PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESEL-DIESEL BLENDS FROM Terminalia Catappa SEED OIL
Abstract
This study investigates the opportunity of using Terminalia catappa seed oil as a renewable and alternative fuel source. The oil was extracted using mechanical pressing and solvent extraction method and the percentage oil yield was 56.30%. The oil was degummed using 4% Citric acid and the physiochemical properties of the oil were carried out using standard methods. The acid value, viscosity, moisture content and ash content were found to be 3.82 mgKOH/g, 46.0 mm2/s, 2.40 % and 0.65 %w/w respectively. Biodiesel was produce via a two stage esterification and transesterification. Fuel properties of biodiesel produced were carried out using American Standard for Testing and Material (ASTM) methods Biodieseldiesel blend of B6, B10, and B20 were prepared and the influence of blending on fuel properties was determined. Result showed that biodiesel and blend of B6-B20 satisfy ASTM D6751 and ASTM D7467 standards, respectively.
References
Adekunle, A. S., Oyekunle, J. A. O., Obisesan, O. R., Ojo, O. S., and Ojo, O. S. (2016). Effects of degumming on biodiesel properties of some non-conventional seed oils. Energy Reports, 2, 188-193.
Adewuyi, A., Oderinde, R. A., & Ojo, D. F. (2011). Production of biodiesel from Terminalia catappa seed oil with high free fatty acids using an acid-catalysed pre-treatment step. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30(sup1), S59-S65.
Agatemor, C., and Ukhun, M. E. (2006). Nutritional potential of the nut of tropical almond. Terminalia catappa, 334-336.
Ali, O. M., Mamat, R., Abdullah, N. R. and Abdullah, A. A. (2013). Effects of Blending Ethanol with Palm Oil Methyl Esters now Temperature Flow Properties and Fuel Characteristics. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 59:85-96.
American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 1998. Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS campaign, Illinois: AOCS press.
ASTM (2008a) Standard specification for biodiesel B100 blend stock for distillate fuels. In Annual book of ASTM standards,
ASTM international, west conshoshocken method D6751-08.
ASTM (2008b) Standard specification for diesel fuel oil, biodiesel blend (B6-B20) in Annual book of ASTM standards,
ASTM International, west conshoshocken, method D7467-08
Atapour, M., & Kariminia, H. R. (2011). Characterization and transesterification of Iranian bitter almond oil for biodiesel production. Applied Energy, 88(7), 2377-2381.
Balat, M., & Balat, H. (2010). Progress in biodiesel processing. Applied energy, 87(6), 1815-1835.
Cvengros, J. (1998). Acidity and corrosiveness of methyl esters of vegetable oils. Lipid/Fett, 100(2), 41-44.
Dallatu Y. A. “Preparation and Studies of Biodiesels from Thevetia Peruviana (Yellow Oleander) Seed Oil and Sus Domesticus (pig) Lard (Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation) submitted to the Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, 2015.
Demirbas, A. (2009). Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels. Energy conversion and management, 50(1), 14-34.
Dos Santos, I. C. F., De Carvalho, S. H. V., Solleti, J. I., de La Salles, W. F., de La, K. T. D. S., & Meneghetti, S. M. P. (2008). Studies of Terminalia catappa L. oil: characterization and biodiesel production. Bioresource technology, 99(14), 6545-6549.
Etienne, D. T., Ysidor, K. N. G., Adama, C., Daouda, S., and Marius, B. G. H. (2015). Nutritive Components in the Terminalia catappa L.(Combretaceae) Almonds Cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire. Methodology.
Fernando, S., Karra, P., Hernandez, R., and Jha, S. K. (2007). Effect of incompletely converted soybean oil on biodiesel quality. Energy, 32 (5), 844-851.
Giwa, S., & Ogunbona, C. (2014). Sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus" dulcis") seeds as a potential feedstock for Nigerian Biodiesel Automotive Project. Revista Ambiente & Água, 9(1), 37-45.
Knothe, G. (2008). Designer Biodiesel: Optimizing Fatty Ester Compositions to Improve Fuel Properties. Energy and Fuels, 22 (2): 1358 – 1364.
Krishna, C. R. (2003). Low Cost Bioheating Oil Application. Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Lang, X., Dalai, A. K., Reaney, M. J., & Hertz, P. B. (2001). Biodiesel esters as lubricity additives: effects of process
variables and evaluation of low-temperature properties. Fuels Int, 1, 207-227.
Matos, L., Nzikou, J. M., Kimbonguila, A., Ndangui, C. B., Pambou-Tobi, N. P. G., Abena, A. A., ... & Desobry, S. (2009). Composition and nutritional properties of seeds and oil from Terminalia catappa L. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1(1), 72-77.
Meher, L. C., Sagar, D. V., & Naik, S. N. (2006). Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification a review. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 10(3), 248-268.
National Biodiesel Board (NBB) (1996), Biodiesel Basics, Retrieved from; http://biodiesel.org/resources/sustainability/pdfs/SustainabilityFactSheet.pdf
Ng, S., Lasekan, O., Muhammad, K. S., Hussain, N., & Sulaiman, R. (2015). Physicochemical properties of Malaysian grown tropical almond nuts (Terminalia catappa). Journal of food science and technology, 52(10), 6623-6630.
Oderinde, R. A. (1998). Metal and oil characterization of Terminalia catappa. L. Riv. Ital. Grasse., 75, 361-362.
Oseni, M. I., Obetta, S. E., & Orukotan, F. V. (2012). Evaluation of fatty acids profile of ethyl esters of yellow oleander and groundnut oils as biodiesel feedstock. Am. J. Sci. Ind. Res, 3(2), 62-68.
Rashid, U., & Anwar, F. (2008). Production of biodiesel through optimized alkaline catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oil. Fuel, 87(3), 265-273.
Sokoto, M. A., Hassan, L. G., Dangoggo, S. M., Ahmad, H. G., & Uba, A. (2011). Influence of fatty acid methyl esters on fuel properties of biodiesel produced from the seeds oil of Curcubita pepo. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 19(1).
U.S. Department of Energy. (2004). Energy efficiency and Renewable Energy, Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines, DOE/GO-102006-2358, Third Edition.
Van Gerpen, J. (2005). Biodiesel processing
Copyright (c) 2023 FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
FUDMA Journal of Sciences
