SURVIVAL ANALYSIS OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS IN KANO STATE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2023-0702-1719Keywords:
Cox Regression, Time to event Analysis, Survival Analysis, Breast Cancer, Log-Rank TestAbstract
Cancer is a deadly malignant disease and is prevalent in Sub Saharan Africa. Specifically, breast cancer is now the most popular cancer and the second leading cause of death in Nigeria among women. This research is aimed at assessing the length of life of patients and prognostic factors associated with survival of breast cancer patients. Research subjects were breast cancer patients who went to Aminu Kano Teaching hospital (AKTH), patient’s follow-up data were obtained from the medical records and pathological variables were obtained from the department of Pathology from 2018- 2022. The survival analysis was performed using Kaplan Meier, log rank and Cox proportional regression model(semi-parametric). The Kaplan Meier results reveals the overall survival to be 0.75(75%). The median survival time is approximately 44 months, that is the probability that half of the patients have died. From the log-rank test, the survival times significantly differ across groups of Tumor stages, Age groups, Lymph node stages and Treatment Types. Results for the Cox proportional hazards model shows that, Treatment type and Tumor stage breast cancer were the risk factor for death in breast cancer patients. It was found that the hazard of death is twice or more for patients with a tumor characterized as tumor stage IV compared to other tumor stages. The hazard of death for patients on Radiotherapy treatment was 1.4 times as patients on Chemotherapy or Hormonal-therapy treatment. The Proportional Hazard assumption was assessed and all the variables meets the assumption.
References
Abdul H.A., A.A. Ahmed and H. Shaqiot, (2009). Assessment of the quality and quantity of Harvested rainfall from different catchments systems study case: North West of Libya. Thirteenth International Water Technology conference, IWTC 13, 2009, Hurghada, Egypt.
Chukwuma (2012). Preliminary assessment of rainwater harvesting potential in Nigeria: Focus on flood mitigation and domestic water supply
Gardner .T., Simon .T., Warish .A. (2011). Microbiological quality of roof harvested rainwater and health risk.
IAEA (1989). International Atomic Energy Agency. Measurement of Radiation in Food and the Environment. Guidebook. Technical Report Series No. 295, IAEA, Vienna.
Ibeanu, I.G.E. (1999) Assessment of radiological effects on the tin mining Activities in Jos and its Environs. A Ph.D thesis submitted to the department of Physics Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
ICPR (1979). Limits for Intakes of Radionuclides by Workers. International Commission on Radiological Protection.Pergamonpress,newyork.277pp.
ISO (1992): Water quality measurement of gross beta activities of non-saline water International Standard Organization (ISO 9697).
Ongley E.D. (1999). Water quality management: Design, financing and sustainability consideration proceedings of the Africa Water Resources policy conference, Nairobi, may 26-28, the world bank (in press).
Sanchez-Chardi, J. Nadal Bioaccumulation of lead, mercury, and cadmium in the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidurarussula, from the Ebro Delta (NE Spain): Sex- and age-dependent variation
Shyamala, R., M. Shanthi and P. lalitha, (2008).; Physiochemical analysis of borewell water samples of Telungupalayam area in coimbatore District Tamilnadu. India E-Journal of Chemistry, 5.924-929.
TCEQ-Texas commission on Environmental quality, 2007.Harvesting, Storing and Treating Rainwater for Domestic indoor use. Retrieved from www.tceq.state.tx.us/publications
Thomas, P., and .G. Green, (1993). Rainwater quality from different roof catchment, water science and Technology, 28:291-299.
UNSCEAR (2000). United Nation Scientific committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources, effects and risks of ionization radiation, Report to the General, with Scientific annexes B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources New York:
UNSCEAR (2008). United Nation Scientific committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources, effects and risks of ionization radiation, Report to the General, with Scientific annexes B: Exposures from Natural Radiation Sources New York:
WHO, “Radiological Examination of Drinking Water”, World Health Organization, Copenhagen, 1978.
World Health Organization (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality and other screening levels of varios categories of foods. 6th ed., World Health Organization, Geneva Switzerland.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
