GEOSPATIAL ESTIMATION OF ROOFTOP SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN CALABAR MUNICIPAL, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0703-1840Keywords:
Rooftop Photovoltaic Potential, Solar Radiation, Calabar Municipal, Geospatial TechniquesAbstract
The availability of significant solar resource and the continuous hike in economic activities as well as an increased population in Calabar Municipal holds a substantial solar photovoltaic (PV) potential of rooftops in the city. This is as a result of the consequent increase in urban households. This Research work is aimed at estimating solar PV potential of rooftops in the study area using geospatial techniques. It adopted Geospatial techniques’ approach in identifying rooftops available for PV deployment in Calabar Municipal. High resolution satellite imagery gotten from google Earth, Digital surface model (DSM)/ Digital elevation model (DEM) and ArcGIS 10.8 were employed in this study. In other to estimate the PV potential of rooftops, criteria such as Solar Radiation/ Irradiance, Total Roof Area (Building footprints), Slope (rooftop inclination angle) and Aspect (Buildings’ orientation) were analyzed. The results gotten from these analyses were analyzed further and rooftops that fall below the acceptable range of the aforementioned criteria were excluded from the analysis. Results showed that the total roof area in Calabar Municipal was estimated as 5,965,916.44 m2 (5.97 km2) while the available roof area suitable for PV installations was evaluated as 5,964,966.42 m2 (5.96 km2). The findings of this research indicates that Calabar Municipal has good solar radiation as well as enough suitable rooftop area hence a very good place for solar PV deployments. Also, this study is accurate enough to be used as a guide in decision making on power (electricity) generation in Calabar Municipal of Cross River State.
References
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Akorede, M. F., Hizam, H. & Pouresmaeil, E. (2010). “Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment”. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: 14. 724–734.
Antigha, R. E. E., Akor, A. J., Ayotamuno, M. J., Ologodien, I. & Ogarekpe, N. M. (2014). “Rainfall runoff model for Calabar Metropolis using multiple regression”. Nigerian Journal of Technology: 33 (4). 566-573.
Arnold, W. & Reitze, J. (2010). “Electric power in a carbon constrained world”. William Mary Environ Law Policy Rev: 34. 821
Awuh, M. E., Officha, M. C., Okolie, A. O. & Enete, I. C. (2018). “Land-Use/Land-Cover Dynamics in Calabar Metropolis Using a Combined Approach of Remote Sensing and GIS”. Journal of Geographic Information System: 10. 398-414.
Ayodele, T. R., Ogunjuyigbe, A. S. O. & Nwakanma, K. C. (2021). “Solar energy harvesting on building’s rooftops: A case of a Nigeria cosmopolitan city”. Journal of Renewable Energy Focus: 38.
Boz, M. B., Calvert, K., & Brownson, J. R. S. (2015). “An automated model for rooftop PV systems assessment in ArcGIS using LIDAR. Journal of AIMS Energy: 3. 401–420.
Brito, M. C., Gomes, N., Santos T., & Tenedório, J. A. (2012). “Photovoltaic potential in a Lisbon suburb using LiDAR data”. Journal of Solar Energy: 86. 283–288.
Buffat, R., Grassi, S. & Raubal, M. (2018): “A scalable method for estimating rooftop solar irradiation potential over large regions”. Journal of Applied Energy: 216. 389-401.
Castellanos, S., Sunter, D. A. & Kammen, D. M (2017): “Rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in cities: how scalable are assessment approaches?”. Environmental Research Letters. 12: 125005
Choi, Y., Rayl, J., Tammineedi, C. & Brownson, J. (2011): “PV Analyst: Coupling ArcGIS with TRNSYS to assess distributed photovoltaic potential in urban areas”. Journal of Solar Energy 85: 2924-293.
Dioha, M. O. & Kumar, A. (2018): “Rooftop solar PV for urban residential buildings of Nigeria: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation”. AIMS Energy, 6(5): 710–734. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2018.5.710
Edem, A. M. (2017). “Waste to energy project in Calabar” Being a project submitted to the department of Mechanical and Production Engineering,Vaasan Ammattikorkeakoulu University of Applied Sciences.
