PERFORMANCE OF TEN ( 10 ) VARIETIES OF SESAME ( Sesamum Indicum ) GROWN IN BILLIRI , GOMBE STATE , NIGERIA

A field experiment was carried out in the rainy season of 2019 in Gombe states, Nigeria. The experiment was carried out in Tal, Billiri Local Government, Gombe State. The aim of the experiment was investigate the performance of ten varieties of sesame. The ten different varieties were; E-8, NCRIBEN-01, NCRIBEN-02, NCRIBEM-031, YANDEV-55, EX-BR-1, EX-BR-2, E-SUDAN, 560-1 and LOCAL. The treatments were laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were combined to have 10 plots in a block with 1 meter between the block and 0.5 meters within the plots. The seeds were placed in 5cm depth at the spacing of 15 x 75cm. During the research growth parameters like plant height, number of leaves and number of branches were measured. Other growth parameters like days of 1 flower, 50% flower, days of maturity, number of capsule per plant, seeds per capsule, number of capsule per leaves axis, 1000 seed weight and seed yield were also recorded. The results of the experiment revealed that sesame generally responded to both varietal and fertilizer effects. All the parameters studied have significantly (P≤0.05) responded to the varietal effects, here variety NCRIBEN-01 and E-8 were observed to perform higher in both growth parameters, yield related character and overall yield. Based on the result obtained it can be suggested that the use of E-8, NCRIBEN-01, NCRIBEN-02, NCRIBEN-031, YANDEV-55 will give high yield followed by EX-BR-1, EX-BR-2, E-SUDAN and 506-1 leading to optimum yield for farmers in Tal, Billiri Local Government, Gombe State.


