ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GEOGENIC POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BIDA FORMATION, NORTHERN BIDA BASIN NIGERIA

Authors

  • Nuhu Musa Waziri Federal University of Technology, Minna
  • James Egba Abakpa
  • Isah Aliyu Goro
  • Sidi Aliyu Ahmed

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0704-1916

Keywords:

Mobility, Geochemistry, Natural contamination, Sedimentary rocks, Trace elements

Abstract

The environmental geochemistry of sandstones of Bida formation around Doko, northern Bida Basin Nigeria was studied to assess the potential for the release of toxic elements into the environment. Eight representative samples were collected and analysed to determine the total elemental concentration using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Four sub-samples were analysed for their near-total concentration of selected metals using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results show that many of the elements are depleted with mean enrichment ratios of less than 1. Ce, W, Nb and Pb are the exceptions with ER values of 116.4, 122.9, 25.26 and 2.22 respectively. A similar pattern was found with Igeo, where W, Ce and Nb fall within strongly to extremely polluted and extremely polluted classes. High to very high partition coefficients (KDi) for four selected PTEs show that metals are strongly held within the sandstone matrix rather than dissolving.  Because the elements are not soluble, they will not be readily available for uptake by plant roots, or will not be directly toxic to soil biota. The undissolved metal pool also reflects the sandstone metal fraction that is unsusceptible to leaching and could therefore not contaminate water. We conclude that there is no significant geogenic pollution risk associated with PTE release and uptake from the formation. It is however recommended that further research should be carried out to investigate the phases hosting Ce, W, Nb and Zr in the sandstone in Doko and its environs.

References

Ande, R., Adebisi, B., Hammoudeh, M., &Saleem, J. (2020). Internet of Things: Evolution and Technologies from a Security Perspective. Sustainable Cities and Society. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101728.

Ben, B., Joarder, K., Gour, K. & Syed, I. (2020). Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: Design Goals, Architecture, Suitability to Use Cases and Research Challenges, Received December 21, 2019, accepted January 13, 2020, date of publication January 20, 2020, date of current version January 28, 2020. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968057, IEEE Access

Boursianis, A. D., Papadopoulou, M. S., Diamantoulakis, P., Liopa-Tsakalidi, A., Barouchas, P., Salahas, G., Goudos, S. K. (2020). Internet of Things (IoT) and Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Smart Farming: A Comprehensive Review, Internet of Things, 100187. doi:10.1016/j.iot.2020.100187.

Dhaval, P. (2018). Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) Overview. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/215605947.pdf

De-Souza Sant Ana, J. M., Hoeller, A. S., Souza, R. D., Montejo-Sanchez, S., Alves, H., & De Noronha Neto, M. (2020). Hybrid Coded Replication in LoRa Networks. DOI 10.1109/TII.2020.2966120, IEEE.

Gadre, A. (2020). PhD Forum Abstract: Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: Connect, Sense and Secure. 2020 19th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN). doi:10.1109/ipsn48710.2020.00009, url to share this paper: sci-hub.se/10.1109/IPSN48710.2020.00009, 978-1-7281-5497-8/20, DOI 10.1109/IPSN48710.2020.00009, IEEE

Grochla, K., & Polys, K. (2020). Heuristic algorithm for gateway location selection in large scale Lora Networks. 2020 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC). https://doi.org/10.1109/iwcmc48107.2020.9148435

Hoeller, A., Sant’Ana, J., Markkula, J., Mikhaylov, K., Souza, R., & Alves, H. (2020). Beyond 5G Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: A LoRaWAN Suitability Study. 2020 2nd 6G Wireless Summit (6G SUMMIT). doi:10.1109/6gsummit49458.2020.9083800, IEEE

Loh, F., Mehling, N., Geisler, S., & Hosfeld, T. (2022). Graph-based gateway placement for better performance in Lorawan deployments. 2022 20th Mediterranean Communication and Computer Networking Conference (MedComNet). https://doi.org/10.1109/medcomnet55087.2022.9810404.

Loh, F., Mehling, N., Geißler, S., & Hoßfeld, T. (2023). Efficient graph-based gateway placement for large-scale Lorawan deployments. Computer Communications, 204, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2023.03.015.

Mnguni, S., Mudali, P., Abu-Mahfouz, A., & Adigun, M. (2021). Impact of the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Network Throughput in Gateway Placement LoRaWAN Networks. Southern Africa Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (SATNAC). 128(3), 2335-2350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09029-9

Rajab, H., Tibor, C. &Taoufik, B. (2020).IoT scheduling for higher throughput and lower transmission power, Wireless Networks, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-020-02307-1, Springer

Sorensen, A., Wang, H., Remy, M. J., Kjettrup, N., Sorensen, R. B., Nielsen, J. J., Popovski, P., & Madueno, G. C. (2022). Modeling and experimental validation for battery lifetime estimation in NB-IOT and LTE-M. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 9(12), 9804–9819. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2022.3152173.

Tongyang, X. & Izzat, D. (2020). Non-Orthogonal Narrowband Internet of Things: A Design for Saving Bandwidth and Doubling the Number of Connected Devices, Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JIOT.2018.2825098, IEEE Internet of Things Journal, VOL. 5, NO. 3, June 2018, IEEE.

Weber, D., Schilling, C., & Wisselink, F. (2019). Low power wide area networks: The game changer for the internet of things. Management for Professionals, 175–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77724-5_15.

Published

2023-08-30

How to Cite

Waziri, N. M., Abakpa, J. E., Goro, I. A., & Ahmed, S. A. (2023). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE GEOGENIC POLLUTION POTENTIAL OF BIDA FORMATION, NORTHERN BIDA BASIN NIGERIA. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 7(4), 182 - 188. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0704-1916