Ediene, V. F. & Iren, O. B. (2017): “Impact of abattoir effluents on the pH, organic matter, heavy metal levels and microbial composition of surrounding soils in Calabar Municipality”. Asian Journal of Environment and Ecology: 2 (3). 1-10.
Ekpiken, W. E. & Ukpabio, G. (2015): “Environmental literacy awareness and information dissemination among adolescents in Calabar Municipality local government area secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria”. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences: 2 (3).
Eronini, N. (2014). “The adoption of solar photovoltaic systems among industries and residential houses in southern Nigeria”. Being an MSc. Thesis submitted to the department of Ecotechnology and sustainable building engineering in Mid Sweden University.
Ezugwu, C. N. (2015). “Renewable energy in resources in Nigeria: Sources, problems and prospects”. Journal of clean energy technologies: 3 (1).
Fakhraian E., Forment, M.A., Dalmau, F.V., Nameni,A & Guerroro, M. J. C. (2021): “Determination of the urban rooftop photovoltaic potential: A state of the art”. Energy reports 7: 176–185.
Faithpraise, F. O., Charles, M., Otosi, F. B., Nwaeto, L. & Chatwin, C. (2017). “A survey on the status of solar energy utilization within the tertiary institutions in Calabar”. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research: 8 (6).
Gagnon, P., Margolis, R., Melius, J., Phillips, C. & Elmore, R. (2016): “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Technical Potential in the United States: A Detailed Assessment”. NREL/TP-6A20-65298, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
Hafez, A. Z., Soliman, A., El-Metwally, K. A., & Ismail, I. M. (2017). “Tilt and azimuth angles in solar energy applications: A review”. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: 77. 147-168.
Harmsen, R., Moth. L., & Kumar, A. (2014). “Applicability of energy saving obligations to Indian electricity efficiency efforts”. Journal of Energy Strategy Reviews: 2. 298–306.
Huang, Z., Mendis, T., & Xu, S. (2009): “Urban solar utilization potential mapping via deep learning technology: A case study of Wuhan, China”. Journal of Applied Energy:250. 283–291.
Ibor, U. W. & Atomode, T. I (2014). “Health service characteristics and utilization in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria”. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary studies: 3 (1). 265-270.
Inyang, P.E.B. (1980). “Calabar Environs: Geographical Studies”. University of Calabar, Calabar.
Izquierdo, S., Rodrigues, M., & Fueyo, N. (2008): “A method for estimating the geographical distribution of the available roof surface area for large-scale photovoltaic energy-potential evaluations”. Journal of Solar Energy 82:929–39.
Khan, J. & Arsalan, M. H. (2016): “Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential using geo-spatial techniques: A perspective from planned neighborhood of Karachi-Pakistan”. Journal of Renewable Energy: 90. 188-203.
Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T. C. (2007a). “Potential and cost of CO2 emissions mitigation by using solar photovoltaic pumps in India”. International Journal of Solar Energy: 26. 159–166.
Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T. C. (2007b). “CO2 emissions mitigation potential of some renewable energy technologies in India”. Journal of Energy Source 29: 1203–1214.
Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T.C. (2005). “Solar drying and CO2 emissions mitigation: Potential for selected cash crops in India”. Journal of Solar Energy: 78. 321–329.
Kumar, D. & Shekhar, S. (2014). “Computing building rooftop solar potential for photovoltaics”. ISPRS TC VIII Int. Symp. Oper. Remote Sens. Appl. Oppor. Prog. Challenges Hyderabad, India, December 9–12, 2014.
Latif, Z. A., Zaki, N. A. M. & Salleh, S. A. (2012): “GIS-based estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential using LiDAR”. IEEE 8th International Colloquium on signal processing and its applications.
Lukac, N., Zlaus, D., Seme, S., Zalik, B. & Stumberger, G. (2013). “Rating of roofs’ surfaces regarding their solar potential and suitability for PV systems, based on LiDAR data”. Journal of Applied Energy:102. 803–812.
Mamun, M. A. A., Islam, M. M., Hassanuzzaman, M., & Selvaraj, J. (2021): “Effect of tilt angle on the performance and electrical parameters of a PV module: Comparative indoor and outdoor experimental investigation”. Journal of Energy and Built Environment: 7.21.
