023.
Hakanson, L. (1980). An Ecological Risk Index for Aquatic Pollution Control, A Sedimentological Approach. Water Research, 14 (8), 975-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
Henao, S. G. and Ghneim-Herrera, T. (2021). Heavy Metals in Soils and the Remediation Potential of Bacteria Associated With the Plant Microbiome. Frontiers in Environmental Science, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.604216.
Iravanian A. and Ravari, S. O. (2020). Types of Contamination in Landfills and Effects on the Environment: A Review Study. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 614, 012083. DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/614/1/012063.
James C. S. (1995). Analytical Chemistry of Foods. Blakie Academic and Professional, London. 505 – 509.
Jeyol, M. C. and Vincent, V. (2022). Trace Metals Levels of Soil-Grown Amaranths on Municipal Solid Waste Drainage of Wukari Metropolis. FUDMA Journal of Sciences, 6 (1), 146-151. DOI: https://doi-org/10.33003/fjs-2022-0601-xxx
Kieri, I. B. S., Ekpete, O. A. and Edori, O. S. (2020). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments of Silver River, Southern Ijaw, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Environmental Analysis and Ecology Studies, 7 (5), EAES.000675.2021. DOI: 10.31031/EAES.2021.07.000675.
Lar, U. Shettima, E., Dibal, H., (2014). Heavy metals in the urban soils and vegetables in Jos metropolis, Nigeria: Implications on children’s health. American Journal of Environmental Protection; 3 (6-2): 70-76.
Loska, K. D., Wiechula, B. and Barska, E. (2003). Assessment of Arsenic Enrichment of Cultivating Soils in Southern Poland. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 12: 187-192.
Mahmood, A. and Malik, R. N. (2014). Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals via Consumption of Contaminated Vegetables Collected from Different Irrigation Sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7 (1): 91- 99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.002.
Maslin, P. and Maier, R. M. (2010). Rhamnolipid Enhanced Mineralization of Phenatherene in Organic Metal Co-contaminanted Soils. Bioremediation Journal, 4 (4): 295-308. Doi:10.1080/10889860091114266.
Mohiuddin, K. M., Zakir, H. M., Otomo, K., Sharmin, S. and Shikazono, N. (2010). Geochemical Distribution of Trace Metal Pollutants in Water and Sediments of Downstream of an Urban River. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 7 (1): 17-28. DOI: 10.1007/BF03326113.
Odat, S. (2015). Application of Geoaccumulation Index and Enrichment Factor on the Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution along Irbid/zarga Highway – Jordan. Journal of Applied Sciences, 15 (1): 1318-1321.
Ojo, F. O., Tukura, B. W. and Chima, M. P. (2018). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soils from Farms in the Vicinity of Durumi Quarry Site in Mpape, Abuja, Nigeria. Current World Environment, 13 (3): 360-373. DOI: 10.12944/CWE.13.3.09
Okori, S. N. and Barde, B. G. (2022). Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Selected Dumpsites and Groundwater in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental and Natural Science Research, 5 (2): 53-65
Perumal, K., Anthony, J. and Muthuramalingam, S. (2021). Heavy Metal Pollutants and their Spatial Distribution in Surface Sediments from Thondi Coast, Palk Bay, South India. Environmental Science Europe, 33, 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-021-00501-2.
Rahimzadeh, M. R., Rahimzadeh, M. R., Kazemi, S. and Moghadamnia, A. (2017). Cadmium Toxicity and Treatment: An update. Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine, 8 (3): 135-145. DOI: 10.22088/cjim.8.3.135.
Singh, H., Pandey, R., Singh, S. K. (2017). Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in the Sediment of the River Ghaghara, a Major Tributary of the River Ganga in Northern India. Appl Water Sci 7: 4133–4149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0572-y
Su, C., Meng, J., Zhon, Y., Bi, R., Chen, Z., Diao, J., Huang, Z., Khan, Z and Wang, T. (2022). Heavy Metals in Soils from Intense Industrial Areas in South China: Spatial Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment. Frontiers in Environmental Science, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.820536.
Tomlinson, D. L., Wilson, J. G., Harris, C. R. and Jeffrey, D. W. (1980). Problems in the Assessment of Heavy Metal Levels in Estuaries and the Formation of a Pollution Index. Helgol Meeresunters, 33: 566-575.
Turekian, K. K. and Wedepol, D. H. (1961). Distribution of the Element in Some Major Units of the Earth’s Crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 72: 175-192.
Udofia, U. U., Udiba, U. U., Udofia, L. E., Ezike, N. N. and Udiba, S. U. (2016). Assessment of the Impact of Solid Waste Dumps on Ground Water Quality, Calabar Municipality, Nigeria. Journal of advance research in Biology and pharmacy Research, 1(4): 18 – 34.
UNEP (2007), Environmental Pollution and Impact to Public Health; Implication of The Dandora Municipal Dumping Site in Nairobi, Kenya. https://file.ejatlas.org/docs/dandora-landfill-nairobi-kenya/dandorawastedump-reportsummary.pdf. Retrieved on August 24, 2023.
Uzoma, O. K., Iroha, A. E., Chinyere, G. C. and Ezekwe, S. A. (2013). Effects of Mining Effluents Contaminated Soil Treated with Fertilizers on Growth Parameters, Chlorophyll and Proximate Composition of Cucurbita pepo vegetable. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 3 (9): 1-8.
Copyright (c) 2023 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