INTRODUCTION
Sesame (Sesanum indicum L.) is an annual flowering plant which is cultivated for its seeds. The plant grows to produce pods and it believed to be oldest cultivated oil seed in the world. Commonly refers to as beniseed is one of the cultivated oil seed crops of the world. It is believe to be originated from Africa; it was introduced into Nigeria after the second world war and was mostly cultivated as a minor crop in the northern and central part of Nigeria until 1974 when it began to gain prominence as a major crop. Since its introduction to Nigeria after the second world war it has been regarded as a crop of insignificant importance compared to groundnut and other cash crop. The demand for beniseed and its products is growing both at national and international levels. Therefore there is a huge market potential for the crop. Because of its previous status as a minor crop, it received very little research attention. Beniseed oil is of high quality free from undesirable flavour and contained antioxidant. It is its sterling qualities that stimulate interest in the production of the crop. There are very high potentials for beniseed production in Nigeria but the average yield of 300kg/ha is considered too low and unattractive. Sesame ranks the eight in the world production of edible oil seed, with higher oil content than other oil seeds. It is grown mainly for its seeds that contain approximately 50% oil and 25% protein. The presence of some antioxidants (sesamum, sesamolin and sesamol) makes the oil one of the most stable vegetable oil in the world, it also content nutritional and medicinal qualities, the seeds contain essential amino acid and fatty acids and a good source of vitamins. Production must be increased in order to take advantage of huge market potential of this crop. The cultivation of sesame in Nigeria is gaining acceptance with an estimated 3.5 hectares on a sandy loam soil with a PH ranging from 5.5-6.7 at a soil depth of 1.5-2.5cm at a spacing of 60 x 10 or 15 x 75 at a seed rate of 4kg/ha or when broadcasting at 5kg/ha preferably 2 plant per stand is optimal. Prevailing agronomic and climatic condition in Nigeria should be optimized for sesame cultivation so also the use of improved variety (Van Rheenen, 1973). The objective of the work is to come up with variety or varieties that will perform well in the area.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out in Tal at (9 o 50`N 11 o 09`) Billiri Local Government of Gombe State. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the performance of ten varieties, the ten different varieties were; E-8, NCRIBEN-01, NCRIBEN-02, NCRIBEM-031, YANDEV-55, EX-BR-1, EX-BR-2, E-SUDAN, 560-1 and LOCAL as check. research and the varieties considered where as follows NCRIBEN O1M (530-6-10) matures between 102-115 days, NCRIBEN O2M (Type 4) matures between 102-115 days with 45% oil, NCRIBEM O31(Goza-25) matures between 125-140days with 45% oil, YANDEV-55 matures between 125-130 days with 40% oil, E-8 matures between 90-95 days with 50% oil, 560-1 matures between 130-140 days with 40% oil, the above varieties where improved IITA (2000) while EX-BR-1 matures between 120-130 days with 40% oil, EX-BR-2 matures between 120-135 days with 40% oil, E-SUDAN matures between 130-135 days 40% oil, were cultivated in the localities for more than 5 decade and LOCAL matures between 140-145 days with 35 oil, not fully domesticated mostly found in the wild, mostly used by the villagers for soup and sometimes used to feed rabbit. The experiment that was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicate, a 4m 2 plot was laid out with 1m between plots and 0.5m between blocks. There were 10 plots each within a block which gave the total number of 30 plots for the study, with spacing of 15 x75cm was adopted for the research, Agronomic practice such as weeding was done manually at 2 and 6 weeks after planting to ensure weed free plots, all the data were collected within the net plot of 4m2 /where a total of 10 plants were tagged for data collection within each net plot. The parameters recorded were plant height (was taken with the aid of measuring tape from the base of the plant to the tip), number for leaves (were counted fortnightly) from 10 plants that was tagged and the average used fortnightly and days first day of flower, days of 50% flowering (were counted fortnightly), days of maturity, yield and yield related characters such as number of pod, number of seed per pod, number of capsule per leaves axis, pod weight and 1000 seed weight was recorded. All data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA), while least significant difference (LSD) at 5% level of probability was used in separating the means.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Table1 is the performance of ten varieties of sesame on vegetative part grown in Gombe, this include plant height, number of branches and number of leaves. On plant height significance difference was observed among the variety that was used with varieties E-SUDAN having taller plant followed by 560-1 which could be attributed to soil condition, environmental condition and probably genetic makeup of such varieties, this finding is in conformity with the findings of Anon (2004) and Mulkey et al.(2017) . On number of branches significant difference existed between the varieties used with YANDEV-55 having higher number of branches followed by E-8 which is not far from the fact that environmental condition, genetic make-up and agronomic practice might have caused the difference, this work is supported by the findings of Magashi and Yusuf (2013) reported that vegetative growth leading to establishments of branches are influence by environmental condition/factors and mostly by crop genetic make-up. Significant difference was observe on number of leaves among the varieties where EX-BR-2 had higher number of leaves followed by 560-1, this could be influenced by genetic make-up of the plant which plays a very vital role in intercepting solar radiation for photosynthetic activities as reported by Day et al (2002). Georgiev (2000) also lend support to the above accretion in his work on problems and prospect of selection of sesame. Says that environmental factors, agronomic practice and genetic make-up plays an important role in plant floral part there by affecting the crop yield.  Table 2. shows the performance of ten varieties of sesame on reproductive part grown in Gombe, this include days of first and 50% flowering, maturity and number of capsule per plant. The research recorded significant difference on days of first flowering where YANDEV-55 had early flowering, 50% flowering and maturity followed by E-SUDAN which could not be far from its genetic make-up and probably soil, environmental condition, having in mind that YANDEV-55 is an early maturing variety between 90-95 days this could have led to its early flowering as reported by IITA (2000) and Gupta (2000) Significant difference was also recorded on number of capsule per plant where E-8 had higher number of capsule per plant followed by NCRIBEN-01 this could be attributed to genetic make-up of the crop, adoptability to climatic factor and agronomic practice as reported by the earlier work of Delgodo and Yermanos (2005). Georgiev et, al. (2011) andIshpekov et, al. (2012) Collaborated with the findings reported edafic factors and climatic conditions made have caused the variation.  Table 3 is the performance of ten varieties of sesame on yield component grown in Gombe, these are number of seeds, number of capsule per leave axis, 1000 seed weight and the overall yield. Significant difference was recorded in number of seeds per plant where NCRIBEN-01 had higher number of seeds followed by E-8, this is not far the fact that genetic make-up, rainfall and soil condition might have favoured this varieties, this work is in agreement with the work of Ashir (2007) who reported that E-8, NCRIBEN-01 and other from the same family are improve for its yielding ability which higher seeds is the major character that have been developed. The work also recorded significant difference on number of capsule per leave axis with E-8 having higher number of capsule of leave axis, followed by NCRIBEN-01 this is purely genetic make-up of the varieties couple with favourable climatic condition leading to higher number of capsule and affecting positively the over-all crop yield as reported by Deepasankar and Anandakomar (2003). Ishpekov et al.(2015) supported the finding saying cultivars and genetic inherent characters could lead to higher capsule, seeds and over all yield.

Madina FJS
In the same vein significant difference was recorded in the weight of 1000 seeds where E-8 had weightier 1000 seeds followed by NCRIBEN-01. his could be as a result of genetic make-up giving not only many seeds but also qualitative seeds in terms of weight which is in agreement with the work of Anitha et al (2000) who reported that most improve varieties are done for both quantity and quality. Significant difference was observe in seed yield where NCRIBEN-01 recorded higher yield followed by E-8, this could be true due to higher number of capsule per plant, higher number of capsule per leave axis, higher number of seeds and weightier seeds recorded all attributed to the above mention varieties, in addition Beech (1985) and Donald (1999) said this could not have been possible with-out the positive interaction between the crop environment and inherent character. Fekremariam et al. (2014) and Stamatov et al.(2017) also reported yield related characters/parameters such as number of capsule, number of seeds and seeds weight attribute to over all yield.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion the result obtained from the research suggest that the use of E-8, NCRIBEN-01, NCRIBEN-02, NCRIBEN-031, YANDEV-55 will give high yield followed by EX-BR-1, EX-BR-2, E-SUDAN and 506-1 leading to optimum yield for farmer in the location. EX-BR-1, EX-BR-2, E-SUDAN, 560-1 and Local variety can be improved by breeders to maximize its potential, since they are verities that have been cultivated for decades.