Maresova, E. (2014): “LIDAR based estimation of rooftop photovoltaic potential of Wageningen”. A thesis submitted at the Wageningen University and Research centre, The Netherlands. In partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science.
Margolis, R. & Zuboy, J. (2006): “Nontechnical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature”. (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)(www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/893639)
Nguyen, H. & Pearce, J. (2010). “Estimating potential photovoltaic yield with r.sun and the open source geographic resources analysis support system”. Journal of Solar Energy 84: 831-843.
Obafemi, F. N. & Ifere, E. O. (2013). “Non Technical loses, energy efficiency and conservative methodology in the electrical sector in of Nigeria: The case of Calabar, Cross River State”. International journal of energy economies and policy: 3 (2). 185-192.
Okafor, E. C. N. & Uzuegbu, C. K. A. (2010). “Challenges to development of renewable energy for electric power sector in Nigeria”. International Journal of Academic Research: 2(2). 211-216.
Pearce, J. M. (2002). “Photovoltaics: A path to sustainable futures”. Journal of Futures: 34(7). 663–674
Purohit, P., Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T.C. (2002): “Renewable energy technologies for domestic cooking in India: Estimation of CO2 emissions mitigation potential”. International Journal of Amb Energy: 23. 127–135.
Sakti, A. D., Ihsan, K. T. N., Anggraini, T. S., Shabrina, Z., Sasongko, N. A., Fachrizal, R., Aziz, M., Aryal, J., Yuliarto, B., Hadi, P. O. & Wikantika, K. (2022): “Multicriteria assessment for city-wide rooftop solar PV deployment: A case study of Bandung, Indonesia”. Journal of Remote Sensing: 14. 2786.
Schwartz, L. et al (2017): “Electricity end uses, energy efficiency, and distributed energy resources”. Baseline Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-1006983 (https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/electricity-end-uses-energy)
Singh, R. & Banerjee, R. (2015): “Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city”. Journal of Solar Energy: 115. 589-602.
Strupeit, L. & Palm, A. (2016): “Overcoming barriers to renewable energy diffusion: business models for customer-sited solar photovoltaics in Japan, Germany and the United States”. J. Clean. Prod. 123 124–36.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2013). “Renewable Energy Explained”. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=renewable_home on the 5th of December 2021.
Wiginton, L. K., Nguyen, H. T. & Pearce, J. M. (2010): “Quantifying rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for regional renewable energy policy”. Journal of Computers, Environment and Urban Systems: 34. 345-357.
Zekai, S. (2004): “Solar energy in progress and future research and trends”. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (4): 367-416.
Agugiaro, G., Remondino, F., Stevanato, G., De Filippi, R., & Furlanello, C., (2011): “Estimation of solar radiation on buildings roofs in mountainous areas”. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. 38- 3.
Akorede, M. F., Hizam, H. & Pouresmaeil, E. (2010). “Distributed energy resources and benefits to the environment”. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: 14. 724–734.
Antigha, R. E. E., Akor, A. J., Ayotamuno, M. J., Ologodien, I. & Ogarekpe, N. M. (2014). “Rainfall runoff model for Calabar Metropolis using multiple regression”. Nigerian Journal of Technology: 33 (4). 566-573.
Arnold, W. & Reitze, J. (2010). “Electric power in a carbon constrained world”. William Mary Environ Law Policy Rev: 34. 821
Awuh, M. E., Officha, M. C., Okolie, A. O. & Enete, I. C. (2018). “Land-Use/Land-Cover Dynamics in Calabar Metropolis Using a Combined Approach of Remote Sensing and GIS”. Journal of Geographic Information System: 10. 398-414.
Ayodele, T. R., Ogunjuyigbe, A. S. O. & Nwakanma, K. C. (2021). “Solar energy harvesting on building’s rooftops: A case of a Nigeria cosmopolitan city”. Journal of Renewable Energy Focus: 38.
Boz, M. B., Calvert, K., & Brownson, J. R. S. (2015). “An automated model for rooftop PV systems assessment in ArcGIS using LIDAR. Journal of AIMS Energy: 3. 401–420.
Brito, M. C., Gomes, N., Santos T., & Tenedório, J. A. (2012). “Photovoltaic potential in a Lisbon suburb using LiDAR data”. Journal of Solar Energy: 86. 283–288.
