Musa, J., Haruna, A., Olubunmi, A.O., Abubakar, A.A., Garba, N.N., Adamu, U., Muhammad, A., Mukhtar, A., Vatsa, A.M., Kankara, U.M., Ismaila, A. and Saidu, A. 2025. DUAL-MODAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN GROUNDWATER: BRIDGING DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC FRAMEWORKS. FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES. 9, 5 (May 2025), 301 - 308. DOI:https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0905-3683.