SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SULPHATE AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS OF MAJOR DOMESTIC WATER INTAKE SOURCES IN DUTSIN-MA TOWN, KATSINA STATE, NIGERIA
Keywords:
boreholes, open surface, pipe borne, shallow wells, spatial, and surveillanceAbstract
This study aims at determining phosphates and sulphates levels of major domestic water intake sources in Dutsin-Ma town in order to observe some spatial patterns. The field and sampling design gave a target of thirty four (34) samples from open surface, shallow wells, boreholes, and pipe borne evenly distributed among the spatial local administrative units of the town. Gravimetric method was applied in the analysis of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), while the spectrophotometric method was used analysis of both sulphate and Phosphate. Results of analysis showed that TDS and phosphate have very high levels, while sulphate is lower in most of the domestic water intake sources. The levels of TDS, sulphate and phophate were scaled into a 4-class suitability quality for domestic uses. Based on this classification about 72.00, 72.41 and 6.90% of intake sources fall into the ‘More Unsuitable’ limits for domestic uses for TDS, phoslphate and sulphate respectively. The treated water from Water Board at source shows all these parameters to be at ‘More Suitable” levels for domestic
uses. However, result identified possible contamination along distribution pipes as levels at terminal intake points of these pipe showed higher values of these parameters investigated. It is recommended therefore, that the results of the study should be used to develop a framework for domestic water quality surveillance and intervention infrastructure. Pipe borne water supply system should have a routine maintenance. All other sources of domestic water with unsuitable levels of these contaminants should be tagged with precaution notices and the
References
Arunkumar S and Muthuselvam M: 2009. Analysis of Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Aloe vera L. against clinical pathogens. World J. Agricultural Sci., 5(5): 572-576.
Betoni et al., (2006). Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus disease. Memorias inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (4): 387-390.
Cowan, M.M., (1999). Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clinical Microbial Reviews. 12 (4): 564-582.
Craig, G. M. (1991). The Agriculture of the Sudan. Oxford University Press, USA. Pp. 32-58.
Devi P, Nagarajan M, Christina AJM, Meera R and Merlin NJ: GC-MS analysis of Euphorbia longan leaves. Int. J. of Pharmaceutical Res and Development 2009; 8: 1-4.
FAO, (1988). Traditional Food Plants. FAO food and nutrition paper. Rome, Italy. 42: 63–67.
Grace OM, Light ME, Lindsey KL, Moholland DA, Staden JV and Jader AK: Antibacterial activity and isolation of antibacterial compounds from fruit of the traditional African medicinal plant, Kigelia africana. S.Afr.J.Bot 2002; 68: 220-222.
Igboeldi, L. C., Addy, E.O.H. and Salami, L. I. (1997). Effects of some processing techniques on the antinutrient contents of baobab seeds (Adansonia digitata). Bioresource Technology 59 (1): 29–31.
Inoue Y, Hada TA, Shiraishi K, Hirore, H Hamashima and Kobayashi S: Biphasic effects of Geranylgeraniol, Terpenone and Phytol on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial agents and Chemother 2005; 49(5): 1770-1774.
Lambert, J.O, Ryden, P.A and Esuri E.E (2005). Capitalizing on the Bio-Economic Value of Multi-purpuse Medicinal Plants for the Rehabilitation of Drylands in Sub-Saharan Africa.The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development./ The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.
Manzoor, A.Z. M.R. and Maksuda, K. (2000). Medicinal Plants a potential Agroforestry component in Bangladesh. Agroforestry Today. 12 (1): 9-10.
Maria jancy rani P, Kannan PSM and Kumaravel S: GC-MS Analysis of Lantana camara L. Leaves. JPRD 2011; 2(11): 63-66.
Mukhtar M.D and Okafor T. (2002). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic of Guiera senegalensis international journal of pharmacology. 56: 215-219.
Obizoba, I.C., and Anyika, J.U. (1994). Nutritive value of baobab milk (gubdi) and mixtures of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and hungry rice, acha (Digitaria exilis) flours. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 46: 157-165.
Parasuraman S, Raveendran R and Madhavrao C: GC-MS analysis of leaf extracts of Cleistanthus collinus Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae). Int. J. Ph. Sci 2009; 1(2):284-286.
Praveen kumar P, Kumaravel S and Lalitha C: Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. Afr. J. Biochemistry Res 2010; 4 (7): 191-195.
Sathish kumar M and Manimegalai S: Evaluation of larvicidal effect of Lantana camara Linn against mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Advances in Biologi Res 2008; 2(3-4): 39-43.
Sharafzadeh S, Morteza Khosh-Khui and Javidnia K: Aroma Profile of Leaf and Stem of Lemon Balm (Melissa Officinalis L.) Grown under Greenhouse Conditions. Advan. Environmental Biol 2011; 5(4): 547-550.
Shukla, Y.N., Dubey, S., Jain, S.P., Kumar, S. (2001). Chemistry, biology and uses of Adansonia digitata - a review. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences. 23: 429-434.
Siddig I. A, Ahmad B. A, Manal M. E, Syam MI, Mohamed Y. M, Abdelbasit A. A, and Rasedee A.: GC-MS determination of bioactive components and antibacterial properties of Goniothalamus umbrosus extracts. Afr. J. Biotech 2009; 8(14): 3336-3340
Sukumaran, S., Kiruba, S., Mahesh, M., Nisha, S.R., Miller, P. Z., Ben, C.P., Jeeva, S. (2011). Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial efficacy of the flowers of Peltophorum pterocarpum(DC.) Baker ex Heyne. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 735-738.
Sridharan S, Meenaa V, Kavitha V and Agnel Arul John Nayagam: GC-MS study and phytochemical profiling of Mimosa pudica Linn. J.Pharm. Res 2011; 4(3): 741-742
Venter F and Venter J, (1996). Baobab in Making the most of indigenous trees. Briza publications, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 26-27.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