Buffat, R., Grassi, S. & Raubal, M. (2018): “A scalable method for estimating rooftop solar irradiation potential over large regions”. Journal of Applied Energy: 216. 389-401.
Castellanos, S., Sunter, D. A. & Kammen, D. M (2017): “Rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in cities: how scalable are assessment approaches?”. Environmental Research Letters. 12: 125005
Choi, Y., Rayl, J., Tammineedi, C. & Brownson, J. (2011): “PV Analyst: Coupling ArcGIS with TRNSYS to assess distributed photovoltaic potential in urban areas”. Journal of Solar Energy 85: 2924-293.
Dioha, M. O. & Kumar, A. (2018): “Rooftop solar PV for urban residential buildings of Nigeria: A preliminary attempt towards potential estimation”. AIMS Energy, 6(5): 710–734. DOI: 10.3934/energy.2018.5.710
Edem, A. M. (2017). “Waste to energy project in Calabar” Being a project submitted to the department of Mechanical and Production Engineering,Vaasan Ammattikorkeakoulu University of Applied Sciences.
Ediene, V. F. & Iren, O. B. (2017): “Impact of abattoir effluents on the pH, organic matter, heavy metal levels and microbial composition of surrounding soils in Calabar Municipality”. Asian Journal of Environment and Ecology: 2 (3). 1-10.
Ekpiken, W. E. & Ukpabio, G. (2015): “Environmental literacy awareness and information dissemination among adolescents in Calabar Municipality local government area secondary schools in Cross River State, Nigeria”. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences: 2 (3).
Eronini, N. (2014). “The adoption of solar photovoltaic systems among industries and residential houses in southern Nigeria”. Being an MSc. Thesis submitted to the department of Ecotechnology and sustainable building engineering in Mid Sweden University.
Ezugwu, C. N. (2015). “Renewable energy in resources in Nigeria: Sources, problems and prospects”. Journal of clean energy technologies: 3 (1).
Fakhraian E., Forment, M.A., Dalmau, F.V., Nameni,A & Guerroro, M. J. C. (2021): “Determination of the urban rooftop photovoltaic potential: A state of the art”. Energy reports 7: 176–185.
Faithpraise, F. O., Charles, M., Otosi, F. B., Nwaeto, L. & Chatwin, C. (2017). “A survey on the status of solar energy utilization within the tertiary institutions in Calabar”. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research: 8 (6).
Gagnon, P., Margolis, R., Melius, J., Phillips, C. & Elmore, R. (2016): “Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Technical Potential in the United States: A Detailed Assessment”. NREL/TP-6A20-65298, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO.
Hafez, A. Z., Soliman, A., El-Metwally, K. A., & Ismail, I. M. (2017). “Tilt and azimuth angles in solar energy applications: A review”. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: 77. 147-168.
Harmsen, R., Moth. L., & Kumar, A. (2014). “Applicability of energy saving obligations to Indian electricity efficiency efforts”. Journal of Energy Strategy Reviews: 2. 298–306.
Huang, Z., Mendis, T., & Xu, S. (2009): “Urban solar utilization potential mapping via deep learning technology: A case study of Wuhan, China”. Journal of Applied Energy:250. 283–291.
Ibor, U. W. & Atomode, T. I (2014). “Health service characteristics and utilization in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria”. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary studies: 3 (1). 265-270.
Inyang, P.E.B. (1980). “Calabar Environs: Geographical Studies”. University of Calabar, Calabar.
Izquierdo, S., Rodrigues, M., & Fueyo, N. (2008): “A method for estimating the geographical distribution of the available roof surface area for large-scale photovoltaic energy-potential evaluations”. Journal of Solar Energy 82:929–39.
Khan, J. & Arsalan, M. H. (2016): “Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential using geo-spatial techniques: A perspective from planned neighborhood of Karachi-Pakistan”. Journal of Renewable Energy: 90. 188-203.
Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T. C. (2007a). “Potential and cost of CO2 emissions mitigation by using solar photovoltaic pumps in India”. International Journal of Solar Energy: 26. 159–166.
Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T. C. (2007b). “CO2 emissions mitigation potential of some renewable energy technologies in India”. Journal of Energy Source 29: 1203–1214.
Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T.C. (2005). “Solar drying and CO2 emissions mitigation: Potential for selected cash crops in India”. Journal of Solar Energy: 78. 321–329.
Kumar, D. & Shekhar, S. (2014). “Computing building rooftop solar potential for photovoltaics”. ISPRS TC VIII Int. Symp. Oper. Remote Sens. Appl. Oppor. Prog. Challenges Hyderabad, India, December 9–12, 2014.
Latif, Z. A., Zaki, N. A. M. & Salleh, S. A. (2012): “GIS-based estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential using LiDAR”. IEEE 8th International Colloquium on signal processing and its applications.
Lukac, N., Zlaus, D., Seme, S., Zalik, B. & Stumberger, G. (2013). “Rating of roofs’ surfaces regarding their solar potential and suitability for PV systems, based on LiDAR data”. Journal of Applied Energy:102. 803–812.
Mamun, M. A. A., Islam, M. M., Hassanuzzaman, M., & Selvaraj, J. (2021): “Effect of tilt angle on the performance and electrical parameters of a PV module: Comparative indoor and outdoor experimental investigation”. Journal of Energy and Built Environment: 7.21.
Maresova, E. (2014): “LIDAR based estimation of rooftop photovoltaic potential of Wageningen”. A thesis submitted at the Wageningen University and Research centre, The Netherlands. In partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Science.
Margolis, R. & Zuboy, J. (2006): “Nontechnical Barriers to Solar Energy Use: Review of Recent Literature”. (Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)(www.osti.gov/scitech/biblio/893639)
Nguyen, H. & Pearce, J. (2010). “Estimating potential photovoltaic yield with r.sun and the open source geographic resources analysis support system”. Journal of Solar Energy 84: 831-843.
Obafemi, F. N. & Ifere, E. O. (2013). “Non Technical loses, energy efficiency and conservative methodology in the electrical sector in of Nigeria: The case of Calabar, Cross River State”. International journal of energy economies and policy: 3 (2). 185-192.
Okafor, E. C. N. & Uzuegbu, C. K. A. (2010). “Challenges to development of renewable energy for electric power sector in Nigeria”. International Journal of Academic Research: 2(2). 211-216.
Pearce, J. M. (2002). “Photovoltaics: A path to sustainable futures”. Journal of Futures: 34(7). 663–674
Purohit, P., Kumar, A. & Kandpal, T.C. (2002): “Renewable energy technologies for domestic cooking in India: Estimation of CO2 emissions mitigation potential”. International Journal of Amb Energy: 23. 127–135.
Sakti, A. D., Ihsan, K. T. N., Anggraini, T. S., Shabrina, Z., Sasongko, N. A., Fachrizal, R., Aziz, M., Aryal, J., Yuliarto, B., Hadi, P. O. & Wikantika, K. (2022): “Multicriteria assessment for city-wide rooftop solar PV deployment: A case study of Bandung, Indonesia”. Journal of Remote Sensing: 14. 2786.
Schwartz, L. et al (2017): “Electricity end uses, energy efficiency, and distributed energy resources”. Baseline Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report LBNL-1006983 (https://emp.lbl.gov/publications/electricity-end-uses-energy)
Singh, R. & Banerjee, R. (2015): “Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city”. Journal of Solar Energy: 115. 589-602.
Strupeit, L. & Palm, A. (2016): “Overcoming barriers to renewable energy diffusion: business models for customer-sited solar photovoltaics in Japan, Germany and the United States”. J. Clean. Prod. 123 124–36.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2013). “Renewable Energy Explained”. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=renewable_home on the 5th of December 2021.
Wiginton, L. K., Nguyen, H. T. & Pearce, J. M. (2010): “Quantifying rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for regional renewable energy policy”. Journal of Computers, Environment and Urban Systems: 34. 345-357.
Zekai, S. (2004): “Solar energy in progress and future research and trends”. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 30 (4): 367-416.
Published
2023-06-30
How to Cite
Ugbong, P. U., Isma’il, M., & Usman, A. K. (2023). GEOSPATIAL ESTIMATION OF ROOFTOP SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POTENTIAL IN CALABAR MUNICIPAL, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, 7(3), 272 - 281. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0703-1840
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Research Articles
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
